--1--

ifjHkk’kkifjHkk’kkifjHkk’kkifjHkk’kk

ewPNZukewPNZukewPNZukewPNZuk

ewPNZuk “kCn ÞewPNZÞ /kkrq ls cuk gS ftldk vFkZ gS peduk ;k mHkjukA vr% ewPNZuk ls

vfHkçk; ;g gqvk fd ,slh Loj ekfydk ftls lqudj lHkh dk eu eksfgr gks tk, vkSj tks

eu ds Hkkoksa dks mtkxj djus okyh gksA

Hkjr —r ^ukV~;”kkL=* esa fy[kk gS fd Øekuqlkj lIr Lojksa ds vkjksg&vojksg dks ewPNZuk

dgrs gSaA ia0 vgkscy us Hkh Lojksa ds vkjksg&vojksg dks Hkh ewPNZuk dgk gSA

ia0 “kkjaxnso dk dguk gS fd xzke dk og Lojlewg tks fd ewPNZuk vkfn dk vkJ; gksA

ewPNZuk dh mRifŸk xzke ls gqbZ Fkh ;kuh xzkeksa ls ewPNZuk cuh FkhA çkphu laxhr i)fr esa

çR;sd xzke ls lkr ewPNZuk,¡ carh FkhA lkr ewPNZuk,¡ blfy, curh Fkh D;ksafd çR;sd xzke

esa lkr gh Loj gksrs FksA

xzke rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSaA

‘kM~t xzke‘kM~t xzke‘kM~t xzke‘kM~t xzke % bldh lkr ewPNZuk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS &

1- mŸkj eanzk

2- jtuh

3- mar jk;rk

4- “kqn~/k ‘kM~t

5- eRljh —rk

6- ç”oØkark

7- vfHk:nerk

e/;e xzke %e/;e xzke %e/;e xzke %e/;e xzke % bldh lkr ewPNZuk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS &

1- lkSohjh

2- nwfj.k”ok

3- dyksiurk

4- “kqn~/ke/;k

5- ekxhZ

6- iwjoh

7- g.;dk

--2--

xa/kkj xzkexa/kkj xzkexa/kkj xzkexa/kkj xzke % bldh lkr ewPNZuk,¡ fuEufyf[kr gS &

1- uank

2- fo”kkyk

3- lqeq[kh

4- fofp=k

5- jksfg.kh

6- lq[kk

7- vkykik

xedxedxedxed

Lojksa dk ,slk daiu] tks lquus okyksa ds fpŸk dks lq[knk;h gks] ÞxedÞ dgykrk gSA

vk/kqfud laxhrK xed dh ifjHkk’kk bl çdkj djrs gSa &

tc ân; ls t+ksj yxkdj xaHkhjrkiwoZd dqN daiu ds lkFk Lojksa dks ç;ksx fd;k tkrk gS

rks mls xed dgrs gSaA

xed dk ç;ksx vf/kdrj /kzqin xk;u esa gksrk gS fdUrq dksbZ&dksbZ xk;d [;ky xk;u esa

xed dk ç;ksx djrs gSaA

çkphu dky ds vuqlkj vk/kqfud dky esa Hkh xedksa dks ianzg çdkj ekus x, gSa] ftlesa ls

dqN bl çdkj gS &

� dafir

� yhu

� vkgr

� mYykflr

� Iykfor

� fefJr

• ehaM] [kVdk] eqdhZ] tetek vkfn ;g Hkh xed ds gh :i gS tks fdlh uk fdlh

çdkj ls [;ky xk;u esa ç;ksx fd, tkrs gSaA

--3--

[kVdk[kVdk[kVdk[kVdk

[kVdk xed dk gh ,d çdkj gS ftls fgUnqLrkuh laxhr i)fr esa Lora= uke ns fn;k

x;k gSA blesa xksykdkj cuk cukrs gq,s pkj Lojksa ds lewg dks [kVdk dgrs gSaA bls fy[kus

ds fy, Loj dks dks’Bd esa fy[krs gSA ¼i½ ls i /k e i

eqdhZeqdhZeqdhZeqdhZ

nzqr xfr esa rhu Lojks adks vk/kk xksykbZ cukus dks eqdhZ dgrs gSaA ;g ,d çdkj dk d.kZ

gSA bldks fy[kus ds fy, ewy Loj ds ck¡bZ rjQ nks Loj dk d.k fn;k tkrk gS

tSls & i /k e ;kuh vk/kk xksykbZ cukrs gq, rhu Lojksa ds nzqr ç;ksx dks eqdhZ dgrs gSA

tSls & js fu+ e

d.kd.kd.kd.k

fdlh Loj dk mPpkj.k djrs le; mlds vkxs ;k ihNs ds Loj dks Li”kZ djus dks d.k

dgrs gSA ;kuh xkrs ctkrs le; fdlh Loj dk Li”kZ fd;k tk, rks mls d.k Loj dgrs

lka jsa gSA d.k Loj dks ewy Loj ds Åij fy[krs gS tSls & fu lk A d.k Loj nks çdkj ds gksrs gS %&

1- iwoZ yxu d.k

2- vyw yxu d.k

iwoZ yxu d.k dk ç;ksx ewy Loj ls igys fy[kkA fd;k tkrk gS & js lk

vuw yxu d.k dk ç;ksx ewy Loj ds ckn fd;k tkrk gS & fu lk

o.kZo.kZo.kZo.kZ

xkus dh fØ;k vFkkZr xkus ds rjhds dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA erax eqfu ds vuqlkj xkus esa xhfr

ds inksa dks ysdj fofo/k çdkj ds Loj lewg n~okjk ctkus dh fØ;k dks o.kZ dgrs gSA

ia0 “kkjaxnso us xku fØ;k dks fg o.kZ ekuk gSA

o.kZ pkj çdkj ds gksrs gSa &

1- LFkkbZ o.kZ

2- vkjksgh o.kZ

3- vojksgh o.kZ

4- lapkjh o.kZ

--4--

1- LFkkbZ o.kZ & fdlh Hkh ,d Loj dks ckj&ckj xkus ;k ctkus dks LFkkbZ o.kZ dgrs gSaA

tSls & lk lk lk] js js js

2- vkjksgh o.kZ & lk ls Åij fu dh vksj Lojksa dks xkrs ctkrs gq, ykus dks vkjksgh

o.kZ dgrs gSaA tSls & lk] js] x] e] i] /k fu

3- vojksgh o.kZ & fu ls lk dh vksj Lojksa dks xkrs ctkrs gq, okil ykus dks vojksgh

o.kZ dgrs gSaA tSls & fu] /k] i] e] x] js] lk

4- lapkjh o.kZ & LFkkbZ] vkjksgh vkSj vojksgh bu rhuksa o.kksZa ds feJ.k dks ;kuh esy dks

lapkjs o.kZ dgrs gSaA

tSls & lk lk] js js] x] e] i] e] x] js] lk

o.kZ dk egRo

fdlh Hkh jkx dk Lo:i rHkh euksjatd cu ldrk gS tc mlds xkus ctkus dk <ax] Lojksa

dk pyu] jkx esa yxkus okys Lojksa dh ç—fr Li’V gksA

vyadkjvyadkjvyadkjvyadkj

çkphu xzaFkdkjksa us vyadkj dh ifjHkk’kk bl çdkj nh gS & ÞdqN fu;fer o.kZ leqnk;ksa dks

vyadkj dgrs gSAÞ vFkkZr dqN fo”ks’k fu;eksa ls c¡/ks gq, Loj leqnk, dks ÞiYVkÞ ;k

vyadkj dgrs gSaA

vyadkj dk vFkZ gS vkHkw’k.k ;k xgukA ftl çdkj vkHkw’k.k “kkjhfjd “kksHkk c<+krs gSa mlh

çdkj vyadkj ds }kjk xk;u dh “kksHkk c<+ tkrh gSA

Lojksa ds fu;ekuqlkj myV&iqyV jpuk dks vyadkj dgrs gSa vkSj blfy, bls iYVk Hkh

dgrs gSaA ;g Loj lewg ,d fu;fer Øe esa gksrs gSa vkSj budk ç;ksx fofHkUu y;ksa ds

vk/kkj ij lh/ks ;k myVs Øe esa fd;k tkrk gSA

vyadkj pkj çdkj ds gksrs gSaA

1- ljy vyadkj

2- mnwZ vyadkj

3- tfVy vyadkj

4- es:[k.M vyadkj

--5--

y; vkSj rkyy; vkSj rkyy; vkSj rkyy; vkSj rky

y;y;y;y; & laxhr esa leku xfr ;k pky dks y; dgrs gSaA O;kid vFkZ esa le; fdlh Hkh xfr

dks y; dgrs gSA fdUrq ladqfpr vFkZ esa le; dh dsoy leku xfr dks y; dgrs gSaA

laxhr esa y; dk ladqfpr vFkZ fy;k x;k gSA

y; ds rhu çdkj gSA &

1- foyafcr y;

2- e/; y;

3- nzqr y;

tc y; /kheh jgrh gS rks mls foyafcr y; dgrs gSaA tc y; lk/kkj.k jgrh gS rks mls

e/; y; dgrs gSa vkSj tc rst+ jgrh gS rks mls nzqr dgrs gSaA tSls % e/; y; vFkkZr ,d

lSdaM ds cjkcj] foyafcr y; bldh vk/kh vkSj nzqr y; bldh nqxuh ekuh tkrh gSA

rkyrkyrkyrky & fofHkUu ek=kvksa ds lewg dks rky dgrs gSaA ek=kvksa dks ukius ds fy, rky cuk,

x, gSaA y; ls ek=k vkSj ek=k ls rky cuk, x, gSaA lqfo/kk ds fy, çR;sd rky dks

dqN&dqN NksVs foHkkxksa esa foHkkftr dj fn;k x;k gS ftUgsa foHkkx dgrs gSaA mRrj Hkkjrh;

laxhr ds rkyksa dh ;g fo”ks’krk gS fd le] rkyh] [kkyh ges”kk foHkkx dh çFke ek=k ij

gksrh gS

xzke &xzke &xzke &xzke & xzke “kCn dk lk/kkj.k vFkZ xk¡o gSA ftl çdkj cgqr lkjs yksx tSls ,d xk¡o esa

jgrs gSa mlh çdkj Jqfr&Lojksa dk ifjokj xzke esa jgrk gSA

xzke dh ifjHkk’kk ds varxZr “kkjaxnso —r xzaFk esa fy[kk gS fd xzke Lojksa dk ,slk lewg gS

tgk¡ ewPNZuk,¡ Lora= :i ls fopj.k ldsA erax eqfu ds vuqlkj ÞJqfr vkSj Lojksa ds lewg

ds la;ksx ls xzke dh LFkkiuk gksrh gSAÞ ia0 vgkscy vius xzaFk esa fy[krs gS fd lkr Lojksa

dk lewg xzke dgykrk gSA

xzke rhu çdkj ds gksrs gSaA

1- ‘kMt~ xzke

2- e/;e xzke

3- xa/kkj xzke

--6--

1- ‘kMt~ xzke & ‘kMt xzke ^lk* Loj ls çkjaHk gksus okyk xzke Fkk vkSj bldk eq[;

Loj Hkh ‘kMt gh FkkA tc Lojksa esa 4] 3] 2] 4] 4] 3] 2 dk Øe j[ksaxs rks fo}ku bls

‘kMt xzke dgrs gSA

tSls & lk js x e i /k fuA ¼Loj½

4 7 9 13 17 20 22 ¼Jqfr l-½

2- e/;e xzke & e/;e xzke ^e* Loj ls çkjaHk gksus okyk xzke Fkk] vkSj bldk eq[;

Loj Hkh e/;e Fkk vFkkZr e/;e Loj dks ^lk* ekudj ^lk* eku çkjaHk gksus okyk xzke

Fkk] bl dkj.k bldk uke e/;e xzke iM+kA

tSls & lk js x e i /k fuA ¼Loj½

4 7 9 13 16 20 22 ¼Jqfr l-½

3- xa/kkj xzke & Hkjr eqfu us vius laxhr xzUFk ukV~;”kkL= esa xa/kkj xzke dk mYYks[k

ugha fd;k gS vkSj mls LoxZ fLFkr crk;k vkSj bl xzke dk ç;ksx nso yksd esa xa/koZ

yksx djus yxs blfy, bldk uke xa/kkj xzke ;k xa/koZ xzke iM+kA

--7--

jkx oxhZdj.kjkx oxhZdj.kjkx oxhZdj.kjkx oxhZdj.k

Hkkjr ds izkphu laxhr fo}kuksa us laxhr ds dqN izkphu xzaFkksa esa jkxksa dk oxhZdj.k] jkx

jkfxuh] iq=&jkx] iq=o/kw bR;kfn bl izdkj ls fd;k gSA os xzaFkdkj eq[; N% jkx ekurs Fks

vksSj N% jkxksa ls jkfxfu;ka iq=&jkx] iq=o/kww bR;kfn ekurs FksA bl izdkj izR;sd jkx dh

ikaWp&ikWap jkfxfu;ka vkB&vkB iq= vkSj vkB&vkB iq=o/kw ekurs Fks A ;kuh dqy N% jkx]

30 jkfxfu;kaa ] 48 iq= vkSj 48 iq= o/kw ekurs FksA bl izdkj 1000 jkx& jkfxfu;ka izpfyr

ekurs FksA

bl er dks ekuus okys eq[; pkj fo}kuksa ds pkj er FksA tks lkses”ojer] dfyuFker] vksj

guqerer ds uke ls fo[;kr FksA

1111---- tkfroxhZdj.ktkfroxhZdj.ktkfroxhZdj.ktkfroxhZdj.k&izphudky esa rhuxzke&’kMt] e/;e] vkSj xa/kkjxzke ekus tkrs FksA

xa/kkjxzke izphudky eas yqIr gks pqdk FkkA Hkjrd`r ukV~;”kkL= esa “ks’k nks xzkeksa esa 18

tkfr;ka mRiUu gqbZ] ’kMtxzke ls 7 vkSj e/;e ls 11] bu tkfr;ksa dks *“kq)k^ vkSj ^fod`rk^

tkfr;ksa esa ck¡Vk x;k] “kq) tkr;k¡ os gS ftuesa lkrksa Loj Ikz;ksx fd, tkrs Fks vkSj ftudk

ukedj.k lkrksa Lojksa ds vk/kkj ij gqvk FkkA buds uke Loj gh xzg] va”k vkSj U;kl gksrs

