muslim achievements golden age muhammad’s death 632 c.e. muhammad dies leaving his followers in...
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Muslim Achievements
Golden Age
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Muhammad’s Death
632 C.E. Muhammad dies leaving his followers in grief with out a pious and powerful leader.
Abu Bakr – an early convert to Islam takes charge in an effort to keep the Arabs united in Islam.
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Movements in Islam
Sunni’s, Shiites and Sufi– Sunni’s – Believe that the “caliph” should be
chosen by the religious leaders of the Muslim community
– Shiites’- the only true successor to Muhammad are the descendants of his daughter and son-in-law. (Fatima and Ali)
- Sufi – Muslim Mystics. Use fasting and meditation to reach Allah. (Missionaries of Islam)
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The Spread of Islam
Muslim Lands at the time of Muhammad's Death. 632 C.E.
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Muslim Lands under the first four Caliphs. 632-661 C.E.
The Spread of Islam
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Muslim Lands under the Umayyad Caliphs. 661-750 C.E.
The Spread of Islam
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Why was Islam able to spread?
Conquest
Society
Religion
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Muslim Conquest
First four caliphs – Conquered vast chunks of the Byzantine empireSyria & Palestine (Damascus & Jerusalem)
UmayyadNorth Africa – Straight of Gibraltar to Spain
and part of France
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Muslim Conquest
Why was conquest successful – Due to the weakness of the Byzantine and Persian empires.
Muslims -welcomed in conquered lands as liberators of the oppressive rulers
Common Religion– Brought Arab tribes together– Belief of the certainty of paradise for those who
die in battle.
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Muslim Society
Muslim empire encompassed many different groups.
Learning centers - Syria, Persia, Spain, and Egypt
International flavorMarket towns = citiesBaghdad, Damascus, Cordoba, CairoBaghdad’s population = near 1 million
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Muslim Society
Muslim Social classes: Upper class were Muslim born
Second class = Convert to Islam = paid higher taxes than upper class but less than non-Muslim people
Third class = (protected people) = Christians and Jews
Lowest = slaves = POW’s & non-M.
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Muslim Society: Role of Women-
“Men are the managers of the affairs of women,” and “Righteous women are therefore obedient.” (Qur’an)
Believers = men & women are equalMore rights then European womenShari’a legal code: rights = marriage,
family & property
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Muslim Society: Role of Women-
Qur’an = care for widows & orphans, divorce, & protected a woman’s inheritance
Poor wife = work fields with husband Wealthier women = supervised
household & servants Education = poets & scholars
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Muslim Scholarship:
Advancement of science: DoctorsRelied on mathematicians & astronomersProphets emphasized scholarshipPreserved & expanded knowledge during
Middle ages al-Ma’mun = House of Wisdom = library,
academy, & translation center
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Muslim: Art & Science
Page from a Manuscript of the Qur’an (37:12-17)Abbasid Caliphatesecond half of 9th century
Illuminated Opening Page from a Manuscript of Hadith (Muslim Tradition)Iran or Iraq12th-early 13th century
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Muslim: Art & Science
House of Wisdom = researchers, editors, linguists, & technical advisers
Standards and techniques for research = part of basic methods of today
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Muslim: Art & Science
al- Razi = was greatest physician in Muslim world: wrote “Comprehensive Book” & “Treatise on Smallpox & Measles”
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Muslim: Art & Science
Mathematician = Al-Khwarizmi created al-jabr = algebra
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Muslim: Art & Science
Ibn al-Haytham = wrote “Optics” = used to develop lenses for telescopes and microscopes
Ibn Rushd = tried to harmonize Aristotle & Plato’s views with Islam (Shari’a)
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Muslim: Art & Science
Jewish Philosopher = Moses Ben Maimon =“The Guide of the Perplexed” = blended philosophy, religion, and science
Literature: poetry = bravery, love, life, & generosity
“The Thousand and One Nights” = fairy tales & legends
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Muslim: Art & Science
Architecture: Building reflected the culture of the people
Blended styles = Roman, Byzantine
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Muslim: Art & Science
Unified Muslim state broke up
Three Empires: Ottoman, Safavid, & Mughal
Muslim knowledge was later draw upon during the Renaissance