musicchords of salsa the reggae caribbean of the... · · 2017-03-15don’t stop the carnival),...

A Q A G C S E M U S I C – S T R A N D 3 – W O R L D M U S I C R E V I S I O N G U I D E

S U B - S T R A N D 1 – C A R I B B E A N M U S I C

S T U D E N T N A M E : W W W . M U S I C A L C O N T E X T S . C O . U K

MUSIC OF THE

CARIBBEAN

CALYPSO CALYPSO is originally the national dance of Trinidad and Tobago and is particularly associated with social gatherings such as CARNIVAL. Calypso is normally in 4/4 METRE and uses SYNCOPATION combining story telling with memorable melodies. Instruments used in Calypso include the acoustic and bass guitar with trumpets, saxophones, electric guitars, drum kit, vocals and LATIN PERCUSSION – this includes many types of drums including CONGAS, BONGOS, CLAVES, MARACAS, CABASA, RECO-RECO (or GUIRO) and AGOGO BELLS or the TRAGOGO (double-headed bells) Calypso often uses three-beat rhythms with two long beats followed by a short beat. An example of a Calypso rhythm is as follows:

Like other Caribbean music, Calypso uses CALL AND RESPONSE (e.g. Don’t Stop the Carnival), with simple harmonies and songs which are in VERSE/CHORUS STRUCTURE with topical, witty lyrics – often satirical – on subjects such as island life and were used as a means of spreading news and gossip. The MELODY of Calypso music often features IMPROVISATION by the instrumentalists often on an “established” melody (e.g. St. Thomas) The HARMONY of Calypso music is often enriched by using ADDED NOTE CHORDS e.g. Added 6

th, 7

th & 9

th and Diminished 7

th Chords (e.g. St.

Thomas)

SALSA SALSA is a FUSION of music between SON (from Cuba) and AMERICAN BIG BAND JAZZ (from New York) and means ‘hot and spicy’. The instruments used in Salsa can be divided into three sections:

1. VOCALS – SONERO (lead) CHORO (backing) 2. FRONT LINE (perform the melody) – trumpets, horns, saxophones 3. RHYTHM – bass guitar, Spanish guitar, cowbell, guiro, piano (often

features strongly), maracas, Conga drums and claves Salsa is based on a CLAVE RHYTHM which provides SYNCOPATED or OFFBEAT rhythms which keep the music and dance together. Two popular clave rhythms are the 3:2 and the 2:3 and Salsa is normally in 4/4 METRE and performed at a FAST TEMPO. The TEXTURE of Salsa can be described as POLYRHYTHMIC and lyrics (often about love and everyday life) are often sung in Spanish and CALL AND RESPONSE is used between both instrumentalists and vocalists. The HARMONIC RHYTHM of Salsa is faster than other types of Caribbean music. The Salsa dance is danced by couples and features steps, turns, spins and holds. The rhythm of the music is reflected in the rhythmic energy of the dance. Salsa contains contrasting sections, some with singing, some instrumental, and feature CALL AND RESPONSE and IMPROVISATIONS (CORO). There are often three sections in a piece of Salsa:

1. SONERO (verse, main tune, soloist) 2. MONTUNO (chorus, chorus answers, sonero improvises) 3. MAMBO (instrumental break – new material often featuring brass)

STEELBANDS Steel band music originated in Trinidad and Tobago during the 1940s. Steel bands are characterised by instruments (known as STEEL PANS), which were originally made out of oil drums. These come in different sizes and PITCHES and have different roles within the band from the highest – SOPRANO PAN (Ping Pong or First Tenor) playing the MELODY – gradually descending in pitch – Double Alto (Double Second or Second Tenor) playing a second (lower) melody, Single Alto (playing two note chord RIFFS), Cello (Guitar) playing the chords, melody or bass and BASS PANS playing the bass part. Steel bans sometimes have a RHYTHM SECTION including drums and percussion (e.g. tambourines and maracas). Steel pans are played with sticks/beaters with rubber tips and notes of LONG DURATION are playing by ROLLING, giving a TREMOLO effect which produces a ‘shimmering’ sound as is a unique TIMBRE to Steel Pans. The HARMONIC RHYTHM of Steel Pan music is normally SLOW with a single chord often lasting an entire bar. Harmonies are simple using mainly PRIMARY TRIADS and phrases often end with strong PERFECT CADENCES. Much Steel Pan music is TONAL and often in MAJOR KEYS. Much use is made of SYNCOPATION both in the melody line and in the chords which are often performed OFFBEAT. The FORM AND STRUCTURE of Steel Pan music is often made up of a series of short phrases which are REPEATED and often have a “returning ‘A’ section’. The TEXTURE is mainly HOMOPHONIC MELODY & ACCOMPANIMENT with additional textural layers added by chord riffs and percussion instruments which thicken the overall musical texture.