FksA “kq) tkfr;ksa ds y{k.k esa ifjorZu djus ls gh fod`r tkfr;ksa dh jpuk gksrh FkhA

izkphudky esa tkfr xk;u izpfyr FkkA Loj vkSj o.kZ ;qDr lqUnj jpuk dks tkfr dgrs

FksA tkfr ds nl y{k.k ekus tkrs Fks] xzg] va”k] U;kl] vIkU;kl] vYIkRo] cgqRo vkSM~kRo

‘kkM~Ro ean vkSj rkjA

2222---- xzke jkx oxhZdj.kxzke jkx oxhZdj.kxzke jkx oxhZdj.kxzke jkx oxhZdj.k&xzke jkx Hkh tkfr ;k jkx ds leku lqUnj vkSj xs; jpuk,as gksrh

Fkh izkphu xzaFkksa eas 30 xzke jkx mRiUu ekus x, gSaA ftUgsa “kq)] fHkUu] xkSMcslj rFkk

lk/kkj.k bu 5 xhfr;ksa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;kA xzke jkx gh vkxs pydj vk/kqfud jkxksa es

fodflr gq,A

3333---- “kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ jkx“kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ jkx“kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ jkx“kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ jkx& ”kq) jkx&&&&ftu jkxksa eas “kk=ksa ds fu;eksa dk iz;ksx gksrk

gS mls “kq) jkx dgrs gSaaA

Nk;kyx jkx&Nk;kyx jkx&Nk;kyx jkx&Nk;kyx jkx& tc dksbZ jkx nks jkxks ds esy ls curk gS ;k ftu jkxks ds xk;u oknu esa

nwljs jkx dh Nk;k vk, os Nk;kyx jkx dgykrs gSaA

Lakdh.kZ jkxLakdh.kZ jkxLakdh.kZ jkxLakdh.kZ jkx&ldh.kZ jkx “kq) o Nk;kyx jkxksa ds feJ.k ls curs gSaA

--8--

4444---- jRukdj ds nljRukdj ds nljRukdj ds nljRukdj ds nlfuf/kfuf/kfuf/kfuf/k jkxjkxjkxjkx oxkhZdj.k&oxkhZdj.k&oxkhZdj.k&oxkhZdj.k&”kkjaxnso th us leLr jkxksa dks nl oxksZa esaa

foHkkftr fd;k buds uke l izdkj ls gSaA xzke jkx] jkx] mijkx] Hkk’kk] foHkk’kk] varj

Hkk’kk] jkaxkx] Hkk’kkx mikax vkSj fdz;kax buesa izFke 6 oxZ ekxhZ laxhr vkSj vafre pkj ns”kh

laxhr ds varxZr vkrs gSA

xzke jkx]xzke jkx]xzke jkx]xzke jkx] jkx vkSj mijkxjkx vkSj mijkxjkx vkSj mijkxjkx vkSj mijkx&’kMt vkSj e/;e xzzkeksa ls ewNZuk ds vk/kkj ij xzke jkx mRiUu

ekusa x, gSaA xzke jkx ls gh dqN xs; jpuk,aW gqbZ] ftUgsa jkx vkSj mijkx dgk x;k gSA

Hkk’kk] foHkk’kk vkSj varHkkZ’kkHkk’kk] foHkk’kk vkSj varHkkZ’kkHkk’kk] foHkk’kk vkSj varHkkZ’kkHkk’kk] foHkk’kk vkSj varHkkZ’kk& xzke jkx es mRiUu xs; jpukvksa esa Hkk’kk jkx Hkh lfEefyr Fks]

Hkk’kk ls foHkk’kk jkx vkSj foHkk’kk ls varHkkZ’kk jkx mRiUu ekus x,A

5555---- esy jkx oxhZdj.k&esy jkx oxhZdj.k&esy jkx oxhZdj.k&esy jkx oxhZdj.k& esy vk/kqfud FkkV dk i;kZ;okph “kCn dgk tk ldrk gSA ftl

izdkj vk/kqfud dky esa FkkV jkx ipfyr gSa mlh izdkj e/;dky esa esy jkx izpfyr FkkA

dqN us 12] o dqN us 19] C;adVkeq[kh us 72 esy ekusA

vk/kqfud dky esa jkx oxhZvk/kqfud dky esa jkx oxhZvk/kqfud dky esa jkx oxhZvk/kqfud dky esa jkx oxhZdj.kdj.kdj.kdj.k

1111----“kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ oxhZdj.k&“kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ oxhZdj.k&“kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ oxhZdj.k&“kq) Nk;kyx vkSj ladh.kZ oxhZdj.k&vk/kqfud dky esa ;g foHkktu uke ek= ds fy, “ks’k

jgkA

2222---- jkx&jkfxuh oxhZdj.k&jkx&jkfxuh oxhZdj.k&jkx&jkfxuh oxhZdj.k&jkx&jkfxuh oxhZdj.k&iqjkus laxhrK blh foHkktu dks ekU;rk nsrs gSaA fdUrq ;g

oxhZdj.k le; ds lkFk de gksrk tk jgk gSA

3333---- jkxkax oxhZdj.kjkxkax oxhZdj.kjkxkax oxhZdj.kjkxkax oxhZdj.k& ukjk;.k eksjs”oj [kjs us 30 jkxkxa ds vUrxZr lHkh jkxksa dks foHkkftr

fd;k rFkk 30 Loj leqnk; pqus] tSls&xejslk vkfnA igys Loj leqnk; dks foykoy vkSj

nqljs dks HkSjo jkxkxa dh laKk nhA

4444---- FkkV jkx oxhZdj.k&FkkV jkx oxhZdj.k&FkkV jkx oxhZdj.k&FkkV jkx oxhZdj.k& vk/kqfud dky ds fo}ku laxhrkpk;Z iafMr fo’.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms

th nf{k.kh i)fr ds fo}ku ys[kd ia- O;adVkeq[kh ds cgÙkj ¼72½ esyksa esa ls dsoy nl

FkkV pqudj leLr çpfyr jkxksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;k] Hkkr[k.Ms th us FkkVksa dh la[;k nl

ekuh ftlls jkx curk gS vFkkZr ftlls jkx mRiUu gksrk gS] mls FkkV dgrs gSaA nl

FkkVksa dk uke bl çdkj ls gSa&

1- dY;k.k FkkV 6- rksM+h FkkV 2- HkSjo FkkV 7- [kekt FkkV 3- fcykou FkkV 8- ek[kk FkkV 4- dkQh FkkV 9- iwohZ FkkV 5- vklkojh FkkV 10- HkSjoh FkkV

--9--

1-

2-

3-

4-

5-

6-

7-

8-

9-

10-

dY;k.k

fcykoy

[kekt

HkSjo

iwohZ

ekjok

dkQh

vklkojh

HkSjoh

rksM+h

lk

lk

lk

lk

lk

lk

lk

lk

lk

lk

js

js

js

js

js

js

js

js

js

js

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

x

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

e

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

i

/k

/k

/k

/k

/k

/k

/k

/k

/k

/k

fu

fu

fu

fu

fu

fu

fu

fu

fu

fu

lka

lka

lka

lka

lka

lka

lka

lka

lka

lka

FkkV jkx i)fr dks tudtU; i)fr Hkh dgrs gSaAnl FkkVksa es ls tks nl lEiw.kZ jkx

mRiUu gksrs gS mUgsa tud jkx dgrs gSa vkSj muds tSls vU; jkx gksrs gS mUgsa tU; jkx

dgrs gSA

--10--

jkxksa dk le; foHjkxksa dk le; foHjkxksa dk le; foHjkxksa dk le; foHkktukktukktukktu

Hkkjrh; laxhr dh ;g fo”ks’krk gS fd çR;sd jkx ds xkus ctkus dk ,d fuf”kpr le;

ekuk x;k gSA ;g lR; gS fd jkxksa dks muds le; ij xkus ctkus fo”ks’k vkuan dh

vuqHkwrh gksrh gSA cgqr ls jkx ,sls gksrs gSa tks fdlh fo”ks’k ekSle ;k _rq esa xk, crk,

tkrs gSaA tSls & o’kkZ _rq esa eygkj jkx] clar _rq esa cgkj jkx] clar jkx xk, ctk,

tkrs gSaA

mRrj Hkkjrh; laxhr i)fr esa jkxksa dk ç;ksx dky] fnu vkSj jkf= ds 24 ?k.Vksa ds nks

Hkkx djds ck¡Vk x;k gSA

igyk Hkkx & 12 cts fnu ls jkf= 12 cts rd

nwljk Hkkx & 12 cts jkf= ls 12 cts fnu rd

igys Hkkx dks iwokZaxoknh vkSj nwljs Hkkx dks mRrjkaxoknh jkx dgrs gSaA

lIrd dk çFke Hkkx ¼iwokZax Hkkx½ lk- js- x- e- dgykrk gS vkSj lIrd dk mRrjkax Hkkx

¼nwljk Hkkx½ i- /k- fu- lk- dgykrk gSA

jkxksa ds xk;u le; vuqlkj blds rhu oxZ fd, x, gSaA

js & /k dksey Lojksa okys jkx

js & /k “kq) Lojksa okys jkx

x & fu dksey Lojksa okys jkx

js & /k dksey Lojksa okys jkx

ftu jkxksa esa js vkSj /k Loj dksey ç;ksx fd, tkrs gS] os laf/kçdk”k jkx dgykrs gSaA

D;ksafd muds xk;uoknu dk le; ml le; gksrk gS] tc fnu vkSj jkf= dh laf/k gks jgh

gksA laf/kçdk”k dk le; 4 & 7 cts rd ekuk gS vFkkZr 4 cts lqcg ls 7 cts lqcg rd

rFkk “kke dks Hkh 4 cts ls 7 cts rd laf/k&çdk”k dky ekuk gSA çR;sd laf/k çdk”k jkx

esa dksey ^js* rks gksrk gh gS lkFk esa “kq) ^x* Hkh gksrk gSA laf/kçdk”k jkxksa esa e/;e Loj

¼e½ dk Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku gSA

--11--

js & /k “kq) Lojksa okys jkx

js & /k “kq) Loj okys jkxksa dk xk;u le; laf/kçdk”k jkxksa ds xk;u ds ckn vkrk gSA

D;ksafd laf/kçdk”k dky fnu esa nks ckj vkrk gSA bl oxZ ds jkxksa dk xk;u le; çkr%

7 & 10 cts rd rFkk jkf= 7 & 10 cts rd ekuk x;k gSA bl oxZ esa dY;k.k FkkV]

fcykoy FkkV ,oa [kekt FkkV ds jkx xk, ctk, tkrs gSaA

x & fu dksey Lojksa okys jkx

bl oxZ ds jkxksa dk xk;uoknu le; js & /k “kq) Loj okys jksxksa ds ckn vkrk gS vFkkZr

fnu esa 10 cts ls “kke 4 cts rd vkSj jkf= 10 cts ls lqcg pkj ¼4½ cts rd xk;s ctk,

tkrs gSaA bl oxZ ds jkxksa dh fo”ks’k igpku ;g gS fd blesa ^x* dksey vo”; yxsxk pkgs

js & /k dksey gks ;k “kq)A

jkx le; ^e* dk egRo

jkxksa dk xk;u le; esa e/;e ¼e½ Loj viuk fo”ks’k egRo j[krk gSA ^e* Loj ds ç;ksx ls

