music grade 7 term 1 - tomnewbyschool.co.za
TRANSCRIPT
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Index
Revision 2 Note values and rest values 4 Letter names of the Treble Clef 5 Solfa notation 5 Assessment 6 Time signatures 7
Mood in music 8
Families of instruments: Woodwind, string brass and percussion 9
The Djembe Drum 12
Some drumming terms and techniques 13
Music Grade 7 Term 1
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REVISION
The Treble clef • The purpose of the treble clef is to show the person playing or singing
music, that the pitch will be high.
• The treble clef is mostly played with the right hand on a piano as the
higher pitches on the keyboard are situated on the right hand side.
Pitch Pitch is how high or how low a sound is. Women usually have high pitched voices
whereas men usually have low pitched voices
The Semi-breve (Whole Note. taa-aa-aa-aa)
A semi-breve indicates that a continuous sound must be made for a period of four beats.
The Semi-breve Rest (Whole Note Rest. saa-aa-aa-aa)
A semi-breve rest indicates a continuous period of silence for four beats.
The Minim (Half Note. taa-aa)
A minim indicates that a continuous sound must be made for a period of two beats.
Minims are made up of a ‘hollow’ head and a stem. The stem can face up or down.
The direction of the stem does not change the pitch (highness or lowness) of the note.
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The Minim Rest (Half Note rest. saa-aa)
A minim rest indicates a continuous period of silence for two beats.
The Crochet (Quarter Note. taa)
A crochet indicates that a continuous sound must be made for a period of one beat. Minims
are made up of a ‘solid’ head and a stem.
The Crochet rest (Quarter Note rest. saa)
A crochet rest indicates a continuous period of silence for one beat.
The Quaver (Eighth Note. Ta or ta-te when there are 2 quavers)
A quaver indicates that a continuous sound must be made for a period of a half beat.
Quavers are made up of a ‘solid’ head, a stem and a flag.
When two or more quavers are joined then they are called ‘beamed’ quavers.
The Quaver rest (Eighth Note rest. sa or sa-seh when there are 2 quavers)
A quaver indicates a continuous period of silence for a half beat.
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Note Values and Rest Values
The Semi-quaver: British name (American: Sixteenth Note. French: ta-fa-te-fe)
A semi-quaver indicates that a continuous sound must be made for a period of
one quarter of a beat. Quavers are made up of a ‘solid’ head, a stem and two flags.
When semi-quavers are beamed (joined) then a double line is used. (Remember
that the beamed quavers only have one line joining them.)
The Semi-quaver Rest: British name (American: Sixteenth Note Rest. French: sa-fa-se-fe)
A semi-breve rest indicates a continuous period of silence for four beats.
Challenge Can you work out how many semiquavers there are in each of the following notes?
A quaver A crochet
A minim A semi-breve
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Letter names of the treble clef
Each line and space on the stave has a letter name. The spaces can be
remembered as “FACE” and the lines can be remembered by the rhyme “Every
Good Boy Drinks Fanta”. The whole musical alphabet consists only of the first seven
letters of the alphabet – A, B, C, D, E, F and G. On the keyboard of a piano the letter
names of the notes are:
Solfa notation
Doh re me fah soh lah ti doh
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Formal Assessment: Drumming
Each student will be required to play one of the following rhythms
on a Djembe Drum.
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RUBRIC FOR DRUMMING
Criteria
9-10 Outstanding achievement
7-8 Substantial
achievement
5-6 Moderate
achievement
3-4 Elementary
achievement
1-2 Not achieved
Rhythms
Rhythm played accurately as
notated with no deviation
Rhythm played with one or two
deviations
Rhythm played
with three or four deviations
Rhythm
played with five or six deviations
Unable to play
rhythmic patterns
Total: 10 marks
Time signatures A time signature is the sign in music notation that shows a musician the time/timing
(pulse) of a piece of music. The top number shows “how many” beats there will be in
one bar/measure and the bottom number shows you “what kind” of note value you
are working with. The only number that concerns us, for now, is the top number that
indicates how many beats there will be in one bar/measure.
The three time signatures that we are going to concentrate on are: Duple metre (2/4) Triple metre (3/4) Quadruple metre (4/4)
Since the top number in this time signature is 2, the time
signature is called duple metre. Duple Metre has two
beats per bar/measure. This is also known as a marching
beat, because it follows the same rhythm as a march:
one-two, one-two. The stress is usually on the first beat of
each bar. Words we could use to describe duple metre
music include: driving, forceful, military, punching and
rousing.
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Since the top number in this time signature is 3, it is
called triple metre. Triple metre has three beats per bar.
This is also known as waltz time. One counts triple metre
like this: one-two-three, one-two-three. The stress is on
the first beat of the bar. Music in triple metre includes
many famous waltzes such as The Blue Danube and the
Dance of the Fledermaus, by Johann Strauss. (Amazing
Grace is another example.)
Since the top number of this time signature is 4, the time
signature is called quadruple metre. Quadruple metre
has four beats per bar. This is the most common metre in
music. One will count it like this: one-two-three-four, one-
two-three-four. Music in this metre is used in most
popular modern music.