REGGAE REGGAE is one of the traditional musical styles from JAMAICA. It developed from MENTO (a form of Jamaican folk music similar to Calypso popular in the 1950’s) SKA (fast dance music that emerged in the 1950’s fusing American R&B with Mento rhythms and featuring electric guitars, jazzy horn sections and characteristic OFFBEAT RHYTHMS) and ROCK STEADY (a more vocal style of dance music which used RIFFS, a limited number of chords, stresses on beats 2 and 4 and a strong BASS LINE). Reggae has a much SLOWER TEMPO than Ska using electric guitars and drums with amplified BASS GUITAR RIFFS which are often OFFBEAT in a characteristic 4/4/ METRE. Reggae is closely associated with RASTAFARIANISM (a religious movement worshipping Haile Selassie) and there are often political themes in the lyrics which are based in VERSE AND CHORUS FORM. Other themes of Reggae lyrics include love, brotherhood, peace, anti-racism, optimism and freedom. Reggae is characterised by an emphasis on repeated OFFBEAT quavers on the weak beats of the bar giving a “missing beat” feel to the RHYTHM. This is often emphasised by the Bass Drum or Rim Shot playing on beats 2 and 4 of the bar. The harmonies use simple chord sequences making much use of PRIMARY TRIADS such as the TONIC, DOMINANT and SUBDOMINANT chords. The TEXTURE of Reggae is THICK and made up of a number of TEXUTRAL LAYERS underpinned by Bass Line Riffs and including OFF BEAT CHORDS, MELODIC RIFFS, SYNCOPATED RHYTHMS and

LYRICS. The most famous Reggae musician is Bob Marley.

The Caribbean islands lie in a chain from the Bahamas in the north to Trinidad and Tobago in the south. Central in the chain are the largest

islands of Cuba, Haiti, the Dominican Republic, Jamaica and Puerto Rico. Most of the Caribbean

population are descendants of West African slaves and settlers from Europe, India and China.

The music of the Caribbean differs from island to island, but each kind has its origins in a mixture of African and European influences. African musical influences include:

SYNCOPATIONS (offbeat accents) and CROSS-RHYTHMS

Use of PERCUSSION instruments

CALL AND RESPONSE

SINGING STYLES European musical influences include:

TONAL (based in a key) harmonies and melodies

Instruments e.g. guitar




MUSIC OF THE

CARIBBEAN

CALYPSO What is Calypso? Where did it originate? What is Calypso associated with?

Describe the metre and rhythmic features of Calypso (we’ve written out a typical Calypso rhythm for you below)

What instruments are used to perform Calypso?

What are the lyrics to Calypso about?

What other musical features are used in Calypso?

How is the harmony of Calypso music enriched?

SALSA Salsa is a fusion between which two genres of music? What does ‘Salsa’ mean?

Describe the sections/instruments found in a traditional Salsa band?

What rhythmic feature is Salsa music based on?

Describe other musical features used in Salsa (e.g. Harmonic Rhythm & Form & Structure)

Describe the Salsa dance. How does the music and dance interact with each other?

STEELBANDS Where and when did Steel Band music originate? What are Steel Pans made from?

Describe some of the different types of Steel Pans and their role within a Steel Band?

How are Steel Pans played? How are notes of long duration performed?

What other instruments accompany Steel Pans in a Steel Band?

Describe the Harmonic Rhythm, use of Chords, Tonality and Cadences in Steel Pan music.

Describe some other key musical features of Steel Band music such as rhythm, form and structure,

phrase structure and texture

REGGAE Where did Reggae originate? From what other genres of music did Reggae develop from?

What instruments are often used to perform Reggae?

What is the most important characteristic rhythmic feature of Reggae?

Describe the tempo, use of riffs, rhythm, harmony/tonality and metre of Reggae music

How are Reggae songs typically structured? What are the lyrics often about?

What different Textural Layers make up a Reggae song?

Who is considered the most famous Reggae performer?