;g irk py tkrk gS fd ;g jkx fnu dk gS ;k jkr dk gSA ftu jksxksa esa rhoz ^e* dk

ç;ksx gksrk gS og jkx “kke vkSj jkr dks xk;k tkrk gS vkSj ftu jkxksa esa “kq) ^e* yxrk

gS] og jkx çkr% dky vkSj fnu esa xk, tkrs gSaA

--12--

çkphu Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl laxhr jRukdj ds lanHkZ esa la{ksi esaçkphu Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl laxhr jRukdj ds lanHkZ esa la{ksi esaçkphu Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl laxhr jRukdj ds lanHkZ esa la{ksi esaçkphu Hkkjrh; laxhr dk bfrgkl laxhr jRukdj ds lanHkZ esa la{ksi esa ikSjkf.kd dky %&ikSjkf.kd dky %&ikSjkf.kd dky %&ikSjkf.kd dky %& ikSjkf.kd ;qx esa laxhr dk vf/kd fodkl ugha gqvkA “kkL=h; laxhr ds çfr yksxksa dh :fp de gks xbZ vkSj yksdxhrksa dk rFkk yksdu`R;ksa dk çpkj c<+kA daB laxhr esa fodkl gqvk ij oknu vkSj u`R; esa dksbZ ifjorZu ugha gqvkA lekt ds vUnj ukVdksa dh çFkk “kq: gqbZA ckS/kdky esa laxhr %&ckS/kdky esa laxhr %&ckS/kdky esa laxhr %&ckS/kdky esa laxhr %& 563 bZ0 iw0 Hkxoku cq) dk tUedky ekuk tkrk gSA tks Loa; ,d mÙke laxhrK Fks A bl dky esa oh.kk ij gh xk;u gksrk FkkA bl ;qx esa ç;qDr ?kaVk dkaL; rky] J`ax] foiUph] e`nax vkSj “ka[k vkfn ok|ksa dk fooj.k feyrk gSA egkdkO; dky esa laxhr %&egkdkO; dky esa laxhr %&egkdkO; dky esa laxhr %&egkdkO; dky esa laxhr %& jkek;.k] egkHkkjr dky esa laxhr nsoh&nsorkvksa dh mikluk dk lk/ku cukA fookgksRlo ;q) ds le; oh.kk e`nax vkfn ok|ksa dk oknu gksrk FkkA jko.k laxhr dk çseh vkSj Kkrk FkkA jkek;.k esa tkfr xk;u dk mYys[k feyrk FkkA _f’k okYehfd us yo&dq”k dks laxhr dh f”k{kk nh FkhA vkSj egkHkkjr dky esa _f’k osnO;kl us egkHkkjr uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA ftlesa ,d yk[k “yksd gSaA JhÑ’.k laxhr ds egku fo}ku gq,A JhÑ’.k xk;u] oknu rFkk u`R; rhuksa dykvksa ds Kkrk FksA ekS;Z dky esa laxhr %&ekS;Z dky esa laxhr %&ekS;Z dky esa laxhr %&ekS;Z dky esa laxhr %& pUnzxqIr ekS;Z laxhr dyk dk çseh FkkA og laxhr çn”kZuksa esa Hkkx ysdj dykdkjksa dk mRlkg c<+krk FkkA Hkjr dk ukV~; “kkL= %&Hkjr dk ukV~; “kkL= %&Hkjr dk ukV~; “kkL= %&Hkjr dk ukV~; “kkL= %& Hkjr eqfu us ukV~; “kkL= xzUFk ij ukVd fy[kkA mlesa laxhr laca/kh N% v/;k; tksM+dj laxhr dh fo”ks’krkvksa ij çdk”k MkykA bUgksaus Jqfr Loj] xzke ewPNZuk tkfr dh ifjHkk’kk ok| Hksn] xk;dksa dks xq.k nks’k ‘kM~t&iape] e/;e Hkko dk Li’Vhdj.k fd;k tks vkt Hkh ykHknk;d gSA e/;dky esa eqlyekuksa ds vkxeu ls laxhr dk :i cnyuk “kq: gks x;kA eqlyeku “kkld laxhr çseh rks Fks ysfdu os Hkkjrh; lH;rk dk fodkl ugha ns[k ldrs FksA mUgksaus Hkkjrh; laxhr ls çHkkfor gksdj mls vius :i esa <kyuk “kq: dj fn;kA ftlls Hkkjrh; laxhr dk “kq) :i lekIr gks x;kA ijUrq nf{k.k Hkkjr eqlyekuksa ds vkØe.k ls çHkkfor ugha gqvkA vr% ogk¡ “kq) laxhr iuIkrk jgkA 13oha “krkCnh ds iwokZ/kZ esa iafMr lkjaxnsoiafMr lkjaxnsoiafMr lkjaxnsoiafMr lkjaxnso dk tUe gqvkA ftUgksaus Þlaxhr jRukdjÞ uked xzUFk dh jpuk dhA blesa iwoZorhZ lHkh xzUFkksa dk ekSfyd lkj ladfyr fd;k x;k gSA laxhr jRukdj us ukn] Jqfr] Loj] xzke] ewPNZuk tkfr bR;kfn dk Hkyh&Hkk¡fr foospu fd;k x;k gSA laxhr jRukdj esa lkr v/;k; gSaA blfy, bls lIrk/;k;h Hkh dgrs gSaA tks bl çdkj ls gSaA 1- Lojk/;k; 2- jkx foosdk/;k; 3- çdh.kZo v/;k; 4- çok/kk/;k; 5- rkyk/;k; 6- ok|k/;k; 7- u`R;k/;k;

--13--

bUgksaus vius xzUFk esa lnkf”ko ikoZrh] ljLorh] Hkjr] erax vkfn xzUFkdkjksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA laxhr %&laxhr %&laxhr %&laxhr %& iafMrth xhr ok| vkSj u`R; dh lefUor :i dks laxhr ekurs gSa rFkk laxhr ds nks Hksn ekurs gSaA 1- ekxhZ] 2- ns”kh “kkjaxnso }kjk fyf[kr laxhr jRukdj esa leLr jkxksa dks 10 oxkZsa esa foHkkftr fd;k x;k gSA 1- xzke jkx 2- jkx 3- mijkx 4- Hkk’kk 5- foHkk’kk 6- varjHkk’kk 7- jkxkax 8- Hkk’kkax 9- mikax 10- fØ;kax Tkkfr;k¡ %&Tkkfr;k¡ %&Tkkfr;k¡ %&Tkkfr;k¡ %& bUgksaus xzke jkx dks tkfr;ksa ls mRiUu crk;k gSA vkSj xzke jkxksa ls gh vU; jkx fodflr crk;s gSaA vyadkj %&vyadkj %&vyadkj %&vyadkj %& bUgksaus fof”k’B o.kZ leqnk; dks gh vyadkj dgk gSA ;s o.kZ vxj vyadkjksa ds pkj fuEu Hksn crk;s gSaA 1- LFkkbZ o.kZ vyadkj 2- vkjksgh o.kZ vyadkj 3- vojksgh o.kZ vyadkj 4- lapkjh o.kZ vyadkj Ukkn %&Ukkn %&Ukkn %&Ukkn %& ia- th dk dguk gS fd ukn dh vfHkO;fDr ls vkUkUn feyrk gS o lkSUn;Z dh l`f’V gksrh gSA ia- th us ukn ds nks Hksn crk;s gSA Þvkgr uknÞ vkSj Þvukgr uknÞA ewPNZuk %&ewPNZuk %&ewPNZuk %&ewPNZuk %& lkr Lojksa dk Øe vkjksg&vojksg ewPNZuk dgykrk gSA rhu xzkeksa dh lkr&lkr ewPNZuk,¡ gksrh gSaA tks 21 curh gSA exj xa/kkj xzke ds yqIr gks tkus ls ‘kM~t vkSj e/;e xzke dh 7$7=14 ewPNZuk,¡ curh gSA ;s rhu çdkj dh gksrh gSaA 1- “kq)k dkdyh lafgrk 2- lkUrjk 3- varj dkdyh lafgrk Rkku %& Rkku %& Rkku %& Rkku %& vyadkj ls rku curh gSaA tc Lojksa dks nzqr y; esa xkrs gSaA rks rku curh gSA o.ko.ko.ko.kZ %&Z %&Z %&Z %& xk;u fØ;k dks o.kZ dgrs gSaA ;s pkj çdkj ds gksrs gSaA LFkkbZ o.kZ] vkjksgh o.kZ] vojksgh o.kZ vkSj lapkjh o.kZA LFkkbZ o.kZ %&LFkkbZ o.kZ %&LFkkbZ o.kZ %&LFkkbZ o.kZ %& ,d Loj ij fLFkj jgus dks LFkkbZ o.kZ dgrs gSaA tSls & lk lk] js js js vkjksgh o.kZ %&vkjksgh o.kZ %&vkjksgh o.kZ %&vkjksgh o.kZ %& Lojksa ds p<+rs Øe dks vkjksgh o.kZ dgrs gSaA tSls & lk js x e i /k fuA vojksgh o.kZ %&vojksgh o.kZ %&vojksgh o.kZ %&vojksgh o.kZ %& Lojksa ds mrjrs gq, Øe dks vojksgh o.kZ dgrs gSaA tSls & lk fu /k i e xk js lkA lapkjh o.kZ %&lapkjh o.kZ %&lapkjh o.kZ %&lapkjh o.kZ %& LFkk;h vkjksgh vkSj vojksgh rhuksa o.kksZa ds feJ.k dks lapkjh o.kZ dgrs gSaA tSls & lk lk xk e i e x js xk js lkA

--14--

Loj %&Loj %&Loj %&Loj %& Jqfr ds mijkUr mRiUu gksus okyk jatd ukn Loj dgykrk gSA 22 Jqfr;ksa ij 7 “kq) $ 12 foØr Loj ekudj dqy 19 Lojksa dk fooj.k nsrs gSaA Jqfr tkfr;k¡ %&Jqfr tkfr;k¡ %&Jqfr tkfr;k¡ %&Jqfr tkfr;k¡ %& Jqfr dh ik¡p tkfr;k¡ ekurs gSa&nhIrk] vk;rk] d#.kk] e`nq] e/;kA xzke %&xzke %&xzke %&xzke %& ewPNZuk dk vkJ; Loj lewg gSA ;s rhu çdkj ds gSa&

1- ‘kM~t 2- e/;e 3- xka/kj xzkeA Xkhfr %&Xkhfr %&Xkhfr %&Xkhfr %& in rFkk y;;qDr vkSj o.kZ ls vyaÑr xku fØ;k dks xhfr dgrs gSaA Okk|;k/;k; %&Okk|;k/;k; %&Okk|;k/;k; %&Okk|;k/;k; %& ia- th us vius xzUFk esa ok|ksa dks pkj Hkkxksa esa foHkDr fd;k gSA 1- “kq’d & tks lksyks :i esa ctrs gSaA 2- xhrkauqx & tks xhrksa dh laxfr djrs gSaA 3- u`R;kauqx & tks u`R;ksa dh laxfr djrs gSaA 4- xhru`R;kauqx & tks xhrksa vkSj u`R;ksa nksuksa dh laxfr djrs gSaA FkkV %&FkkV %&FkkV %&FkkV %& bUgksaus dkQh FkkV dks “kq) ekuk gS vkSj vktdy ge “kq) FkkV dks foykoy ekurs gSaA jkx oxhZdj.k %&jkx oxhZdj.k %&jkx oxhZdj.k %&jkx oxhZdj.k %& ia- lkjaxnso us jkx&jkfxuh oxhZdj.k dks Lohdkjrs gq, jkxksa dks 10 o.kksZa

esa foHkkftr fd;k gSA ia- th us rkyk/;k; esa rkyksa dk o.kZu Hkh fd;k gSA /kkrq o çca/k ds

Hksn fuc)xku] vfuc)xku] vaxksa vkfn dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ia- th us vUr esa dgk gS tSls

unh dks lkxj esa feydj u`R;rk çkIr gksrh gSA mlh çdkj eSaus vius Kku dks tks ys[kk

esjs ikl Fkk mls laxhr jRukdj esa feykdj loZKksa ds fy, fuosfnr dj fn;k gSA laxhr ds

{ks= esa ia- th dh nsu vfoLej.kh; gS tksfd HkqykbZ ugha tk ldrhA

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e/;dkyhu o vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; laxhr esa laxhr ifjtkr vkSj Hkkr[k.Ms e/;dkyhu o vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; laxhr esa laxhr ifjtkr vkSj Hkkr[k.Ms e/;dkyhu o vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; laxhr esa laxhr ifjtkr vkSj Hkkr[k.Ms e/;dkyhu o vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; laxhr esa laxhr ifjtkr vkSj Hkkr[k.Ms th ds dk;ksZa dk th ds dk;ksZa dk th ds dk;ksZa dk th ds dk;ksZa dk o.kZu o.kZu o.kZu o.kZu %&%&%&%& eqxydky esa laxhr dk çpkj&çlkj cgqr Hkyh çdkj ls gqvkA laxhrdkjksa o dyk çsfe;ksa ds fy, eqxy jkt njckj esa fof”k’B LFkku FkkA eqxydky esa vdcj ds le; esa rkulsu] cStwckojk vkfn çfl) dykdkj FksA tgk¡xhj ds njckj esa fcykl [kk¡] NÙkj [kk¡] jetku çfl) xk;d gq,A buds le; esa ia- nkeksnjÑr ÞlaxhrniZ.kÞ vkSj lkseukFkÑr Þjkx focks/kÞ xzUFk fy[ks x;sA “kkgtgk¡ ds le; esa xk;dksa dk cgqr vknj FkkA “kkgtgk¡ ,d laxhr çseh FkkA muds njckj esa fnyjax [kk¡ vkSj yky [kk¡ çfl) dykdkj FksA laxhr ifjtkr %&laxhr ifjtkr %&laxhr ifjtkr %&laxhr ifjtkr %& 17oha “krkCnh ds iwokZ)Z esa ml le; ds laxhr fo}ku ia- vgkscy us lu~ 1650 bZ0 ds yxHkx fgUnqLrkuh laxhr dk ,d egRoiw.kZ xzUFk Þlaxhr ifjtkrÞ fy[kkA vgkscy }kjk Jqfr la[;k vkSj Loj LFkkiuk & ia- vgkscy iwoZ ys[kdksa dh Hkkafr ,d lIrd esa 22 Jqfr;k¡ ekurs FksA muds uke Hkh rhozk] dqeq}rh vkfn Lohdkjrs FksA bu 22 Jqfr;ksa ij “kq) Loj LFkkiuk ds fy, fuEu “yksd dks ekU;rk nsrs FksA

prq”prq”pSo ‘kM~t e/;e iapek%Aprq”prq”pSo ‘kM~t e/;e iapek%Aprq”prq”pSo ‘kM~t e/;e iapek%Aprq”prq”pSo ‘kM~t e/;e iapek%A }S }S fu’kk}S }S fu’kk}S }S fu’kk}S }S fu’kkn~ xka/kkjkS f=L=ks _’kHk/kSorksAAn~ xka/kkjkS f=L=ks _’kHk/kSorksAAn~ xka/kkjkS f=L=ks _’kHk/kSorksAAn~ xka/kkjkS f=L=ks _’kHk/kSorksAA

