muskuoloskeletal system cs
DESCRIPTION
lecture notesTRANSCRIPT
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Nursing Care of Clients With Musculoskeletal
Disorders
Lecturer: Isaac Amankwaa
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Outline Fractures: Types Management & complications Traction (Skin and Skeletal) Casts (Compartment Syndrome,
Infection, Cast Syndrome)
Isaac Amankwaa
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Class Objectives: Describe the anatomy and physiology of the
musculoskeletal system including the significance of health history.
Discuss the significance of assessment and diagnosis of musculoskeletal problems including diagnostic tests.
Explain the pathophysiology, manifestations, complications & collaborative care of clients with fractures.
Describe the preventative health teaching needs of the client with a cast.
Describe the various types of traction and appropriate nursing care.
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Fracture Definition
A Fracture is a break in the continuity of a bone, separating it into two or more parts that may be accompanied by injury of surrounding soft tissue producing swelling and discoloration.
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Fracture ctd When # occurs, muscles are also
disrupted & pull fracture fragments out of position.
Adjacent structures are affected – soft tissue edema, hemorrhage, joint dislocations, ruptured tendons, severed nerves, damaged blood vessels
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Causes of fracture
Direct blow Crushing force Sudden twisting motion Extreme muscle contraction
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Types of Fracture Open: (compound or complex) break in
tissue over site of the bone injury
Complete: break across entire cross-section of bone & often displaced
Incomplete: (greenstick) through only part of the cross-section
Closed: (simple) intact skin over site of injury
Comminuted: produces several bone fragment
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COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
Table 6.1
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COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
Table 6.1
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COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
Table 6.1
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COMMON TYPES OF FRACTURES
Table 6.1
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Isaac Amankwaa
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES
Local Response Blood vessels within the bone, the
periosteum and surrounding tissues are torn, resulting in haemorrhage and the formation of a haematoma.
The periosteum at the site may be stripped away from the underlying bone tissue, interrupting the blood supply into the area and thus contributing to the death of bone cells.
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PHYSIOLOGICAL RESPONSES Systemic Response
The client suffers some degree of shock which is influenced by the severity of the injury, the amount of soft tissue damage, associated disorders or multiple injuries and the patient’s age and general condition at the time of injury.
In addition there is also the psychological dimension to consider as different people respond to different ways to same injury.
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Clinical Manifestations Deformity (hemorrhage or spasm) Shortening Swelling Muscle spasm Pain, tenderness Loss of function, altered mobility &
crepitus Neurovascular changes shock
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Signs and SymptomsSigns and Symptoms
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Diagnostic Investigations X-ray examination to confirm location
and direction of fracture line. Signs and symptoms Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Angiography with blood vessel injury Differential diagnostic studies with
pathological fracture Nerve conduction and
electromyogram studies with nerve injury
Blood studies e.g. Complete blood count
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HEALING OF FRACTUREBone is different from many of the
specialized tissues because of its ability to
regenerate and hence restore the continuity Haematoma formation Granulation tissue formation Callous formation Ossification Remodeling and Consolidation
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Stages of Healing a Fracture
Figure 6.14Isaac Amankwaa
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FACTORS ENHANCING FRACTURE HEALING
1. Immobilization of the fracture fragments
2. Maximum bone fragment contact3. Sufficient blood supply 4. Proper nutrition5. Exercise-Weight-bearing for long
bones6. Hormones-growth hormone, thyroid,
calcitonin, insulin, vitamins A and D, anabolic steroids.
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Factors Inhibiting Fracture Healing
Extensive local trauma Bone loss Inadequate immobilization Space/tissue between bone
fragments Infection Local malignancy Metabolic bone diseases (e.g.
Paget’s disease)Isaac Amankwaa
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Factors Inhibiting Fracture Healing
Irradiated bone (radiation necrosis) Avascular necrosis Age (elderly persons heal more slowly) Corticosteroids (inhibit the repair rate) Denervation
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Complications of fracture Early complications include:
Shock Nerve damage, arterial damage Infection Cast syndrome Compartmental Syndrome Fat Embolism Syndrome Deep Vein thrombosis & Pulmonary
Embolism
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Long-term Complications Joint stiffness or post-traumatic
arthritis Avascular necrosis Nonfunctional union after a
fracture Complex regional pain syndrome Reaction to internal fixation
device Isaac Amankwaa
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Avascular NecrosisAvascular Necrosis
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Emergency mgt of fractures Immediately immobilize affected limb. Unless there is bleeding apply splints
and padding (above and below fracture site) directly over the clothing.
