Year

of B

irth

Year

s of D

eath

Plac

e of

W

ork

Med

icin

ePh

arm

acol

ogy M

athe

mati

csAs

tron

omy

Bota

nyAg

ricul

ture

Philo

soph

yM

usic

Hist

ory

Geog

raph

y

Disti

nctio

ns

Ibn

Zuhr

(A

venz

oar)

1030

Seville Kitab al Taysir(An encyclopedia based on author’s personal observations and previous knowledge)

Ibn

Rush

d(A

verr

os)

1126

1198

Served Muwahhids.SevilleCordovaMorocco

Kullyat Fit Tibb(Not mere summary Greek and Arabic work rather a comparison and analysis of both)

Fasl(a decisive treatise on the agreement between religion and philosophy)

Tahafut at-Tahafutu’l Falasifah(Wrote in reply of al-Ghazali’s attack on philosophers in his book Tahafutu’l Falasifah)

Born in the family of distinguished jurists. Appointed as judge at Seville and later chief qazi at Cordova.Wrote commentaries on almost all the work of Aristotle, therefore, is known as the Commentator.Wrote commentary on Plato’s Republic.

Ibn

al-K

hatib

1313

1374

GranadaServed Nasrids of Granada

On the Plague(Defended the idea of contagion while whole of the Europe and orthodox people were theologically opposing it and even dared to contradict a Hadith)Amal man Tabba liman Habba(Discussed controversial issues as abortion, use of wine for medical purpose, advocated aphrodisiacs)

Al-Ihatah fi Tarikh Gharnatha(An extensive history of Nasrid kingdom of Granada)

50 books.Spanish History.Famous for the elegance of his style and his linguistic innovation.Secretary in the Diwan al-insha in Nasrids reign.Prime Minister during Nasrids reign.Wrote Biography of Ibn e Khatima

Al-Z

ahra

wi

(Alb

ucas

is)

936

1013

Al Hakam II Al Tasrif li-man A’jaz an al-Ta’alif(Description of Surgical knowledge of his time. Introduce ideas of cauterization of wounds, crushing a stone inside bladder and the necessity of vivisection and dissection. Was published in 1497 at Venice, in 1541 at Basel, in 1778 at Oxford. A manual of surgery in Europe for centuries)

Hasd

ay

bin

Shar

put Served Abd

ar Rahman III

Translated Materia Medica of Dioscorides into Arabic

Jewish Minister

Ibn

May

mun

1135

1204

CairoServed Salah al Din Ayubi and Al Malik al Aziz

Improved method of circumcision, ascribed hemorrhoids to constipation.Al-Fusul fi al Tibb(Aphorism of Medicine)

Dalalat al-Hairin(Tried to reconcile Jewish theology with Muslim Aristotelianism or Faith with ReasonProphetic Vision he explained as Physical experiences and aroused the anger of conservative theologians. His theory of creation was of atomistic one in comparison to the Fundamentalist theory and Philosophical theory.

Jew, Hebrew Physician and Philosophers

Al-G

hafq

i

Made detailed observation on the Flora of Andalus

Al-Adwiyah al-Mufridah

Collected Plants in Spain and Africa, gave the name of each in Arabic, Latin and Berber.

Ibn

Bayt

r

1197

1248

SevilleDamascusMorocco

Jami al-Mufradat(List of more than 3000 simples in an alphabetical order. Describes more than twice the number of species of plants mentioned in the original Arabic version of Dioscorides)

Al-Mughni fil-adwiyah al-Mufridah(On Materia Medica)Al-jami fil-Adwiyah al-Mufradah(Collection of simple remedies from the animal, vegetable and mineral world.)

A worthy successor of Dioscorides.Travelled as a herbalist in Spain and North Africa.Died in Damascus.

Ibn

al A

ww

am

Al-Falahah(Treats 585 plants and explains the cultivation of 50+ fruit trees. Contains observations on grafting, properties of soil and manure, symptoms of diseases of trees and methods of cure.)

Al Ja

bali Taksir

(Land surveying. Of practical nature.)

Mas

alm

ah a

l-Maj

ritiMu’amalat(Collectively written by al-Majriti, al-Samh and al-Zahrawi. Deals commercial Mathematics. Deals with elementary Mathematics, algebra and a long collection of practical problems.)Edited and corrected the planetary tables of al-Khwarizmi and converted the basis of these tables from the era of Yazdagird into that of Islam.

Given honorific title of al-Hasib, the mathematician.Founded an important mathematical and astronomical school consisting three members al-Majriti, al-Samh, al-Zahrawi.

Abu

Abdu

llah

Muh

amm

ad

Ikhtisar al-Jabr wa’l-Muqabala(Deals elementary algebra, indeterminate equations in the Diophantine tradition)

Al Q

alas

adi

Improved methods of successive approximations of squares and cubes. Introduced Algebraic Symbolism.

Al-M

utam

in o

f Sa

rago

saAl-Istikmal(Deals with number theory, plane geometry, concepts of ratio and proportion)

An excellent geometer.King of Saragossa

Al-Z

arqa

li

1100

Toledo Treatise on the construction of “Armillary Sphere”(This instrument was the development of Ptolemy’s astrolabon . Added 6 rings to those of Ptolemy. Armillary sphere can be used to determine the longitude and latitudes of the sun, moon, planets and stars.

AstronomistBuilt a water clock that was capable of determining the hour of the day and night and the days of the lunar months. Devised improved astrolabe called safihah

Jabe

r ibn

Afla

h(G

eber

filli

us a

fflae

)

1150

Seville Kitab al-Hay’ah(Criticized Ptolemy and asserted that Mercury and Venus have no visible parallaxes.A chapter on spherical and plane trigonometry.)