ia- th “kq) Lojksa dks mudh vfUre Jqfr;ksa ij gh LFkkfir djrs FksA Loj ifjHkk’kk %&Loj ifjHkk’kk %&Loj ifjHkk’kk %&Loj ifjHkk’kk %& Loj dh ifjHkk’kk nsrs gq, ys[kd fy[krs gSa] Þtks vius vki gh lquus okyksa ds fpRr dks vkdf’kZr djrs gSa os Loj dgykrs gSaAÞ Loj Hksn %&Loj Hksn %&Loj Hksn %&Loj Hksn %& “kq) vkSj foÑr] og 7 “kq) vkSj 22 foÑr Loj ekudj dqy 29 Loj ekurs gSaA Jqfr Loj Hksn %&Jqfr Loj Hksn %&Jqfr Loj Hksn %&Jqfr Loj Hksn %& vgkscy Jqfr Loj dk Hksn n”kkZrs gq, fy[krs gSa tks lquh tk ldrh gSA Jqfr dgykrh gSA Jqfr vkSj Loj esa vUrj gksuk vko”;d ugha D;ksafd nksuksa /ofu;k¡ lquh tk ldrh gSaA Loj vkSj Jqfr esa Hksn bruk gh gS tks /ofu;k¡ jkx esa ç;qDr gksrh gSa os Loj cu tkrh gSa vkSj ç;qDr ugha gksrh os Jqfr;k¡ cuh jgrh gSaA oh.kk ds rkj ij Lojksa dh LFkkiuk %&oh.kk ds rkj ij Lojksa dh LFkkiuk %&oh.kk ds rkj ij Lojksa dh LFkkiuk %&oh.kk ds rkj ij Lojksa dh LFkkiuk %& vgkscy dks laxhr ds bfrgkl esa blfy, Hkh egRoiw.kZ LFkku çkIr gS D;ksafd ;g çFke xzUFkdkj Fks ftUgksaus oh.kk ds rkj dh yEckbZ ds fuf”pr foHkkx cukdj vius “kq) rFkk foÑr Lojksa dh LFkkiuk dk ekxZ n”kkZ;kA o.kZ %&o.kZ %&o.kZ %&o.kZ %& xk;u dh fØ;k dk Lojksa ds inkfn ls foLrkj djus ij og o.kZ dgykrk gSA ;s pkj çdkj ds gksrs gSa & LFkkbZ] vkjksgh] vojksgh vkSj lapkjhA vyadkj %&vyadkj %&vyadkj %&vyadkj %& Øekuqlkj Lojksa dk lUnHkZ laxBu] lqxqEQu vyadkj dgykrk gSA fdlh Hkh pht dks ltkus dks vyadkj dgrs gSaA ftuds }kjk jkx ltk;s tkrs gSaA og rku] iYkVs] vkyki vyadkj dgykrs gSaA esy %&esy %&esy %&esy %& ys[kd ds vuqlkj] esy jkxksa dks mRiUu djus dh “kfDRk j[kus okyk Lojksa dk ,d Øe FkkA ewPNZuk %&ewPNZuk %&ewPNZuk %&ewPNZuk %& tc Lojksa dk vojksg gksrk gS mls ewPNZuk dgrs gSaA ;g xzke ij vk/kkfjr gksrh gSA ,d xzke dh lkr ewPNZuk,¡ gksrh gSaA ml le; ‘kM~t xzke vkSj e/;e xzke dk çpyu FkkA vr% nksuksa ls 7$7 ¾ 14 ewPNZuk,¡ cuhA

--16--

xzke %&xzke %&xzke %&xzke %& Lojksa dk lewg xzke dgykrk gSA xzke rhu çdkj ds gSa & 1- ‘kM~t xzke 2- e/;e xzke 3- xka/kkj xzke oknh&laoknh vuqoknh] fooknh %&oknh&laoknh vuqoknh] fooknh %&oknh&laoknh vuqoknh] fooknh %&oknh&laoknh vuqoknh] fooknh %& tks Loj jkx esa vU; Lojksa dh vis{kk vf/kd ç;ksx gksrs gSa mls oknh Loj dgk tkrk gSA oknh Loj ls 8 ;k 12 Jqfr;ksa dks vUrj ij tks Loj iM+s mls laoknh dgrs gSaA oknh&laoknh ds vfrfjDr tks Loj jkx esa yxrs gSa mu Lojksa dks vuqoknh Loj dgrs gSaA oftZr gksus ij Hkh tks Loj jkx esa yxrs gSa mUgsa fooknh Loj dgrs gSaA jkx çdj.k %&jkx çdj.k %&jkx çdj.k %&jkx çdj.k %& ys[kd us 122 jkxksa dk o.kZu vius xzUFk esa fd;k gSA og FkkVksa dk mYys[k djrk gS] ij jkxksa dks FkkVksa ds vUrxZr ugha j[krkA jkx fooj.k esa og vkjksgh&vojksgh] xzg] oa”k] U;kl] ewPNZuk vkfn dk mYys[k djrk gSA xk;u le; %&xk;u le; %&xk;u le; %&xk;u le; %& ys[kd laxhr ifjtkr esa vius le; ds çpfyr jkxksa dk xk;u le; Hkh nsrk gSA tSls & jkedyh ] rksM+h fnu ds çFke çgj esa xk, tkrs gSaA blesa 125 jkxksa dk ifjp; mudk xk;u le; crk;k x;k gSA vgkscy us 125 jkxkksa dk o.kZu fd;k gSA ys[kd us lEiw.kZ iqLrd esa dqy 500 “yksd fn, gSA ;g xzUFk vk/kqfud laxhr ls cgqr gn rd laca/k j[krk gSA ge vgkscy dh laxhr nsu dks dHkh ugha Hkqyk ldrsA

iaiaiaia---- fo’.kq ukjkfo’.kq ukjkfo’.kq ukjkfo’.kq ukjk;;;;.k Hkkr[k.Ms dk ;ksxnku.k Hkkr[k.Ms dk ;ksxnku.k Hkkr[k.Ms dk ;ksxnku.k Hkkr[k.Ms dk ;ksxnku ia- fo’.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms th dk tUe cEcbZ çkUr ds ckyds”oj uked LFkku ij 10 vxLr 1860 dks bZ0 dks gqvkA bUgksaus 1883 bZ0 esa ch-,- vkSj 1890 bZ0 esa ,y-,y-ch- dh ijh{kk ikl dhA budh yxu vkjEHk ls gh laxhr dh vksj FkhA lu~ 1904 bZ0 esa vkidh ,sfrgkfld laxhr ;k=k vkjEHk gqbZA ftlesa vkius Hkkjr ds lSdM+ksa LFkkuksa dk Hkze.k djds laxhr lEcU/kh lkfgR; dh [kkst dhA vkius cM+s&cM+s xk;dksa dks lquk vkSj mudh Lojfyfi RkS;kj djds ÞfÞfÞfÞfgUnqLrkuh laxhri)fr Øfed iqLrd ekfydkÞgUnqLrkuh laxhri)fr Øfed iqLrd ekfydkÞgUnqLrkuh laxhri)fr Øfed iqLrd ekfydkÞgUnqLrkuh laxhri)fr Øfed iqLrd ekfydkÞ ds uke ls ,d xzUFk ekyk çdkf”kr djkbZ ftlds N% Hkkx gSaA laLÑr Hkk’kk esa Hkh vkius Þy{; laxhrÞÞy{; laxhrÞÞy{; laxhrÞÞy{; laxhrÞ vkSj ÞvfHkuo ÞvfHkuo ÞvfHkuo ÞvfHkuo jkx eatjhÞjkx eatjhÞjkx eatjhÞjkx eatjhÞ uked iqLrdsa fy[kdj çkphu laxhr dh fo”ks’krkvksa rFkk mlesa Qsyh gqbZ Hkzkafr;ksa ij çdk”k MkykA Hkkr[k.Ms th us viuk “kq) FkkV fcykoy ekudj FkkV i)fr Lohdkj djrs gq, 10 FkkVksa esa cgqr ls jkxksa dk oxhZdj.k fd;kA lu~ 1916 esa cM+kSnk esa ,d fo”kky laxhr lEesyu fd;kA ftldk mn~?kkVu egkjktk cM+kSnk }kjk gqvkA blesa laxhr ds fo}kuksa }kjk laxhr ds vusd rF;ksa ij xEHkhjrkiwoZd fopkj gqvk vkSj ,d Þvky Þvky Þvky Þvky bafM;k E;wftd ,dsMehÞbafM;k E;wftd ,dsMehÞbafM;k E;wftd ,dsMehÞbafM;k E;wftd ,dsMehÞ dh LFkkiuk dk çLrko Hkh Lohdkj gqvkA bl laxhr lEesyu esa Hkkjr[k.Ms th ds laxhr lEcU/kh Hkk’k.k vaxzsth esa Þ, “kkVZ &fgLVksfjdy losZ vkWQ vij Þ, “kkVZ &fgLVksfjdy losZ vkWQ vij Þ, “kkVZ &fgLVksfjdy losZ vkWQ vij Þ, “kkVZ &fgLVksfjdy losZ vkWQ vij bafM;kÞbafM;kÞbafM;kÞbafM;kÞ uked iqLrd ds :i esa çdkf”kr gks pqds gSaA laxhr fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk %&laxhr fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk %&laxhr fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk %&laxhr fo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk %& y[kuÅ dk eSfjt E;wftd dkWyst Þvc orZeku esa Þvc orZeku esa Þvc orZeku esa Þvc orZeku esa Hkkr[k.Ms&laxhr fo|kihBÞHkkr[k.Ms&laxhr fo|kihBÞHkkr[k.Ms&laxhr fo|kihBÞHkkr[k.Ms&laxhr fo|kihBÞ Xokfy;j dk Þek/ko laxhr egkfo|ky;ÞÞek/ko laxhr egkfo|ky;ÞÞek/ko laxhr egkfo|ky;ÞÞek/ko laxhr egkfo|ky;Þ rFkk cM+kSnk dk ÞE;wftd dkWystÞ fo”ks’k mYys[kuh; gSA bl çdkj bUgksaus vius vFkd ifjJe }kjk laxhr dh egku lsok dh vkSj laxhr txr esa ,d uohu ;qx LFkkfir djds vUr esa 19 flrEcj 1936 dks vki ijyksd oklh gq,A

--17--

iaiaiaia---- fo’.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Msfo’.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Msfo’.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Msfo’.kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms

,d vU; fo}ku ftUgksaus 20oha “krkCnh esa Hkkjrh; laxhr ds fo"k; esa vusd uohu vkfo"dkj

fd,] bls fodkl ds mPpre f'k[kj ij igq¡pkus ds ç;kl fd,] os egkjk"Vª fuoklh fo".kq

ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms FksA vk/kqfud dky esa laxhr ds 'kkL=h; i{k dh vksj turk dk /;ku

vkdf"kZr djus dk çFke Js; Lo= Hkkr[k.Ms th dks feyk] ftUgksaus turk dk p{kq çnku

fd,] ftuds }kjk laxhr ds fØ;kRed :i ds n'kZu gks ldsA

tUe rFkk oa'k ifjp;tUe rFkk oa'k ifjp;tUe rFkk oa'k ifjp;tUe rFkk oa'k ifjp; & Jh fo".kq ukjk;.k Hkkr[k.Ms dk tUe 10 vxLr lu~ 1860 dks

eqacbZ çkar ds ckyds'oj uked LFkku ij —".k tUek"Veh ds fnu mPp czkã.k oa'k esa gqvk

FkkA bUgsa vius firk ls] ftUgsa laxhr ls çse Fkk] laxhr dh çsj.kk feyhA cpiu ls gh

mudks laxhr dyk ls çse Fkk mUgksaus laxhr dk çFke ikB viuh ekrkth ls lh[kkA os e/kqj

/ofu esa larksa dh ok.kh dks xk;k djrh FkhaA muds firkth dkWeu ok| ctk;k djrs FksA

blfy, bUgsa laxhr f'k{kk vius ekrk&firk nksuksa ls feyhA nqHkkZX; ls ia- th vHkh cPps gh

Fks fd buds firk dk nsgkar gks x;kA

thou ifjp;thou ifjp;thou ifjp;thou ifjp; & ikfjokfjd okrkoj.k laxhre; gksus ls budh :fp vkjaHk ls gh laxhr esa

FkhA ekrk ds xk;u dh udy djrs&djrs ;g xk;u esa çoh.k gks x, vkSj flrkj xk;u

,oa ckalqjh gksuksa ij vPNk vH;kl fd;kA lsB oYyHk nkl xq#jko th] cqvk csy ck/kdj th

ls flrkj lh[kkA t;iqj ds eqgEen vyh [kk¡ ls xk;u lh[kkA laxhr ds lkFk&lkFk viuh

i<+kbZ Hkh tkjh j[khA fo|kFkhZ dky esa gh bUgksaus laxhr çfr;ksfxrkvksa esa buek thrsA lu~

1882 esa gh vyh ,dukFk] uokc dYys [kk¡ vkSj jkoth ckck xksyokj ls Hkh laxhr f'k{kk

yhA mUgksaus yxHkx 15 o"kZ rd fo}kuksa rFkk xq.khtuksa rFkk nqHkkf"k;ksa ds ek/;e ls laL—r]

rsyxw] caxkyh] xqtjkrh] mnwZ] teZu] xzhd rFkk vaxzsth Hkk"kkvksa ds laxhr fo"k;d ys[ku dk;Z

dk v/;;u fd;kA

lu~ 1883 esa ch-,- vkSj 1890 esa ,y-,y-ch- dh fMxzh çkIr djus ds mijkar mUgksaus djkph