If bleeding is present visualization may be necessary before pressure can be applied where bleeding is originating.
Keep patient covered to preserve body heat
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Emergency mgt of fractures If the fractured extremity is a leg
bone, the unaffected extremity can be used as a splint by bandaging both legs together.
An arm can be bandaged to the chest or put into a sling to minimize further tissue damage
Assess color, warmth, circulation, and movement (CWCM) of the limb distal to the fracture.
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Emergency mgt of fractures Open fractures require the
protruding bone be covered with a clean (sterile preferred) dressing.
Do not attempt to “straighten” or realign the fractured extremity. Move the affected limb as little as necessary.
Transport to an emergency department as soon as possible
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Principles for fracture management The management process is a
three-step process: Reduction—setting the bone; refers
to restoration of the fracture fragments into anatomic position and alignment.
Immobilization—maintains reduction until bone healing occurs
Rehabilitation—regaining normal function of the affected part.
Isaac Amankwaa
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Fracture fragments brought into their pre-injury position.
It consists of pulling the broken bone ends to correct alignment and regain continuity.(Bone setting)
Fracture Reduction
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Reduction is necessary only if there
is some displacement of the
fragment.
It is carried out as soon as possible
to achieve satisfactory alignment
FRACTURE REDUCTION
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Methods of fracture reduction
Isaac Amankwaa
Includes;1. Closed manipulative
reduction2. Open (Internal )reduction3. Traction
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Methods of fracture Reduction
Closed Reduction Minimal manipulation carried out to
bring bone fragments into contact. Afterwards a cast, bandage or splint is
applied to immobilize, support and protect the part.
The procedure may require administration of anesthesia/analgesia
X-rays are taken before and after the procedure to ensure correct alignment
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Methods of reduction Open reduction
Bone fragments are directly visualized. Internal fixation devices are used to hold
bone fragments in position until solid bone healing occurs
Examples of internal fixation devices include metal pins, wires, screws, plates, nails and rods.
The devices may be removed when bone is healed.
After closure of the wound, splints or casts may be used for additional stabilization and support.
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Open Reduction
Closed vs. Open ReductionClosed vs. Open Reduction
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Traction Pulling force applied to accomplish
and maintain reduction and alignment Used for fractures of long bones. Techniques
Skin traction—force applied to the skin using foam rubber, tape.
Skeletal traction-force applied to the bony skeleton directly, using wires, pins, or tongs placed into or through the bone.
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Immobilization or fixation This follows reduction It involves holding the bone fragments in
correct position and alignment until union has had time to take place.
Immobilization may be accomplished externally with external fixation devices
(e.g. cast, splint, brace), traction, or external fixators; or
internally with metal plates, pins, screws and nails, alone or in combination with bone grafts or prosthetic implants
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Immobilization or fixation External Fixation
External fixation is a technique of fracture immobilization in which a series of transfixing pins is inserted through bone and attached to a rigid external metal frame.
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Immobilization or fixation External fixation devices
include: Splint Brace Cast External Fixator Traction Bandage
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FRACTURES - METHODS FOR MAINTAINING IMMOBILIZATION
Internal devices Nail Plates Screws Wires Rods Metal implants used
for internal fixation serve as internal splints to immobilize the fracture.
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Alignment & Immobilization
External Fixation (advantages)1. Permits rigid support of severely
comminuted open fractures, infected non-unions, and infected unstable joints.
2. Facilitates wound care3. Allows early function of muscles and
joints.4. Allows early patient comfort
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External fixation The method is
used mainly in the management of open fractures with severe soft-tissue damage.
Common sites include face & jaw, pelvis, fingers.
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Open Reduction &Internal fixation
The bone ends are realigned (reduced) by direct visualization through a surgical incision (open reduction [OR]).
The bone ends are held in place by internal fixation (IF) devices
Internal fixation devices include metal pins, wires, screws, plates, nails, rods
After closure of the wound, splints or casts may be used for additional stabilization and support.