Al-B

ertu

ji

1204

Al-Hay’ah(About the configuration of Heavenly bodies. Attempted to revive in a modified form the false theory of homocentric spheres.)

Pupil of Ibn Tufyl.Al

-Raz

i

936

Served Al Hakam II

Al-Masalik wal-Mamalik(Deals with North Africa.)

Al-B

akri

1040

1094

Mujam ma Istajam(A geographical dictionary of Arabian Peninsula and Masalik wal Mamalik. Dealt with countries and their people such as Spaniards, Turks, Khazars, Lombards, the English, Russians, Bulgars, Poles and Saqabilah.)

His father and grand father were the rulers of Taifa Kingdom of Saltes.

Al-

Him

yari Al-Rawd al-Mitar

(Description of Muslim Spain.)

Al-H

ijari

1155

Mushib(A cultural geography of Muslim Spain)

Al-Id

risi

Stra

bo o

f the

Ara

bsNuzhat ul Mushtaq fi Ikhtiraq al Afaq(Book of Roger. Profusely illustrated with maps. Describes people of North Africa and west and east.)

Ibn

al-

Arab

i

1076

1148

A Jurist and left a record of his travels in East.

Abu

Ham

id a

l-Maz

ini

1080

1170

Al-Mu’rib(interested in Ajaib as 80 kilo watermelon in Cairo, a fish in Bulgaria equal to the weight of fish, a city constructed of copper by Jinns for Solomen. Travelled in Sicily, Egypt, Caspian sea, Russia and Balkan.

Ibn

Juba

yr

1145

1219

GranadaServed Al Muwahhid

Rihlah(Story of his trip to Makkah and Madinah containing dates in Gregorian and Islamic calendar, distances, atmospheric conditions etc. of the cities on his way.)

Ibn

Battu

tah

1304

1369

Ibn Batutah’s Rihlah(Stories of his visit to almost all the countries of then Islamic World as well as many Christians, Hindu and Pagan countries surrounding Islamic Countries including North Africa, Egypt, Arabia, Yemen, East Africa, Asia Minor, Crimea, Byzantium, Bulgaria, Central Asia, Persia, Indian Sub-continent, China, Maldive, Ceylon Sumatra.)

Belong to Family of Muslim Judges. Born in Tangiers. Began travels at the age of 21. Set a rule for himself, “Never to travel any road a second time”. Covered 120000 kilometers.

Ibn

Quti

yyah

977

CordovaServed Al Hakam II as Qazi

Tarikh al Iftitah al Andalus(History of Muslim Spain from the conquest up to the reign of Abd ar Rahman III

A descendant of Visigothic Princess Sara who marrid the Yemeni Arab. Ibn Qutiyyah means “The son of Gothic woman”.

Husa

yn Ib

n As

im

Al ma’athir al-Amiriyyah(A biography of Abi Ibn Amir al-Mansur. History of age of al-Mansur.)

Ibn

Hayy

an

987

Served sons of al-Mansur as Secretary

Al-Matin(A 60 volume book on a portion of History of Spain.)Al-Muqtabis(A 10 volume book on another portion of History of Spain. Book is arranged by years.)

Ibn

Hazm

994

1064

Kitab al-Fisal fil Milal wal-Ahwal wal-Nihal

Tarikh al-KhulafaJamharah(A book on the genealogy of Arabs)

400 books on various subjects.

Al-M

arak

ashi

1185

1224

Al-Mujib fi Takhlis Akhbar al-Maghrib(Deals with the conquest of Spain and with men of letters)

Al-

Mag

hrib

i

1201

1274

Al-Maghrib fi hula al-Maghrib(A 15 volume history of Maghrib)

Al-Id

hari

1295

Al-Bayan al-Maghrib(A History of the Maghrib and al-Andalus)

Ibn

Khal

dun

1332

Served Hafsids and later Nasrids.

Kitab al-Ibar wa Diwan al-Mubtada wa’l-Khabar fi Ayyam al-Arab wa’l-Ajam wa’l-Berber

Muqaddimah(Presented his philosophy of history. True purpose of history is to make us acquainted with human society. Study of growth of civilization, society and culture. Stages of growth till termination are completed with in 3 to 6 generation or 120 years. This law is operated by natural, social, political and cultural forces. Most important forces are two: Asabia(The vital energy of a state) and Religion. 3 stages of history of civilization.1.Nomadic Society2.Military Dynast3.The state and society headed by a sovereign.

Inspired by Platonic ideal of guiding rulers.Moved from court to court and city to city in the various kingdoms of North Africa and Granada.Worked with Ibn al-Khatib in Nasrids kingdom.Sent to the court of Castilian king, Pedro the cruel, on a diplomatic mission and impressed him.Teacher in the Jamia Al-Azhar

Ibn

Bajja

(Ave

mpa

ce)

1095

1138

Served Murabits.SaragossaMorocco

Tadbir al-Mutawahid(Criticize the criticism on philosophy made by Ghazali and al-Ashari. Individual soul perished with the body and that it was the intellect in man which survived.)

Appointed as wazir in the reign of Murabits.

Ibn

Tufy

l(A

bu B

acer

)

1100

1185

Risalat Hayy ibn Yaqzan(Philosophical novel.Philosophy, an esoteric knowledge which could not be communicated to the common people, for whom religion was the safest way to conduct life. Only educated few should devote themselves to the cultivation of intellect and philosophy.)

Wazir and Physician in the court of Muwahid Caliph.

Ziry

ab

789

857

Al-HakamAbd ar Rahman IIBaghdadCordova

Composed numerous songs and melodies and claimed that Jinns used to teach him these songs and melodies.Added 5th string in the lute.Founded a school of Music in Cordova and introduced three stages of Music Curriculum.

Black slave and student of Ibrahim al-Mawsili.