'kgj ds gkbZdksVZ esa odkyr djuh vkjaHk dj nh vkSj dke;kc odhy fl) gq,A fdarq

--18--

ço`fŸk ls os laxhr çseh FksA mUgksaus bl ykHknk;d O;olk; dks NksM+ fn;k vkSj viuh iRuh

rFkk ,dek= iq=h dh e`R;q ds mijkar laxhr ds {ks= esa çfo"V gks x,A

buds le; esa laxhr vf'kf{kr ?kjkusnkj xk;dksa] okndksa esa fleVk gqvk Fkk vkSj tu

lk/kkj.k esa laxhr ds çfr vlEeku FkkA

bUgksaus çkphu laxhr xzaFkksa dk v/;;u fd;kA iqLrdky;ksa esa tks iqLrdsa miyC/k Fkha mudksa

vPNh rjg ls i<+k] fofHkUu çkarksa ds laxhr dks lquk] fofHkUu ?kjkusnkj laxhrKksa ls fopkj

foe'kZ fd;k vkSj fQj çkphu vkSj uohu erksa dks ,df=r dj 'kkL= 'kq) fopkj ls viuk

er fu/kkZfjr fd;kA

laxhr txr dks nsulaxhr txr dks nsulaxhr txr dks nsulaxhr txr dks nsu

¼ 1 ½ FkkVFkkVFkkVFkkV & FkkV jkx oxhZdj.k ds çpkj djus dk Js; Hkkr[k.Ms th dks çkIr gSA iafMr

th us nf{k.k dh esy i)fr ls ia- O;adVeq[kh }kjk fufeZr uV FkkVksa esa ls 10 FkkV pqudj

bl le; ds çpfyr lc jkxksa dks buds varxZr j[k fn;kA /khjs&/khjs laxhrKksa us budh

ekuork dks igpkuk vkSj FkkV jkx i)fr dk çpyu gks x;kA bUgksaus oSKkfud <ax ls

leLr jkxksa dks 10 FkkVksa esa foHkkftr fd;kA vkt Hkh og oxhZdj.k lHkh fo}kuksa }kjk ekU;

gSA

¼ 2 ½ Loj fyfi i)frLoj fyfi i)frLoj fyfi i)frLoj fyfi i)fr & blls igys laxhrK xkrs&ctkrs rks vPNk FksA og dsoy vius

eq[k ls lquk gqvk gh xk;k djrs Fks vkSj mlh dk vH;kl djrs FksA bUgksaus Loj fyfi i)fr

fudkyh ftls Hkkr[k.Ms Lojfyfi i)fr dgk tkrk gS] ftlls laxhr ds fo|kFkhZ ds fy,

laxhr lh[kuk ljy&lqyHk gks x;k] tks fy[kdj lqjf{kr j[kk tk ldrk gSA bl Loj

fyfi ds vk/kkj ij mUgksaus Loj ekfydk iqLrd fy[kh] ftlesa jkxksa dh Lojfyfi nh xbZ gSA

¼ 3 ½ Hkkr[k.Ms th ^laxhr lEesyu ds firk* dgs tkrs gSaA laxhr lEesyu ml le;

Hkkjr esa jsfM;ks dk çpkj ugha FkkA bUgksaus laxhr dk çpkj djus ds fy, cM+kSnk] fnYyh]

cukjl vkSj y[kuÅ vkfn LFkkuksa esa laxhr lEesyu fd,A mu lEesyuksa esa leLr Hkkjro"kZ

--19--

ds laxhr fo'ks"kKksa dh viuh&viuh dyk vkSj laxhriVqrk dk iw.kZ volj FkkA bu

lEesyuksa esa Hkkx ysus okys laxhrdkjksa us fganqLrkuh 'kkL=h; laxhr ds fo"k; esa dkQh

tkudkjh çkIr dh vkSj mUgsa Hkkr[k.Ms dh uhfr dk Hkh Kku gks x;k fd os Hkkjr esa laxhr

dk ,d ,slk Hkou fuekZ.k djuk pkgrs gSa tks fd xjhc&vehj] L=h&iq#"k] yM+ds&yM+fd;k¡

rFkk Å¡p&uhp lHkh ds fy, [kqyk jgs vkSj ftlesa fdlh çdkj dk lkekftd HksnHkko u

gksA lu~ 1916 esa ck¡nk ujs'k dh lgk;rk ls çFke laxhr lEesyu lQyrkiwoZd vk;ksftr

fd;kA bl lEesyu esa vf[ky Hkkjrh; laxhr vdkneh LFkkfir djus dk çLrko loZlEefr

ls ikl gqvkA muds ç;Ruksa ls dbZ laxhr fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA mUkesa ls

çeq[k ekSfjl Xokfy;j laxhr dkWyst] cM+kSnk laxhr dkWyst gSA bUgksaus ekSfjl dkWyst dh

LFkkiuk dhA

¼ 4 ½ bUgksaus vius ç;Ruksa ls 'kkL=h; iFk dh vksj turk dk /;ku vkdf"kZr fd;k D;ksafd

budk fo'okl Fkk fd 'kkL=h; i{k ls gh laxhr ds fØ;kRed :i dk gh lgh n'kZu fd;k

tk ldrk gSA

¼ 5 ½ ia- th us laxhr ds gj vax] fu;e] fl)kar dk cM+h xgjkbZ ls v/;;u fd;k vkSj

laxhr ds çfr ftruh diksy&dfYir /kkj.kk,¡ Fkha mudk Li"Vhdj.k fd;k vkSj mudk

fu"d"kZ.k] 'kkL=h; vkSj oSKkfud <ax ls fd;kA

¼ 6 ½ Loj foHkktuLoj foHkktuLoj foHkktuLoj foHkktu & bUgksaus çkphu vkSj e/;dkyhu xzaFkdkjksa }kjk Lojksa dks igyh Jqfr

ij LFkkfir djus ds fl)kar dks u ekudj vafre Jqfr ij fLFkr ekukA bl çdkj 'kq)

Loj LFkkiuk ds vk/kkj ij fcykoy FkkV dks 'kq) ekuk vkSj laxhr ds {ks= esa Økafrdkjh

ifjoZu dj fn;kA

¼ 7 ½ fdrkcsafdrkcsafdrkcsafdrkcsa & ia- th dks laxhr ij tks dqN Hkh lkexzh miyC/k gqbZ] mls ladfyr

fd;kA ladfyr fo"k;oLrq dks laL—r] ejkBh] fganh rFkk vaxszth Hkk"kkvksa esa çdkf'kr dj

MkykA budh dqN fdrkcsa gSa &

--20--

(i) vfHkuo jkx eatjh

(ii) vfHkuo rky eatjh

(iii) y{; laxhre

(iv) fganqLrkuh laxhr i)fr ¼Ng Hkkx½

(v) Øfed iqLrd ekfydk ¼Ng Hkkx½

(vi) Loj ekfydk vkSj xhr ekfydk Øe

(vii) xzaFk laxhre

(viii) laxhr dk laf{kIr ,sfrgkfld losZ{k.k

(ix) laxhr n'kZu

¼ 8 ½ mUgksaus lSdM+ksa ijaijkxr ?kzqin] /kekj] [;ky] nknjk] rjkuk] prqjkax] Bqejh vkfn dks

Loj fyfi lfgr viuh Øfed ls çdkf'kr fd;kA bl Øfed esa yxHkx vius cuk, gq,

250 xhr fo'ks"kr% [;ky vkSj y{k.k laxhr lfEefyr fd,A

¼ 9 ½ Hkkr[k.Ms th us O;adVeq[kh ds mu 72 FkkVksa esa dsoy 10 FkkVksa dk pquko fd;kA

dukZVd esydukZVd esydukZVd esydukZVd esy fganqLrkuh esyfganqLrkuh esyfganqLrkuh esyfganqLrkuh esy

(i) es?k dY;k.kh ;eu

(ii) /khj'kadjkeu fcykoy

(iii) gfjdsnkj xkSy [kekt

(iv) ek;kekSyo xkSy HkSjo

(v) dkf'kjke fØ;k iwjch

(vi) xefØ;k ekjok

(vii) [kjgj fç; dkQh

(viii) ojhjhfr xkSy vklkojh

(ix) guqear rksM+h HkSjoh

(x) f'koiUrq ojkyh rksM+h

--21--

¼ 10 ½ ia- th us laxhr dyk dks jk"Vªh;rk çnku djus dk dk;Z fd;kA mUgksaus mŸkj dh

laxhr dyk vkSj nf{k.k 'kkL= dk leUo; dj Hkkjr dh lukru dyk dks O;kid :i

fn;kA bl laca/k esa mUgksaus laxhr i)fr;ksa dk rqyukRed v/;;u uke iqLrd fy[khA

milagkjmilagkjmilagkjmilagkj & bl çdkj Hkkr[k.Ms th thoui;Zar laxhr dh vFkd lsok djrs jgs vkSj 19

flracj 1936 dks laxhr txr ls fcNqM+ x,] ij mudh vyH; lsok,¡ laxhr txr esa viuk

uke Lo.kkZ{kjksa esa vafdr dj xbZ gSaA bUgksaus vius ç;Ruksa ls ftl laxhr :ih ikS/ks dks

lhapk Fkk] vkt og ,d fo'kky o`{k cudj viuh egd pkjksa vksj fc[ksj jgk gSA ia- th ds

vFkd ç;kl ls gh laxhr loZlk/kkj.k ds fy, lqyHk gks x;kA vc laxhr çsfe;ksa dk drZO;

gS fd ia- th }kjk çTofyr ykS dks fujarj vkxs c<+krs jgsaA

--22--

?kjkuk?kjkuk?kjkuk?kjkuk

çkphu Hkkjrh; xk;dksa esa dqN ,sls çfl) xk;d gq;s gSa ftUgksaus viuh çfrHkk ls ,d fo”ks’k çdkj dh xk;u “kSyh dks tUe nsdj mls vius iq=ksa rFkk f”k’;ksa dks fl[kkdj çpfyr fd;kA mudh bl “kSyh dk vuqdj.k muds f”k’;x.k rFkk dqVqEchtu vc rd djrs pys vk jgs gSaA dqN fo”ks’krkvksa dk ih<+h nj ih<+h pyrs tkuk gh xq#&f”k’; ijEijk cu xbZA bl çdkj ?kjkus dk tUe vkSj fodkl gqvkA eqxyksa ds iru vkSj fczfV”k jkT; dh LFkkiuk ls NksVh&NksVh fj;klrksa dh LFkkiuk dh xbZA çR;sd fj;klr esa dqN xk;d vkSj oknd vo”; gksrs Fks ftUgsa jktk dks xk;u oknu lqukdj [kq”k djuk iM+rk FkkA cnys esa jktk mUgsa iw.kZ vkJ; çnku djrs FksA tSls & cM+kSnk esa QS;kt [kk¡ Xokfy;j esa gkfQt vyh [kk¡ vkfn cM+s vkjke ls ftUnxh xqtkjrs FksA xk;dksa ds eq[; 6 ?kjkus gSa & 1- Xokfy;j ?kjkuk 2- t;iqj ?kjkuk 3- fdjkuk ?kjkuk 4- vkxjk ?kjkuk 5- fnYyh ?kjkuk 6- ifV;kyk ?kjkuk ;k iatkc ?kjkuk 1111---- Xokfy;kj ?kjkuk %&Xokfy;kj ?kjkuk %&Xokfy;kj ?kjkuk %&Xokfy;kj ?kjkuk %& bl ?kjkus ds tUenkrk çfLk) laxhrK Lo0 uRFku ihjc[“k ekus tkrs gSaA ftuds iq= dkfnjc[“k] ihjc[“k ikS= uRFkw [kk¡ vkfn FksA bl ijEijk ds ckyÑ’.k cqvk bpydjathdj] oklqnso tks”kh ,oa ia- fo’.kq fnxacj iqyLdj FksA iqyLdj th ds f”k’; fouk;d jko iVo/kZu] Lo0 oh-,u-Bdkj] Lo0 vksadkjukFk Bkdqj vkfn blh ?kjkus ds xk;d FksA orZeku esa ia- Ñ’.kjko “kadj iafMr bl ?kjkus ds eq[; xk;d gSaA Xokfy;j ?kjkus dh fo”ks’krk & 1- tksjnkj rFkk [kqyh vkokt dk xk;u 2- /kzqoin&vax ds [;ky 3- lh/kh rFkk likV rkusa 4- cksy&rkuksa esa y;dkjh 5- xedksa dk ç;ksx 2222---- t;iqj ?kjkuk %&t;iqj ?kjkuk %&t;iqj ?kjkuk %&t;iqj ?kjkuk %& bl ?kjkus ds tUenkrk ÞeujaxÞ crk;s tkrs gSaA buds oa”kt eqgEen vyh [kk¡ gq,A vyh [kk¡ ds iq= vkf”kd vyh [kk¡ gq,A vkxs py dj bl ?kjkus ds nks mi?kjkus gks x,A 1- ifV;kyk ?kjkuk 2- vYykfn;k ?kjkukA t;iqj ?kjkus dh fo”ks’krk,¡& vkokt cukus dh Lora= “kSyh] [kqyh vkokt+ esa xk;u] xhr dh laf{kIr cafn”k] oØ rkusa] [;ky xk;u dh fo”ks’k cafn”kA 3333---- fdjkuk ?kjkuk %&fdjkuk ?kjkuk %&fdjkuk ?kjkuk %&fdjkuk ?kjkuk %& bl ?kjkus dh cqfu;kn eqxy dky esa gqbZ FkhA ;w-ih- ds esjB ftys esa ck<+ ls tc ;g dLck u’V gks x;k rc eqxy ckn”kkg tgkaxhj us mu laxhrKksa dks mRrj çns”k esa ftyk eqt¶Qjuxj ds fdjkuk uxj esa clk;kA bl ?kjkus dk uke ml LFkku ds uke ij iM+kA 1870 bZ0 ds yxHkx ogk¡ ,d çfl) chudkj lkfnd vyh [kk¡ jgk djrs FksA muds iq= mLrkn cUns vyh [kk¡ vPNs chudkj xk;d gq,A os bUnkSj njckj ds laxhrK vkSj egkjkt ds xq: Hkh FksA bl ?kjkus ds eq[; dykdkj vCnqy djhe [kk¡ vCnqy oghn [kk¡ eq[; :i ls FksA rRi”pkr~ lokbZ xU/koZ Lo0 lqjs”k ckcw us vCnqy djhe [kk¡ ls f”k{kk çkIr dhA orZeku esa ia- Hkhelsu tks”kh] xaxwckbZ gaxy] us bl ?kjkus dks fof”k’V igpku nhA fdjkuk ?kjkuk dh fo”ks’krk,¡&Loj yxkus dk fo”ks’k <ax] vkyki ç/kku xk;dh] ,d&,d Loj dh foyfEcr c<+r] xhr dh laf{kIr cafn”k] c<+r ds lkFk nzqr rkuksa ij cy] Bqejh vaxA