Mood in music What is mood in music? When one listens to music it provokes a certain mood. For
example, fast and loud music will be associated with a happy mood, whereas slow
and soft music will be associated with a sad mood. Thus, tempo (speed), dynamics
(volume), timbre (unique quality of a sound), tonality (harmonies), pitch (highs and
lows), instrumentation, rhythm and metre are most of the musical elements that will
contribute to the “mood” of the music.
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Families of Instruments Instruments are usually divided into four main groups/families: Woodwind, Brass,
Strings and Percussion.
Woodwind
Woodwinds are a type of musical instrument that make their sound when a musician
blows air into or across the mouthpiece. They get their name from the fact that most
of them were once made of wood. Today many are made of other materials such as
metal or plastic.
There are many types of woodwinds including the flute, piccolo, oboe, clarinet,
saxophone, bassoon, bagpipes, and recorder. They all look somewhat similar in that
they are all long tubes of various sizes with metal keys that cover the holes when
played to make different notes. The bigger the woodwind instrument the lower the
pitch sound they make.
Woodwinds can be divided up into two main types of instruments. Flute instruments
and reed instruments. Flute instruments make sound when the musician blows air
across an edge in the instrument while reed instruments have a reed, or two, that
vibrate when the air is blown.
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Strings
Stringed instruments make sound by the vibration of strings. There are a large
variety of stringed instruments, from guitars to violins to zithers to harps.
String instruments have been a part of music history since ancient times. We know
the ancient Egyptians played the harp as far back as 3000 BC or 5000 years ago!
All stringed instruments make sounds by vibrating strings. How the musician causes
the strings to vibrate can differ based on the instrument. One way to make strings
vibrate is to pluck them. This is how the guitar makes sound when the musician uses
his/her fingers, hands, or a pick to pluck the string and cause it to vibrate. Other
instruments that are played this way include the harp, banjo, lute, and sitar. Other
names for plucking include strumming and picking.
Many stringed instruments are played by moving a bow across the strings. The bow
is a long stick with some sort of material, often horse hair, stretched across it. The
material is moved along the string to create a vibration and sound. Bow instruments
include the violin, cello, and fiddle.
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Brass
A major family of instruments is the brass instrument family. It includes the trumpet,
tuba, trombone, French horn, bugle, and cornet, just to name a few. Most brass
instruments are made out of brass.
The main difference between brass instruments and other instruments is how the
vibration to create the sound and notes is made. With a brass instrument the
vibration is created by the lips of the musician. By pressing the lips up against the
mouthpiece and blowing, a vibration is created. The rest of the instrument helps to
amplify (increase) the noise and create different notes. This is different from the
woodwind family where air blowing across an edge or reed causes the vibrations.
Percussion
A percussion instrument is a musical instrument that makes a sound by
• being hit or scraped by some kind of beater,
• scraped or rubbed by hand or
• struck against another similar instrument.
The percussion family is believed to include the oldest musical instruments, following
the human voice. The percussion section of an orchestra usually contains
instruments such as timpani, snare drum, bass drum, cymbals, triangle and
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tambourine. Percussion can also be made with the human body, as in body
percussion.
Keyboard percussion instruments such as the glockenspiel, xylophone and marimba
are also included in the Percussion group of instruments.
Percussion instruments are usually divided into two groups: Pitched percussion
instruments, which produce notes with an identifiable pitch, and unpitched
percussion instruments, which produce notes or sounds without an identifiable pitch.
The Djembe drum
The djembe is an unpitched percussion instrument. The djembe is a
West African drum that is easy to find at any African craft market. A
djembe drum makes 3 main sounds: a tone (the highest sounding note),
a bass (the lowest sounding note) and a slap (a sharp sound).
Pitched Percussion Instruments
Unpitched Percussion Instruments
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The tone is the highest sounding note. It is played on the edge of the drum, with 4
fingers held firmly together. Strike the skin of the drum, not just the rim.
The bass is the lowest sounding note. It is played by the whole hand, on the
centre of the drum skin. Let your hand bounce off as it hits, so that the sound can
vibrate.
The slap is a sharp note, played nearer to the rim of the drum than to the centre.
You keep your wrists relaxed and a slight hollow under the palm of your hand.
Before we do any work on the Djembe, let us listen to various kinds of drums from
around the world.
Tabla (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Hn0ccxr8tPk)
Kit drums (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=EUA-66bhN5s)
Djembe (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NMpilW4Sqjg)
Steel pan (http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=woBZME7sN3E)
Bongo drums (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=I9gzjPLh-IA)
Some drumming terms and techniques The lead hand is the hand that plays the first beat of a rhythm. Take turns using
your right and left hands to lead so that you can develop even strength in your
hands. When you first play African drums, you will find that one hand is stronger than
the other.
Ghosting is a technique where you lightly pretend-play the gaps in the rhythm. In
other words, you move your hand, but you don’t actually play the note. This helps to
keep your hands moving in a steady rhythm to the beat.
Repetition is the repeating of a rhythm over and over. In drumming, we usually learn
a rhythm and repeat it. It may be repeated in sets of 4,8,16 or other sets.
Question and answer is when the leader plays a rhythm and the rest of the group
repeats it. Or the leader may play one rhythm and the rest of the group replies with a
different rhythm. These are both known as question-and-answer.