mutations. © boardworks ltd 2004 why are cells different? an oak tree has about 30 different types...

Mutations

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Mutations

Why are cells different?

An oak tree has about 30 different types of cells.

How many different types of cells are humans made of?

Our bodies have more than 300 different types of cells.

Why do cells have different characteristics?

Why are cells different?

Different types of cells produce different types of proteins.

Enzymes in plants control photosynthesis.

Keratin is a protein in hair, nails and some skin cells.

Elastin and collagen are other proteins in skin.

Outer shells of insects contain

hardening proteins.

What are proteins made of?

Page 4: Mutations. © Boardworks Ltd 2004 Why are cells different? An oak tree has about 30 different types of cells. How many different types of cells are humans

What are proteins made of?

Proteins are long molecules made from chemical units called amino acids.

protein molecule

amino acidWhat happens if amino acids are combined in a different order?

Different combinations of amino acids make different proteins.

Page 5: Mutations. © Boardworks Ltd 2004 Why are cells different? An oak tree has about 30 different types of cells. How many different types of cells are humans

Connecting proteins and genes

Consider the following two statements…

Genes carry the instructions for

inherited characteristics.

Cells have different characteristics because

they make different types of proteins.

What is the connection between genes and proteins?

Genes contain the instructions for making proteins.

What molecule has the instructions for making proteins?

Page 6: Mutations. © Boardworks Ltd 2004 Why are cells different? An oak tree has about 30 different types of cells. How many different types of cells are humans

How do genes make proteins?

Genes are made of DNA. Proteins are made of amino acids.

Each amino acid is coded for by its own special sequence of three bases called a triplet:

triplet amino acid

Page 7: Mutations. © Boardworks Ltd 2004 Why are cells different? An oak tree has about 30 different types of cells. How many different types of cells are humans

How do genes make proteins?

The amino acids join together to form a protein molecule.

Each gene contains the sequence of bases for one protein.

The order of triplets in a gene determines the sequence of amino acids.

Why is the sequence of bases in DNA called the genetic code?

Page 8: Mutations. © Boardworks Ltd 2004 Why are cells different? An oak tree has about 30 different types of cells. How many different types of cells are humans

How do the genes make proteins?

The genetic code is the order of DNA bases which determines the sequence of amino acids in a protein.

How many triplets code for a protein of 20 amino acids? 1 amino acid = 1 triplet

20 amino acids = 20 triplets

How many bases code for a protein of 20 amino acids?

Page 9: Mutations. © Boardworks Ltd 2004 Why are cells different? An oak tree has about 30 different types of cells. How many different types of cells are humans

DNA mutations and proteins

A mutation is a change in the sequence of bases in DNA.

Mutations can be caused by mistakes in copying DNA or the effects of radiation and heavy metal ions.

Will the mutated version of DNA make the same protein?

mutation

DNA mutations and proteins

A DNA mutation changes the amino acid sequenceand so a different protein may be produced.

If genes produce incorrect proteins, cells may not function properly. This is the cause of many inherited diseases.

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