--23--

thouhthouhthouhthouh

cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡

tUe %& tUe %& tUe %& tUe %& Hkkjr ds lqçfl) laxhrK cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡ dk tUe lu~ 1903 esa ykgksj esa gqvkA budk ewy fuokl LFkku iatkc ds dlwj uked xk¡o esa FkkA buds firk vyhc[“k vkSj pkpk dkys [kk¡ FksA xqyke vyh [kk¡ ds rhu HkkbZ FksA xqyke vyh [kk¡ vius HkkbZ;ksa esa lcls cM+s FksA f”k{kk %&f”k{kk %&f”k{kk %&f”k{kk %& cM+s xqyke vyh [kk¡ lkgc us viuh laxhr dh f”k{kk vius pkpk dkys [kk¡ lkgc ls cpiu esa gh ikbZA rRi”pkr~ ykgksj pys x;sA tc [kk¡ lkgc 20 o’kZ ds Fks rks buds firk us nwljk fookg dj fy;kA lkSrsyh eka dk O;ogkj buds çfr vPNk ugha FkkA budh lxh eka us [kk¡ lkgc ls dgk rqe lkjaxh ctkuk lh[k yks ftlls ?kj dk Hkju&iks’k.k gks ldsA [kk¡ lkgc lkjaxh ds lkFk xk;u dk Hkh fj;kt djrs FksA mLrkn dkys [kk¡ dh e`R;q ds ckn ;s laxhr lk/kuk esa yx x,A rRi”pkr~ eqEcbZ esa fla/kh [kk¡ ls xk;u lh[kus yxsA fQj 1943 esa x;k th dh E;wftd dkUÝsUl esa blh o’kZ dksydkrk dh ,d lHkk esa] 1944 dks eqEcbZ esa egkRek xka/kh us vkidk xkuk lquk vkSj ç”kalk i= fn;kA jsfM;ks esa laxhr dyk dk dk;ZØe nsrs jgsA lu~ 1947 esa djkaph pys x,A ijUrq fQj Hkkjr ljdkj ls ykSVus dh bPNk O;Dr dhA btktr feyus ds i”pkr vki Hkkjr esa jgus yxsA [kk¡ lkgc ds fç; jkx %&[kk¡ lkgc ds fç; jkx %&[kk¡ lkgc ds fç; jkx %&[kk¡ lkgc ds fç; jkx %& dY;k.k] Hkwikyh] HkSjoh] ekydkSal vkfn jkx [kk¡ lkgc ds fç; FksA Bqejh xk;u esa vki cM+s fl)gLr FksA lu~ 1960 esa ydos ls ihfM+r gks x, rRdkyhu egkjk’Vª ljdkj us 5000 :0 vkS’k/kh ds fy, fn,A Bhd gksus ds i”pkr~ vki dk;ZØe djus yxsA e`R;q %&e`R;q %&e`R;q %&e`R;q %& 23 vçsy lu~ 1968 esa ;g egku xk;d ijyksd fl/kkj x,A budh dBksj lk/kuk xk;u dk <ax laxhre; thou] buds fjdkMZ rFkk budh laxhr txr dks nh xbZ çsj.kk vkt Hkh gesa ;kn fnykrh gSA

--24--

vCnqy djhe [kk¡vCnqy djhe [kk¡vCnqy djhe [kk¡vCnqy djhe [kk¡

tUe %&tUe %&tUe %&tUe %& vCnqy djhe [kk¡ dk tUe fdjkuk xk¡o esa gqvkA buds ?kjkus esa çfl) xk;d] ra=dkj o lkjaxh oknd gq, gSaA laxhr f”k{kk %&laxhr f”k{kk %&laxhr f”k{kk %&laxhr f”k{kk %& bUgksaus vius firk dkys [kk¡ o pkpk vCnqYyk [kk¡ ls laxhr dh f”k{kk çkIr dhA laxhr dk;ZØe %&laxhr dk;ZØe %&laxhr dk;ZØe %&laxhr dk;ZØe %& tc vki N% o’kZ ds Fks rc çFke ckj laxhr egfQy esa ,d dk;ZØe esa vkidk xk;u gqvkA 15 o’kZ dh mez esa rRdkyhu cM+kSnk ujs”k us bUgsa vius ;gk¡ njckjh xk;d fu;qDr dj fy;kA rRi”pkr~ 1902 esa çFke ckj eqEcbZ vk, vkSj fejt x;sA laxhr fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk %&laxhr fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk %&laxhr fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk %&laxhr fo|ky; dh LFkkiuk %& lu~ 1913 bZ0 ds yxHkx iwuk esa vkius Þvk;Z laxhr fo|ky;Þ dh LFkkiuk dh rFkk bldh ,d “kk[kk cEcbZ esa LFkkfir dhA xk;u “kSyhxk;u “kSyhxk;u “kSyhxk;u “kSyh %&%&%&%& [kk¡ lkgc xkscjgkjh ok.kh dh xk;dh xkrs FksA ehM+ vkSj d.k;qDr xk;dh dk çlkj [kk¡ lkgc dks gh gSA vkidh vkokt e/kqj vkSj csgn lqjhyh FkhA vkidh dh xk;h gqbZ Bqejh Þfi;k fcu ugha vkor pSuÞ cgqr çfl) gqbZA çeq[k f”k’; %&çeq[k f”k’; %&çeq[k f”k’; %&çeq[k f”k’; %& vkids çeq[k f”k’;ksa esa ghjkckbZ cM+kSndj] lokbZ xa/koZ] jks”kuvkjk csxe çfl) dykdkj gq,A ftUgksaus vkidk uke jks”ku fd;kA e`R;q %&e`R;q %&e`R;q %&e`R;q %& 27 vDVwcj lu~ 1937 dks ikaMhpsjh ds ,d dk;ZØe esa tkrs oDr jk=h ds 11 cts flaxiks;edksye LVS”ku ij gqvkA vkidk “ko enzkl yk;k x;k rFkk [oktk fHkjk lkgc dh njxkg ds ikl nQuk fn;k x;kA

--25--

R;kxjktR;kxjktR;kxjktR;kxjkt

ftl Ádkj lwj vkSj rqylh ds ÁHkko ls leLr mRrj&Hkkjr HkfDr&ekxZ esa rYyhu gks x;k]

mlh Ádkj nf{k.k esa egkRek R;kxjkt ds laxhre; mins'kksa ls ykHk mBkdj nf{k.k ds cgqr

ls O;fDr;ksa us Kku vkSj ;'k ÁkIr fd;kA egkRek R;kxjkt Hkxoku ds HkDr] ¼fo}ku½] dfo]

laxhrK vkSj dukZVd xk;u ds egku lq/kkjd FksA

R;kxjkt th dk tUeR;kxjkt th dk tUeR;kxjkt th dk tUeR;kxjkt th dk tUe %%%%vkU/kz&ÁkUrh; ,d czkã.k dqy esa 05 eà lu~ 1767 Ã- esa fr:ok:j

esa gqvk FkkA buds firk fdlh dkj.k viuh ek= Hkwfe NksM+dj rfey ÁkUr esa tk cls FksA

f”k{kk %&f”k{kk %&f”k{kk %&f”k{kk %& 8 lky dh vk;q esa vkidk miu;u gqvkA Jh jke —".kuUnk us vkidks Jhjke

?kVk{kjh ea= dk mins'k fn;kA vkids firk th dh bPNk Fkh fd R;kxjkt laL—r esa

ikafMR; vkSj rsyxq Hkk"kk lh[ksA dgrs gSa R;kxjkt Áfrfnu 12]500 jke&uke tirs FksA

vkidks Jh jke&y{e.k ds ÁR;{k n'kZu gq, Fks] R;kxjkt dks muds Hkkà *jke erokyk*

dgdj NsM+k djrs Fks&R;kxjkt dks cM+s HkkÃ;ksa dh /ku&fyIlk ds dkj.k vusd d"V lgu

djus iM+sA ,d ckj muds cM+s Hkkà iapene us R;kxjkt }kjk fyf[kr ,d iqLrd dks gh

tyk MkykA ,d ckj vkids cM+s HkkÃ;ksa us Hkxoku Jh jke dh ewfrZ dks dkosjh dks lefiZr

dj fn;kA R;kxjkt th cgqr nq[kh gq, fdUrq LoIu esa Jh jke us mUgsa n'kZu nsdj ewfrZ dk

irk cryk fn;kA ogk¡ ls ewfrZ ykà xà vkSj R;kxjkt th vkuUn esa Mwc x;sA

tc vkids vUnj laxhe ÁfrHkk dk fodkl vkjEHk gks jgk Fkk] rks ,d egku fl) foHkwfr ls

HksaV gqÃA bUgksaus R;kxjkt dks *Lojk.kkZo* uked fnO; xzUFk ÁkIr gqvk ftlesa LojfoLrkj

vkSj fofHkUu jkxksa esa muds Á;ksx dk foospu FkkA dgrs gSa vkius 24000 dhrZu xk;s FksA

bUgksaus fnO; uke] ladhZru mRlo] lEÁnk; dhrZu] Áºykn HkfDr fot;e vkSj uudk

pfj=e ¼ukVd½ fy[ksA

O;adVeq[kh dh prqnZafMÁdkf'kdk enzkl ÁkUr ds ratkSj uked 'kgj ds ikl fr:ok;j uked

xzke esa gh R;kxjkt us viuk vf/kdka'k thou O;rhr fd;k FkkA ;g Å¡ps dn ds] nqcys]

lqUnj psgjs okys lUr FksA xys esa rqylh ekyk vkSj xkrs le; ck,¡ gkFk esa fpIyk ¼>k¡>½

--26--

j[krs FksA vki fu;eiwoZd ,dkn'kh ozr j[krs FksA Lojfpr dhrZuksa ds lkFk&lkFk] jkenkl]

iqjUnjnkl] t;nso vkfn ekgu lUrksa ds dhrZu Hkh xkrs FksA

laxhr txr dks nsulaxhr txr dks nsulaxhr txr dks nsulaxhr txr dks nsu

os dukZVd&laxhr ds Hkh lq/kkjd FksA mUgksaus dà uohu jkx&jkxfu;ksa dk vkfo"dkj djds

dukZVd&laxhr dks e/kqj cuk;kA

buds firk Jh jkeczã HkfDr vkSj oSjkX; ds lkdkj Lo:i Fks vkSj ekrk Jherh flrEek

fcydqy 'kkUrLo:i FkhaA buds firk budks laL—r ds fo}ku cukuk pkgrs Fks vkSj mUgksaus

mUgsa laL—r&fo|ky; esa i<+us HkstkA vkrs&tkrs ;g osadV&jeuS;k dh oh.kk lquus ogk¡

igq¡p tkrsA oh.kk ds Lojksa us R;kxjkt ds ân; esa laxhr ds vadqj mRiUu dj fn;s mudh

lkjh :fp laxhr f'k{kk dh rjQ gks xÃA bUgsa jpukvksa vkfn ds v/;;u ls Loj rky ds

fu;eksa dk lw{e Kku gqvkA bUgksaus yxHkx 200 jkxksa dks Á;ksx fd;kA bl Ádkj Jh —

".kuUn gh buds xq: FksA R;kxjkt us vf/kdrj vkfn rky esa jpuk;sa dh gSaA dqN jpuk;sa

vU; rkyksa tSls :id] feJ] pkiq vkfn esa gSaA Rlkxjkt us HkfDr] Kku] oSjkX;] uhfr] /keZ

fo"k;ksa ij gtk+jksa in cuk,&buds inksa dk laxzg] jke Loj vkSj rky ds uke ÞR;kxjkt

ân;Þ uke ls Ádkf'kr gks pqdk gSA vki jpukRed laxhr dks vk/;kfRed egRo Ánku

djds viuk uke vej dj x,A

vktdj bl egkiq:"k dh Le`fr esa okf"kZd mRlo euk;s tkrs gSa vkSj lk/kkj.k turk vkSj

cM+s&cM+s ukeh xk;d&oknd viuh dyk ÁnZ'ku djrs gq;s R;kxjkt dks J)katfy vfiZr

djrs gSaA

R;kxjkt th dks 80 o"kZ dh voLFkk esa laU;kj xzg.k djus dk LoIu vk;kA bUgksaus laU;kl

ys fy;kA vius f'k";ksa dks cqykdj dgk&iqjk;] 'kq) iapeh dks ,d egRoiw.kZ ?kVuk gksus

okyh gSA bUgksaus vius cuk, gq,] nks in xk, ftuesa ls ,d jkx /kU;klh esa ';ke lqUnjkxz

in gSA buds f'k";] HkDr] fe= ladhrZu djrs jgs vkSj 6 tuojh 1847 dks ;g egkRek eks{k

dks ÁkIr gks x;sA

--27--

vkt Hkh R;kxjkt dh lekf/k dkosjh unh ds fdukjs cuh gqà gSA vkidks LoxZoklh gq;s ,d