Draw arrows from the four different types of Caribbean music to their place of origin on the map below

The music of the Caribbean differs from island to island, but each kind has its origins in a mixture of African and European influences. African musical influences include: European musical influences include:




Keyword Meaning Understood (tick)

Signatures (staff, student, parent)

2:3 Son Clave Rhythm

3:2 Son Clave Rhythm

4/4 Metre

Acoustic Guitar

Added 6th Chords

Added 7th Chords

Added 9th Chords

Added Note Chords

Agogo Bells

American Big Band Jazz

Bass Guitar

Bass Guitar Riffs

Bass Line

Bass Pan

Bongo Drums






Brass

Call and Response

Calypso

Carnival

Cello/Guitar Pan

Choro

Claves

Conga Drums

Cowbell

Cuban Son

Diminished 7th Chords

Dominant (Chord)

Double Alto Pan

Duration

Dynamics






Electric Guitar

Fifth

Front Line

Guiro

Harmonic Rhythm

Homophonic Melody & Accompaniment

Texture

Hook

Improvisation

Latin-American Percussion

Lyrics

Mambo

Maracas

Melody

Mento

Montuno






Offbeat

Offbeat Chords

Ostinato

Perfect Cadence

Phrase

Polyrhythmic Texture

Popular Song Form

Primary Triads

Reggae

Repetition

Rest

Rhythm

Riff

Rock Steady

Root






Saxophone

Salsa

Single Alto Pan

Ska

Sonero

Soprano Pan

Steel Band

Steel Pans

Subdominant (Chord)

Syncopation

Tempo

Third

Timbales

Timbre

Tonic (Chord)






Tremolo

Triad

Trumpet

Woodblock




Learning Objectives & AQA Areas of Study I feel confident and understand

it all

I understand most/some

I do not understand at

all


Learn about Calypso music as a type of Caribbean music exploring its key musical features and rhythms (AoS 1, 2, 3 & 4)

Learn about Added Note Chords as a feature of Calypso

music (AoS 2)

Learn about Steel Bands and steel pan music identifying the unique timbre of Steel Pans from other types and styles of Caribbean music (AoS 4)

Explore the key musical features of Steel Bands and Steel Pan music (AoS 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5)

Learn about the relationship between the dance steps and music of Salsa (AoS 1 & 5)

Learn about the importance of Rhythm as a basis for Salsa music (AoS 1 & 3)

Learn about Latin-American percussion instruments and the musical instruments used in Salsa music (AoS 4)

Learn about key musical features of Reggae music including chords, bass lines, hooks/riffs and how these contribute to the textural layers of a Reggae song (AoS 1, 2, 3, 4 & 5)

Learn how syncopation is used in Reggae music (AoS 1)

Learn about the form and structure and key themes and style

of Reggae lyrics (AoS 5)




Grade Descriptor (Tick as appropriate)


E (working towards)

Understand that Calypso is a type of Caribbean music and distinguish this genre from other types of Caribbean music when listening Understand that Steel Band music is a type of Caribbean music using instruments made from oil drums and distinguish this from other types of Caribbean music when listening Understand that Salsa is both a dance AND a type of Caribbean music and name some of the

instruments used within a Salsa band Understand that Reggae music developed from a blend of other styles of Caribbean music identifying basic musical features when listening such as instrumentation and form and structure

C (working

at)

Identify key musical features of Calypso music such as dynamics, texture, instrumentation and use of call and response and improvisation Understand that Calypso music is based on syncopated offbeat rhythms that form the basis of the piece/ensemble Are able to name some of the different types and roles of Steel Pans within a Steel Band Identify different key musical features of Steel Band music such as timbre, playing techniques, texture, syncopation and repeated phrase structure Identify a range of different Latin-American percussion instruments used in Salsa and other Caribbean music Identify different key musical features of Salsa such as the different sections with in a Salsa band and their instruments, Son Clave and piano Salsa rhythms, syncopation and the form and structure of a piece of Salsa Understand the importance of “weaker” or “offbeats” in Reggae music Understand that a hook/riff is a short repeated melodic phrase and how this contributes to the overall texture of Reggae music Identify the main themes and subject matter of Reggae lyrics

A (working beyond/ GAT)

Understand that the harmony of Calypso music is based on enriched added note chords and the effect this has on the music, constructing a range of added note chords from basic triads Understand how triads and chords are distributed between different Steel Pans and how these are performed to a rhythm to provide an accompaniment to the melody Identify chord patterns and bass lines when listening to Steel Band music, identifying cadences and describing the harmonic rhythm of a piece Are able to relate how the dance and music of Salsa are based on rhythms and how this unifies dancers and performers together Understand how Salsa was a fusion from Cuban Son and American Big Band Jazz Understand and identify different textural layers and recognise syncopation and the effect these have on a piece of Reggae music Understand how the Bass Line is the fundamental textural layer upon which a piece of Reggae music is based




Grade Currently Working At :

Grade Working Towards:

Targets to meet: Signatures (staff, student and parents)

Date

musicchords of salsa the reggae caribbean of the... · · 2017-03-15don’t stop the carnival),...

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