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Types of Internal Fixation Devices
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Open reduction and internal fixation of Comminuted mandibular fracture
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Differences between Internal fixation and external fixation
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Immobilization or fixation
Casts Cast is a substance made into a rigid
material to immobilize support and protect a broken bone or correct deformities.
Purpose of cast Immobilization prevention or correction of deformity to realign bone promotion of healing
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CASTING MATERIALS Non-plaster
Referred to as fiberglass casts, are lighter in weight, stronger, water resistant, and durable.
are porous and therefore diminish skin problems.
Plaster (P.O.P) The traditional cast Rolls of plaster bandage are wet in cool water
and applied smoothly to the body. A crystallizing reaction occurs, and heat is
given off polyester-cotton
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Types of cast Short arm cast
Extends from below the elbow to the palmar crease
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Types of cast Long arm cast
Extends from the upper level of the axillary fold to the proximal palmar crease
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Types of cast Short leg cast
Extends from below the knee to the base of the toes. The foot is flexed at a right angle in a neutral position.
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Types of cast Long leg cast
Extends from the junction of the upper and middle third of the thigh to the base of the toes. The knee may be slightly flexed
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SHORT & LONG CASTS
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BODY / SPICA CASTS
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POLYESTER/FIBERGLASS
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Nursing care of pt in cast
Isaac Amankwaa
The nurse: Keep the cast and extremity elevated Allows a wet cast 24 to 48 hours to dry
(synthetic casts dry in 20 minutes) Handle a wet cast with the palms of the
hand until dry Turn the extremity unless
contraindicated, so that all sides of the wet cast will dry
Heat can be used to dry the cast. The cast will change from a dull to a shiny substance when dry
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Nursing care of pt in cast The nurse:
Examine the skin and cast for pressure areas Monitor the extremity for circulatory impairment
such as pain, swelling, discoloration, tingling, numbness, coolness, or diminished pulse
Notify the physician immediately if circulatory compromise occurs
Prepare for bivalving or cutting the cast if circulatory impairment occurs
Petal the cast; maintain smooth edges around the cast to prevent crumbling of the cast material
Monitor the client’s temperature
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Nursing care of pt in cast The nurse:
Monitor for the presence of a foul odor, which may indicate infection
Monitor drainage and circle the area of drainage on the cast
Monitor for warmth on the cast. Monitor for wet spots, which may indicate a need for drying, or the presence of drainage under the cast
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Nursing care of pt in cast The Nurse
If an open draining area exists on the affected extremity, a cut-out portion of the cast or a window will be made by the physician
Instruct the client not to stick objects inside the cast
Teach the client to keep the cast clean and dry
Instruct the client on isometric exercises to prevent muscle atrophy
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Windows maybe cut in dried casts: relieve pressure from abd. distension (body
cast) To prevent “Cast Syndrome” To assess radial pulse (check circulation in a
casted arm) To inspect areas of discomfort or areas of
suspected tissue damage To remove drains or care for wounds
Windowing and Bivalving of cast
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Bivalving a cast
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Bivalving a Cast Window Cast
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Potential complications of cast Hidden bleeding Neurovascular compromise Hidden infection from wound Skin breakdown
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Other complications of cast
Fat emboli Infection DVT Cast syndrome
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Traction Traction is the mechanism by
which a steady pull is placed on a part or parts of the body.
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Purposes of traction
It aligns the ends of a fracture by pulling the limb into a straight position.
It ends muscle spasm. It relieves pain. It takes the pressure off the bone
ends by relaxing the muscle.
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Terminologies Counter traction. pulling force equal and
opposite the traction weights Traction: is the application of a pulling
force Trapeze: an overhead patient helping
device to promote mobility in bed.
Isaac Amankwaa
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Principles of effective traction
Traction must be continuous to be effective
Skeletal traction is never interrupted. Weights are not removed unless
intermittent traction is prescribed. The patient must be in good body
alignment Ropes must be unobstructed Weights must hang free and not rest on
the bed or floorIsaac Amankwaa
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Indications for traction
Isaac Amankwaa
To reduce fractures Immobilization of an area
before surgery Control and relieve of painful
muscle spasm stretching adhesions correct deformities
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Contraindications Patients with structural diseases
secondary to tumor or infection, Acute strains, sprains and
inflammation conditions Malignancy Aneurysm
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Types of traction Straight or running traction
applies the pulling force in a straight line with the body part resting on the bed.