'krkCnh gks pqdh gS rFkkfi vkidh dhfrZ vkSj uke vc Hkh vej gSA

--28--

QS;kt+ [kk¡QS;kt+ [kk¡QS;kt+ [kk¡QS;kt+ [kk¡

lu~ 1886 Ã- esa vkxjk ds ikl fldUnjk uked LFkku ij vius ekew ds ?kj QS;kt+ [kk¡ dk

tUe gqvk FkkA firk lQnj gqlSu vkids tUe ls rhu&pkj eghus igys gh LoxZ fl/kkj x,

Fks] vr% ukuk us budk ikyu iks"k.k fd;kA ckY;dky ls 25 o"kZ dh mez rd mUgksaus gh

bUgsa laxhr dh rkyhe nhA QS;kt+ [kk¡ fd'kksjkoLFkk ls gh vPNk xkus yxs FksA rRdkyhu

eSlwj&ujs'k vkids xk;u ls cM+s ÁHkkfor gq,A 1906 esa mUgsa ,d Lo.kZ ind vkSj 1911 esa

*vkQ+rkcs ekSlhdh* dh mikf/k ls lq'kksfHkr fd;k x;kA blds ckn cM+kSnk ds njckjh xk;d

ds in ij fu;qDr gksdj mUgsa&^Kku jRu* dh mikf/k ÁkIr gqÃA

QS;kt+ [kk¡ esa fir`oa'k ls *jaxhys* vkSj ekr`oa'k ls vkxjk ?kjkus dk ;ksx FkkA mUgksaus nksuks

Ádkj dh xk;dh dk lqanj leUo; vius xk;u esa fd;kA mLrkn QS;kt+ [kk¡ /kzqin rFkk

[k;ky&'kSyh ds Js"Bre xk;d FksA Jksrkvksa ds vkxzg ij mLrkn QS;kt+ [kk¡ dk ?kjkuk

igys fgUnw lEÁnk; esa gh FkkA vkids iwoZt gkt+h lqtku lkgc dk fookg laxhr lezkV

rkulsu dh iq=h ds lkFk gqvk FkkA rkulsu dh iq=h laxhr dyk esa fuiq.k FkhA iRuh }kjk

gh ifr dks laxhr f'k{kk ÁkIr gqÃA gkth lqtku lkgc ds firk dk uke vy[k nkl vkSj

pkpk dk uke eywd nkl FkkA dqN fo'ks"k dkj.kksa ls bUgsa fgUnw /keZ NksM+dj eqfLye /keZ

xzg.k djuk iM+k FkkA gkth lqtku lkgc us 125 o"kZ dh mez ikà FkhA xt+y o Bqejh Hkh

yktokc rjhds ls xkrs FksA budh vkokt lqjhyh] cqyan vkSj Hkjkonkj FkhA Lojksa ij fLFkj

gksuk vkids xk;u dh fo'ks"krk FkhA vkids dqN fjdkMZ Hkh cusA tStSoUrh esa *eksjs eafnj vc

ykS ugha vk;s* rFkk jkx tksx esa *vkt eksjs ?kj vk;s* vkfn] xhr] fjdkMZ gks pqds gSaA vkids

leku ukse rkse dk vkyki djus okyk oknd ns[kus esa ugha vk;kA cM+kSnk njckj esa jgrs

gq, Hkh vki egkjktk dh vkKk ls laxhr lEesyuksa rFkk vkdk'kok.kh&dk;ZØeksa es Hkkx ysus

tkrsA tStSoUrh] yfyr] njckjh] lq?kjkÃ] rksM+h] jkedyh] iwfj;k] iwohZ vkfn muds fÁ; jkx

FksA muds Áeq[k f'k";ksa esa ia- ,l- ,u- jkrutudj] fnyhi panz csnh] foyk;r gqlSu]

yrkQr gqlSu] 'kjkQr gqlSu] vter gqlSu] vrk gqlSu vkfn FksA [kk¡ lkgc dk nsgkolku

5 uoEcj lu~ 1950 dks cM+kSnk esa gqvkA muds fu/ku ls laxhr&txr dks cgqr vk?kkr

igq¡pkA

--29--

————".kjko 'kadj if.Mr".kjko 'kadj if.Mr".kjko 'kadj if.Mr".kjko 'kadj if.Mr

laxhr dyk ds ÁdkaM iafMr Jh —".kjko Xokfy;j ds fuoklh FksA vkidk tUe 26 tqykÃ

1894 Ã- esa Xokfy;j ds ,d nf{k.kh czkã.k ifjokj esa gqvkA vkids firk LoxhZ; ia-

'kadjjko th ,d Áfl) laxhrK FksA Jh 'kadjjko iafMr us ckY;koLFkk ls gh laxhr f'k{kk

ÁkjaHk dh FkhA Xokfy;j ds Áfl) dykdkj Jh gn~nw [kk¡ vkSj Jh uRFkw [kk¡ ls vkius laxhr

dh f'k{kk ikÃA dfBu ifjJe }kjk laxhr dh ÁkjafHkd f'k{kk lekIr djds vkius Jh fulkj

gqlSu [kk¡ dh ns[kjs[k esa laxhr fo|k dh 12 o"kZ rd dBksj lk/kuk dhA bl Ádkj ia-

'kadjjko th rRdkyhu laxhr ds Áfl) vkpk;ksZa }kjk iw.kZ Kku vkSj vuqHko ÁkIr djds

vius le; ds egku laxhrK fl) gq,A vkt Hkh Xokfy;j fuoklh vkidk xoZ ds lkFk

Lej.k djrs gSaA

vius firk ia- 'kadjjko th ls Jh —".kjko th us laxhr f'k{kk ÁkIr dhA vkids ljy

LoHkko ds lkFk thou esa lnxh vkSj czkã.kksfpr ifo=rk vkids fof'k"V xq.k FksA

vyx&vyx LFkku ij laxhu lEesyuksa esa viuh dyk dk Án'kZu djds laxhr&{ks= esa

viuk fof'k"V LFkku cuk fy;kA

laxhrks)kjd lHkk] eqYrku us xk;d f'kjksfef.k vgenkckn] vk- Ã- laxhr foHkkx us] Þxk;u

fo'kkjnÞ vkSj Xokfy;j njckj us Þlaxhr jRukyadkjÞ mikf/k ls vkidks lEekfur fd;kA

vkius laxhr fo"k;d lkfgR; Hkh fy[kk gSA gkjeksfu;e] flrkj] tyrjax vkSj rcykoknu

ij vkius vyx&vyx iqLrdsa fy[khaA vkidh jpukvksa esa laxhr&ljxe&lkj] laxhr Áos'k]

laxhr vkyki&lpkjh* vkfn iqLrdsa Áfl) gSaA

1913 Ã- esa egkjkt lrkjk us vkidks f'k{kd ds :i esa vius ;gk¡ j[kk ijUrq ,d o"kZ ckn

gh vkius ;g dk;Z NksM+ fn;kA blds ckn egkjkt Xokfy;j us ik¡p o"kZ rd vius njckj

esa j[kkA bl chp vkius vk/kqfud Xokfy;j ujs'k vkSj mudh cgu deyk jkt dks laxhr

f'k{kk nhA ;gk¡ Hkh njckj NksM+ fn;kA lu~ 1914 esa vkius Þxa/koZ egkfo|ky;Þ uke ls

Xokfy;j esa ,d laLFkk LFkkfir dhA 1917 Ã- eas mDr laLFkk dk uke vius firk dh Le`fr

esa Þ'kadj xa/koZÞ fo|ky; j[kkA 1926 esa Xokfy;j vkfy;k dkSfUly }kjk vkidks rFkk

--30--

mejko [kk¡ dks njckjh xk;d fu;qDr fd;k x;kA lu~ 1947 Ã- esa Xokfy;j egkjkt

¼JheUr t;kthjko flaf/k;k½ us vkidks ek/ko laxhr fo|ky; esa lqijokbtj vykmUl nsdj

fu;qDr fd;kA

lu~ 1959 Ã- esa vkidks jk"Vªifr iqjLdkj Ánku fd;k x;kA 1962 Ã- esa [kSjkx<+

fo'ofo|ky; ls MkDVjsV dh mikf/k ÁkIr gqÃA

iafMr th dh xk;u 'kSyh dh fo'ks"krk ;g Fkh mlesa vkjEHk ls gh y; dk;e djds LFkk;h

ds lkFk gh vykipkjh jgrh FkhA fQj cksyrku] fQjrrku] NwVrku] xed] t+et+ek [kVds

>Vds ehM+ksa dks xk;u esa fn[kk;k tkrk FkkA

vkids pkj lqiq=ksa esa Áks- ukjk;.kjko iafMr] Áks- y{e.kjko iafMr] pUnzdkar o lnkf'ko vkSj

f'k";ksa esa Áks- fo".kqiar pkS/kjh] jkepUnz jko lIr_f"k] iq:"kksRre jko lIr_f"k nŸkk=;]

tksxysdj Áks- ds'kojko lqjaxs] ,dukFk vkjksydj ds uke mYys[kuh; gSaA ia- —".kjko

Xokfy;j ?kjkus ds Áfrfuf/k dykdkj Fks ftudk nsgkolku 22 vxLr 1989 dks gqvkA

--31--

rky& Rkhurkyrky& Rkhurkyrky& Rkhurkyrky& Rkhurky

ifjp; ifjp; ifjp; ifjp; %%%%&&&& blesa 16 ek=k,¡ gksrh gSA pkj foHkkx gksrs gSa blesa igyh ek=k ij le gksrk gSA

blesa ik¡oh vkSj rsgjoha ek=k ij rkyh gksrk gS ukSaoh ek=k ij [kkyh gksrk gSA

rhu rky & Bkg y;rhu rky & Bkg y;rhu rky & Bkg y;rhu rky & Bkg y;

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

cksy /kk f/ka f/ka /kk /kk f/ka f/ka /kk /kk fra fra rk rk f/ka f/ka /kk

fpUg × 2 0 3

rhu rky & nqxqurhu rky & nqxqurhu rky & nqxqurhu rky & nqxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

cksy /kkf/kf/ka/kk /kkf/kf/ka/kk /kkfra frarkrkf/kf/ka/kk /kkf/ka f/k/kk /kkf/kaf/ka/kk /kkfra frark rkf/ka f/ka/kk

fpUg × 2 0 3

pkj rkypkj rkypkj rkypkj rky

ifjp; & ek=k % 12

foHkkx % 6

le% igyh ek=k ij

rkyh % 5] 9] 11 ek=k ij

[kkyh % 3] 7 ek=k ij

,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

cksy /kk /kk fna rk fdV /kk fn rk frV dr xfn xu

fpUg × 0 2 0 3 4

--32--

nqxqunqxqunqxqunqxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6

cksy /kk/kk fnark fdV/kk fnark frVdr xfnxu

fpUg × 0 2

ek=k 7 8 9 10 11 12

cksy /kk/kk fnark fdV/kk fnark frVdr xfnxu

fpUg 0 3 4

dgjok rkydgjok rkydgjok rkydgjok rky

ifjp; % blesa 8 ek=k,¡ gksrh gSA

blesa nks foHkkx gksrs gSaA

blesa igyh ek=k ij le gksrk gSA

ik¡poha ek=k ij [kkyh gksrk gSA

,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

cksy /kk xs uk rh uk ds /kh uk

fpUg × 0

nqxqunqxqunqxqunqxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8

cksy /kkxs ukrh ukds /khuk /kkxs ukrh ukds /khuk

fpUg × 0

--33--

,drky ,drky ,drky ,drky

ifjp; % ek=k & 12

foHkkx & 6

[kkyh & 3] 7 ek=k ij

rkyh & 5] 9] 11 ek=k ij

,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12

cksy f/ka f/ka /kkxs frjfdV rw uk dr rk /kkxs frjfdV f/ka uk

fpUg × 0 2 0 3 4

nqxqunqxqunqxqunqxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6

cksy f/kaf/ka /kkxs frjfdV rwuk dRrk /kkxs frjfdV /khuk

fpUg × 0 2

ek=k 7 8 9 10 11 12

cksy f/kaf/ka /kkxs frjfdV rwuk dRrk /kkxs frjfdV /khuk

fpUg 0 3 4

--34--

:id rky:id rky:id rky:id rky

ek=k & 7

foHkkx & 3

le vkSj [kkyh & igyh ek=k ij

rkyh & pkSFkh vkSj NBh ek=k ij

igys foHkkx esa rhu ek=k,¡ fQj nwljs rFkk rhljs foHkkx esa 2 & 2 ek=k,¡ gksrh gSA

