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January 2014Vol. 57 No. 1

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Founded in 1958

Scan this Cover

JAN COVER.indd 1 12/23/13 9:38 AM

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IMPEDANCEMATCHING NETWORK

FINLINE TRANSITION

DIODELPF

January 2014Vol. 57 No. 1Radar and Antennasmwjournal.com

Publishers Note

18 Reality BytesCarl Sheffres, Microwave Journal Publisher

Cover Feature 24 Next Generation Affordable Smart

AntennasJ.R. Guerci, Guerci Consulting LLC; T. Driscoll, R. Hannigan, S. Ebadi and C. Tegreene, Intellectual Ventures; and D.E. Smith, Duke University

Perspectives 42 Phased Array Radar at the Intersection of

Military and Commercial InnovationGlen Fields, MACOM

46 Semiconductor Technology Drives the EDI CON 2014 Technical ProgramDavid Vye, Microwave Journal Editor

5 7 Y E A R S O F P U B L I S H I N G E X C E L L E N C E

10 MICROWAVE JOURNAL JANUARY 2014

Technical Features66 Generating Radar Signals with an Arbitrary

Waveform GeneratorChris Loberg, Tektronix

80 W-Band Radiometer Front End Module for Real-Time ImagingLinli Xie, Yong Hong Zhang and Yong Fan, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China

Special Reports

92 Prototyping Massive MIMOJames Kimery and Ian Wong, National Instruments

102 A Method to Design an Aperture-Tuned Antenna Using a MEMS Digital Variable CapacitorPaul Tornatta, Cavendish Kinetics Inc.

Application Note116 A Very-Near-Field Measurement Technique

to Test Large Antennas in the LabRuska Patton, EMSCAN

CONTENTS

QUADRATURE MODULATOR

90

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Brings Print to LifeMicrowave JournalRefer to the Augmented Reality insert after page 18 to see how you can participate in this experience.

_1M04 FINAL PROOF.indd 10 1/16/14 12:57 PM

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17 Mark Your Calendar20 Coming Events49 Defense News53 International Report57 Commercial Market60 Around the Circuit

140 Catalog Update144 New Products150 Book End152 Ad Index152 Sales Reps154 STEM Works


STAFFPUBLISHER: Carl Sheffres

EDITOR: David VyeMANAGING EDITOR: Jennifer DiMarco

TECHNICAL EDITOR: Patrick HindleASSOCIATE TECHNICAL EDITOR: Cliff Drubin

STAFF EDITOR: Laura GlazerEDITORIAL AND MARKETING ASSISTANT:

Barbara WalshCONSULTING EDITOR: Harlan Howe, Jr.

CONSULTING EDITOR: Frank BashoreCONSULTING EDITOR: Peter StaeckerCONSULTING EDITOR: Dan Swanson

CONSULTING EDITOR: Raymond PengellyWEB EDITOR: Chris Stanfa

AUDIENCE DEVELOPMENT MANAGER: Carol Spach

TRAFFIC MANAGER: Edward KiesslingMARKETING AND EVENT COORDINATOR:

Kristen AndersonDIRECTOR OF PRODUCTION & DISTRIBUTION:

Robert BassART DIRECTOR: Janice Levenson

GRAPHIC DESIGNER: Sachiko Stiglitz

EUROPE

INTERNATIONAL EDITOR: Richard MumfordOFFICE MANAGER: Nina Plesu

CORPORATE STAFF

CEO: William M. BazzyPRESIDENT: Ivar Bazzy

VICE PRESIDENT: Jared Bazzy

EDITORIAL REVIEW BOARD Dr. I.J. Bahl

F.M. BashoreDr. C.R. BoydM. GoldfarbJ.L. Heaton

Dr. G. HeiterH. Howe, Jr.Dr. T. Itoh

Dr. J. LaskerDr. S. Maas

Dr. G.L. MatthaeiDr. D.N. McQuiddyDr. J.M. OsepchukDr. Ajay K. Poddar

Dr. J. RautioDr. U. RohdeM. Schindler

Dr. P. StaeckerF. Sullivan

D. SwansonDr. R.J. TrewG.D. Vendelin

Prof. K. Wu EXECUTIVE EDITORIAL OFFICE:

685 Canton Street, Norwood, MA 02062Tel: (781) 769-9750

FAX: (781) 769-5037e-mail: [email protected]