E.g. Bucks extension traction
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Types of traction Balanced suspension traction
supports the affected extremity off the bed and allows for some patient movement without disruption of the line of pull
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Methods of applying traction Traction may be applied to
the skin (skin traction) or directly to the bony skeleton
(skeletal traction).
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Skin Traction Application of a pulling force
directly to the skin through the use of strips, boots or foam splints.
Apply traction to underlying bones and other structures (muscles).
It is used temporally due to skin breakdown
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Forms of skin traction
1. Buck’s traction (buck’s extension)
2. Russel’s traction (balanced traction)
3. Bryant’s traction
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Buck’s SKIN TRACTION
The traction is exerted by a straight pull on one or both legs.
Can be used to immobilize a limb for a short time (# hip prior to surgery) or reduce muscle spasm
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Russel’s traction (balanced traction)
Has an additional overhead pulley system with the leg supported by a sling.
The pull is up & toward the foot of the bed.
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Bryant's Traction
It is used to immobilize a fracture of the femur in children who weigh less than 18.2 kg.
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Skeletal Traction: Is accomplished by surgically
inserting metal wires or pins thru distal bones to the # site or by anchoring metal tongs in the skull.
A traction bow is attached to wire or pin and traction force is applied .
Used to reduce unstable fractures of long bones
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• Skeletal traction is performed when • more pulling force is needed, or • when the part of the body needing traction is
positioned so that skin traction is impossible. • It requires the placement of tongs, pins, or screws
into the bone so that the weight is applied directly to the bone.
• This is an invasive procedure that is done in an operating room under general, regional, or local anesthesia
Skeletal traction
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Comparison of skin and skeletal traction
Skin tractionAdvantage:•Relative ease of use and ability to maintain comfortDisadvantage:•Wt required to maintain Normal body alignment or fracture alignment can not exceed 6 lbs per extremity.
Skeletal tractionAdvantage:–Increases mobility without threatening joint continuity. Easier to change linen, backcare
Disadvantage:
Need to use multiple wts makes client slide in bed more.
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Bucks
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Risk associated with skin traction Bone inflammation. Infection can occur at the pin sites. Both types of traction have complications
associated with long periods of immobility: bed sores reduced respiratory function urinary & and circulatory problems occasionally, fractures fail to heal emotional toll of prolonged bedrest Kidney/gallstones
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Check the four P’s of traction maintenance
Pounds: Inspect traction setup. Is the correct weight in place?
Pull: Is the direction of pull aligned with the long axis of affected bone?
Pulleys: Is the rope gliding smoothly over pulley?
Pressure: Are clamps and connections tight?
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USUAL PIN SITE CARE With gloves remove gauze dressings from
around pins Inspect sites for drainage or inflammation. Prepare supplies and apply new gloves. Clean each pin site with NaCl by placing sterile
applicator close to the pin and cleaning away from the insertion site. Dispose of applicator.
Continue process for each pin site. Using a sterile applicator, apply a small
amount of topical antibiotic ointment as ordered
Provide pin site care according to hospital policy/ Dr. orders.
Cover with a sterile 2 X 2 split gauze dressing or leave site open to air (OTA) as prescribed
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More care for traction client Assess level of discomfort and provide
nonpharmacological and pharmacological relief as indicated.
Encourage active and passive exercises and use of unaffected extremities for ADLs.
Encourage use of trapeze bar for repositioning in bed.
Provide a fracture pan for elimination prn
Evaluate effectiveness of care & need for intervention
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Care of the Client in Traction• When caring for a client in continuous,
balanced, skeletal traction with a Thomas Splint what should the nurse know? Wow, what a question!
• Consider skin, infection, personal care, ROM/exercises
• Care of ropes, pulleys• What to do when transporting
client/bed elsewhere
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Relieving Pain Initiate activities to prevent or modify pain.
Assist patient with pain-reduction technique, e.g. guided imagery
Immobilize injured part. Position patient in correct alignment. Reposition patient with slow and steady
motion; use additional personnel as needed. Elevate painful extremity to diminish venous
congestion. Apply heat or cold modalities as prescribed.
Heat versus cold is controversial. Modify environment to facilitate rest and
relaxation.Isaac Amankwaa