:id rky & ,dxqu:id rky & ,dxqu:id rky & ,dxqu:id rky & ,dxqu

ek=k & 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

cksy & fra fra uk f/ka uk f/ka uk

fpUg & 0 2 3

nqxqunqxqunqxqunqxqu

ek=k & 1 2 3 4 5 6 7

cksy & frafra uk/kh uk/kh ukfra frauk f/kauk f/kauk

fpUg & 0 2 3

>irky>irky>irky>irky

ek=k & 10

foHkkx & 4

le & igyh ek=k ij

rkyh & rhljh vkSj vkBoha ek=k ij

[kkyh & NBh ek=k ij

“kkL=h; laxhr esa e/; rFkk foyafcr y; esa ctkbZ tkrh gSaA

--35--

>irky & ,dxqu>irky & ,dxqu>irky & ,dxqu>irky & ,dxqu

ek=k & 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

cksy & f/k uk

fpUg & ×

f/k f/k uk

2

fr uk

0

f/k f/k uk

3

nqxqunqxqunqxqunqxqu

ek=k & 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

cksy & f/kuk f/kf/k

fpUg & ×

ukfr ukf/k f/kuk

2

f/kuk f/af/k

0

ukfr uf/k f/kuk

3

/kekj rky/kekj rky/kekj rky/kekj rky

Ek=k&14

foHkkx&4

le& igyh ek=k ij

rkyh&N% vkSj X;kjg ek=k ij

[kkyh&vkBoha ek=k ij

ek=k & 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

cksy & d /kh V /kh V

fpUg & ×

/kk ·

2

Xk rh V

0

Vh V rk ·

3

ek=k & 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

cksy&d/kh V/kh V/kk ·x rhV

fpUg & ×

rhV rk·

2

d/kh V/kh V/kk

0

·x rhV rhV rk·

3

--36--

Rkky&nknjkRkky&nknjkRkky&nknjkRkky&nknjk

Ekk=k&6 foHkkx&2 le& igyh ek=k ij [kkyh&pksSFkh ek=k ij

,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu Ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6

cksy /kk /kh uk /kk rh uk

fpUg × 0

nqxqunqxqunqxqunqxqu

Ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6

cksy /kk/kh uk/kk rhuk /kk/kh uk/kk rhuk

fpUg × 0

--37--

fryokMfryokMfryokMfryokM++++k rkyk rkyk rkyk rky

ek=k&16

foHkkx&4

le&igyh ek=k ij

rkyh&ikapoha o rsgjoha ek=k ij

[kkyh&uoha ek=k ij

,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu,dxqu

ek=k 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

cksy /kk frjhdV f/ka f/ka /kk /kk fra fra rk frjfdV f/ka f/ka /kk /kk f/ka f/ka

fpUg × 2 0 3

nqxqunqxqunqxqunqxqu

Ekk=k 1 2 3 4

/kkfrjfdV f/kaf/ka /kk/kk frafr ×

5 6 7 8

rkfrjfdV f/kaf/ka /kk/kk f/kaf/ka 2

cksy

fpUg

Ekk=k 9 10 11 12

/kkfrjfdV f/kaf/ka /kk/kk frafra 0

13 14 15 16

rkfrjfdV f/kaf/ka /kk/kk f/kaf/ka 3

cksy

fpUg

--38--

jkx HkSjojkx HkSjojkx HkSjojkx HkSjo

FkkV & ;g jkx HkSjo FkkV ls mRiUu gksrk gS ;g jkx vkJ; jkx gSA

tkfr & bldh tkfr laEiw.kZ &laiw.kZ gSA

okfn & lEokfn & blesa okfn /k vkSj lEoknh js gSA

vax & /k oknh gksus ds dkj.k ;g mÙkjkax oknh jkx gSA

le; & jkx HkSjo dk xk;u&oknu le; çkr%dky gSA

fo”ks’krk & bl jkx esa js o /k dksey vkSj vU; Loj “kq) yxrs gSaA js o /k Loj bl jkx

esa fo”ks’k gSaA bu Lojksa ij ckj&ckj vkUnksyu fd;k tkrk gSA

vkjksg & lk js x e i /k fu lkaA

vojksg & lka fu /k i] e x js lkA

idM+ & x e /k · · /k i x e js · · · js lkA

LFkkb~ZLFkkb~ZLFkkb~ZLFkkb~Z

Xk e /k /k

/k u /k u

Lkk /k+ & fu+

lq y · {k

i i /k &

n j yk ·

0

Ike i e x

ew· · j r

lk & lk lk

· .k fx j

i/k fulk /k i

xs· ·· v fr

3

js js x e

Ñ · .k eq

js js lk &

/kk · jh ·

i/kfulkalkajsalkafu

I;k ·· ·· ··

×

js js lk &

jk · jh ·

fu+ lk x e

N fo lqa ·

/kfu /ki ex e

·· ·· ·· jh

2

--39--

varjkvarjkvarjkvarjk

i i i i

ca · “kh ·

jsa jsa xa ea c fy c fy x e x e l c ja x 0

/k /k fu &

/k j e u

jsa & lka lka tk · Åa · i & /k i Kk · u fo 3

lka lka lka lka

eks g u lq

fu lka jsa lka eks js e u i/kfulkalkajsalkafu pk· ·· ·· ·· ×

fu lka lka lka

gk · os ·

/k &+ i & Hkk · os · /kfu /ki ex e ·· ·· ·· jh 2

rkurkurkurku

(ewjr) 1-lkjs xe i/k ie xe ie xjs lklk 2-xe /ki xe /kfu lkafu /ki ex jslk (Ñ’.keqjkjh)3- lkjs xx jsx ee xe ii ei /k/k i/k fufu /kfu lkalka lkafu /ki ex jslk

jkx& fogkxjkx& fogkxjkx& fogkxjkx& fogkx FkkV& ;g foykoy FkkV tU; jkx gS tkfr & bldh tkfr vkSMo &laiw.kZ gSA

okfn & lEokfn & blesa okfn x vkSj lEoknh uh gSA

vax & x oknh gksus ds dkj.k ;g iwokZaxoknh jkx gSA

le; & jkx fogkx dk xk;u&oknu le; jk=h dk nwljk igj gSA

fo”ks’krk & bl jkxds vkjksg esa js o /k oftZr gS vojkg esa Hkh vYi iz;ksx gksrk gSA

vkjksg & fu+lk x e i fu lkaA

vojksg & lka fu /k i] e x js lkA

idM+&fu lk x e i e i xe x js lk

--40--

LFkkb~ZLFkkb~ZLFkkb~ZLFkkb~Z

fu lk x e

D;ksa · rq e

fu & i i dkS · u lh 0

Ik i fu lk

# · B x

i & x e Hkw · y Hk 3

fu & i i

, · e u

i & x e bZ · gS · ×

Xk e x &

eks · g u

x js lk & eks · ls · 2

varjvarjvarjvarjkkkk

Xk e x e

fo u fr d

i fu lka lka vk · ds · 0

Ik i fu fu

j r rks jh

fu fu i i n j l fn 3

lk & lk lk

iSa · ;ka i

i i x e [kk · tk · ×

lk js lk &

j r gwa ·

x js lk lk eks · g u 2

rku

(rqe) 1-fulk xe ifu lkajsa lkafu /ki ex jslk

2-lkx ei xe ifu lkafu /ki ex jslk

(eueksgu)3-fulk xx lkx ee xe ii ei fufu ifu lkalka ifulkalka lkafu /ki ex jslk

--41--

jkx&dsnkjkx&dsnkjkx&dsnkjkx&dsnkjjjj

FkkV& dY;k.k

Loj&nksuks e/;e dk iz;ksx

Okknh&laEoknh&blesa e oknh vkSj lk laEoknh gSA Tkkfr& vkSMo &‘kkMo ekuh xbZ gSA Lke;& jk=h dk izFke igj gSaA vax& e oknh gksus ds dkj.k ;g iwokZaxoknh jkx gSA vkjksg& lk e] ei /k i fu/k lka vojksg&lka fu /k i e i /k i e js lk js lk idM+&lk ]e] e i e i /k i] e] e js lk

LFkkbZLFkkbZLFkkbZLFkkbZ&&&&fcyafcr[;kyfcyafcr[;kyfcyafcr[;kyfcyafcr[;ky

Ek ee Qw ·· i & es · ×

i & ys · i/kei i ···· · 0

e i · · e lk · · 2

/k i · · js lk · yh 0

Eki/k& iei& l··· j··· e i cs · 3

e jslk l cu /k &fu yk ·p 4

--42--

varjkvarjkvarjkvarjk

Lkak jsa yk · e & jk · ×

Lkak lka y · js js t r 0

Lkak jsa Hk · Lkk js vk · 2

lka & js · lk & t · 0

i i v ch lka /k vk · 3

Lkak lka j ·xq i i/k , _rq 4

vkyki & (cu) 1-lk e & e i & e&

2- i & e i /k i e & (Qwys) 3- i i lka & e e js lk e e js lka lka jsa lka&

Rkku& 1-lkjs lklk ee jslk ei /ki ee jslk 2-Iki ei ee jslk lkafu /ki ee jslk 3- ei /kfu lkafu /ki lkafu /ki ee jslk /kfu lkalka /kkfu lkalka lkfu /ki ee jslk

--43--

jkx& ekydksaljkx& ekydksaljkx& ekydksaljkx& ekydksal FkkV& HkSjoha Loj& x /k fu dksey yxrs gSaA Oknh&lEoknh& Ek oknh rFkk lk lEoknh Loj gSA Tkfr& vkSMo&vkSMo gSA oftZr Loj&vkjksg rFkk vojksg nksuksa esa js vkSj i Loj oftZr gSA vax& ;g mÙkjkaxoknh jkx gSA xk;u le;& jk=h dk nwljk igj gSA vkjksg&lk x e /k fu lk vojksg&lk fu /k e x e x lk idM+&/k+ fu+ lk x e /k e x e x lk ((((LojekfydkLojekfydkLojekfydkLojekfydk)))) jkx jkx jkx jkx &&&&ekydksalekydksalekydksalekydksal

LLLLFkkbZFkkbZFkkbZFkkbZ 9 10 11 12 lka lka fu lka lk & /k+ fu+ 0 Xk x e e /k fu lk lk 0

13 14 15 16 /k e /k fu Lkk x e & 3

varjkvarjkvarjkvarjk

/k /k fu fu /k fu lk lk 3

1 2 3 4 Lkak lka lka /k x e /k e × Lkka & lka lka x e /k fu ×

5 6 7 8 fu /k e e x e x lk 2 Xka ea xa lka Lkk x lk & 2

--44--

jkx & ekydkSaljkx & ekydkSaljkx & ekydkSaljkx & ekydkSal

nzqr [;ky] rky&rhurkynzqr [;ky] rky&rhurkynzqr [;ky] rky&rhurkynzqr [;ky] rky&rhurky

1 2 3 4

lka & lka /k

vk · dh Mk

x x e /k

ns · r la

×

5 6 7 8

fu /k e e

· j i j

e x lk lk

ns 'k ok ·

2

9 10 11 12

lka lka fu lka

dks ; fr ;kW

x x e /kfu

_ rq c ls·

0

13 14 15 16

/k e /k fu

oks rs va cq

lka fu lka lka

· Ur dks ·

3

vUrjkvUrjkvUrjkvUrjk

lka & lka lka

xw¡ · t r

/k /k fu lka

j r ja x

x x e /k

ns · r la

×

xa fu lka lka

Hk¡ o jk ·

/k /k e e

j fy ;k¡ ·

e x lk &

ns 'k ok ·

2

x x e e

u r d fy

fu fu fu fu

m u ds ·

x x e /k

; gh o l

0

/k /k fu fu

; u i j

lka & lka lka

la · x d

lka fu lka lka

· Ur dks ·

3

--45--

/kekj/kekj/kekj/kekj&jkx dsnkj&jkx dsnkj&jkx dsnkj&jkx dsnkj 11 12 13 14 e ex i i vk t· eks ls e e e e vk · ;ks · 3

1 2 3 4 5 /k & & i & gks · · jh · e i & i i llll j ·j ·j ·j · l ·l ·l ·l ·

×

6 7 Ek i [ks · e ie ie ie i c u 2

8 9 10 /k i & y u · /k i & Okk · jh 0

varjkvarjkvarjkvarjk Ik i & lk & c` t · dh · lka & /k lka & [ks · y · · Lkka ea xa ea jsa <h · · B · i fu /k lka & ns · · · · ×

Lkak & Lk · jsa & u · lka & ya · lka jsa x ;ks 2

Lkak & & f[k · ;k¡ lka & fu vk · · lka/k lka jsa x· j · lka fu /k xk · fj 0

Lkak jsa lka & Lk · c · /k & i & · · bZ · Lkak fu /k i ok · · · i e i i vk t eks ls 3

--46--

LFkkbZLFkkbZLFkkbZLFkkbZ RRRRkkkkjkukjkukjkukjkuk ((((jkx jkx jkx jkx dsnkjdsnkjdsnkjdsnkj))))

9 10 11 12

lk ee ee i

uk fnj fnj rk

i & & /k

uk · · rk· · rk· · rk· · rk

0

13 14 15 16

i /k e i

uh rk nk uh

i i e e

nk js nk uh

3

1 2 3 4

lka fu/k i i

rks ·· · ·· · ·· · ·· · ·

e e e e e i ie i ie i ie i i

nh · e rkuknh · e rkuknh · e rkuknh · e rkuk

×

5 6 7 8

i /k i i

· e r uk

e js lk lk

rqa nzs rk uh

2

vUrjk vUrjk vUrjk vUrjk

1 2 3 4

i i i /k

vks ns uk r

ea ea jsa lka

r nk js rk

e & i i

nh · e rkuk

×

5 6 7 8

i i e e

r uk ns js

jsa lka lka lka

· uk nh e

e js lk lk

rqa Unzs rk uh

2

9 10 11 12

i lka lka lka

rk uw · e

i i i i

nzs · uk nzs

0

13 14 15 16

lka & jsa lka

rk · uk nhe

i jsa lka lka

· uk nh e

3

--47--

////kzqkzqkzqkzqin in in in ¼¼¼¼jkxjkxjkxjkx&ekydksal&ekydksal&ekydksal&ekydksal½½½½ rky pkjrkrky pkjrkrky pkjrkrky pkjrk ¼¼¼¼LFkkbZLFkkbZLFkkbZLFkkbZ½½½½

Lkk lk vk · e & ya · x & la · e/k fu jh · · ×

x lk ;s · e e d /kh e /k x l /k e Ok vkS 0

/k fu j ?kq & e · “k

fu Lkka [kk · & e ·

2

Lkk e ch · /k e v o Lkka & va · x & g uq 0

Ek x j /kh e x /k ek xa Lkka x n e x · ek 3

Ek e · j & x · u fu /k lq x lk lk · u 4

vUrjkvUrjkvUrjkvUrjk x x j g lka lka rh · lka lka ns · e /k tk · ×

e /k l j lka lka t x ea xa o dq e/k fu ds· · 0

/k fu g l lka lka ca · lka lka lq e /k e j gs 2

Lkka lka xk · fu /k /k u fu lka c j x x u Hk 0

Lkak lka o r fu /k fo /kk xa lka l r e x fc ek 3

fu fu ;q o Ek e · u fu /k ?k u lk lk · u 4

--48--