EUROPEAN EDITORIAL OFFICE:16 Sussex Street, London SW1V 4RW, England

Tel: Editorial: +44 207 596 8730 Sales: +44 207 596 8740FAX: +44 207 596 8749

www.mwjournal.com

Printed in the USA

Product Features 122 Advanced RF Transceiver Meets the Demands of SDR

ApplicationsAnalog Devices

126 The Next Evolution of Digital/Programmable Attenuation Aerofl ex / Weinschel

130 Hybrid Rotary Joints for Radar Applications SPINNER GmbH

Tech Briefs

134 Low Cost, Fully Programmable 4-Port VNACopper Mountain Technologies

136 Enhanced Spectrum Analyzer Performance of Mixed Domain OscilloscopesTektronix Inc.

138 Low Cost X-Band Phased Array Weather RadarFIRST RF Corp.

Departments

CONTENTS

Microwave Journal (USPS 396-250) (ISSN 0192-6225) is published monthly by Horizon House Publications Inc., 685 Canton St., Norwood, MA 02062. Periodicals postage paid at Norwood, MA 02062 and additional mailing offi ces.

Photocopy Rights: Permission to photocopy for internal or personal use, or the internal or personal use of specifi c clients, is granted by Microwave Journal for users through Copyright Clearance Center provided that the base fee of $5.00 per copy of the article, plus $1.00 per page, is paid directly to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923 USA (978) 750-8400. For government and/or educational classroom use, the Copyright Clearance Center should be contacted. The rate for this use is 0.03 cents per page. Please specify ISSN 0192-6225 Microwave Journal International. Microwave Journal can also be purchased on 35 mm fi lm from University Microfi lms, Periodic Entry Department, 300 N. Zeeb Rd., Ann Arbor, MI 48106 (313) 761-4700. Reprints: For requests of 100 or more reprints, contact Barbara Walsh at (781) 769-9750.

POSTMASTER: Send address corrections to Microwave Journal, PO Box 3256, Northbrook, IL 60065-3256 or e-mail [email protected]. Subscription information: (847) 291-5216. This journal is issued without charge upon written request to quali-fi ed persons working in the RF & microwave industry. Other subscriptions are: domestic, $120.00 per year, two-year subscriptions, $185.00; foreign, $200.00 per year, two-year subscriptions, $370.00; back issues (if available) and single copies, $10.00 domestic and $20.00 foreign. Claims for missing issues must be fi led within 90 days of date of issue for complimentary replacement.

2014 by Horizon House Publications Inc.Posted under Canadian international publications mail agreement #PM40612608

122 126 130

mwjournal.com

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Go to: mwjournal.com/eventsMICROWAVE JOURNAL JANUARY 2014 17

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Check out the next two pages for the simple instructions on how to access and use the augmented content in this issue. Youll also fi nd a snapshot of the adver-tisements and editorial that has been augmented. Or, you can scan this page to view a video of yours truly explaining the process.

PublishersNote

Reality Bytes

Carl SheffresMicrowave Journal Publisher

I have the distinct pleasure every January of informing our readers of the latest offerings from Micro-wave Journal. Its been a fun exercise, especially during recent years with the ever-evolving media landscape. Theres much more to talk about these days, as we leverage the latest tech-nologies to deliver your information on new platforms and in enhanced formats.

Two years ago, we announced the launch of our redesigned website. The new site organizes content by technol-ogy and products channels, allow-ing users to better locate information relevant to their needs. The site also provides an archive of white papers, webinars, videos and a robust Buyers Guide. Weve just added a Classi-fi eds section, where youll fi nd job postings and products for sale. If you havent visited lately, I encourage you to do so.

Last year, we announced the MWJ Mobile App, which provides the latest issue of the maga-zine, archived issues, a news feed, executive interviews and blogs. Almost 5000 subscrib-ers have down-loaded the free app to date, with new us-ers signing on

daily. Recently, we launched a video series titled Frequency Matters in which MWJ editors David Vye and Pat Hindle discuss current articles in the magazine, the latest industry news and events. Its a quick and ca-sual format that I hope you fi nd in-formative and entertaining. 2013 also featured the debut of the Electronic Design Innovation Conference (EDI CON) in Beijing, China. This indus-try-driven event attracted nearly 2000 engineers in the growing Chinese RF/microwave industry with presentations from international and domestic experts and exhibition par-ticipation from many of the worlds leading manufactur-ers. Lastly, our social media platforms continue to ex-pand, especially the RF and Microwave Community on LinkedIn, which just sur-passed 20,000 members.

I am really excited about this years news and this issue in particular. Im

pleased to announce the fi rst-ever Augmented Reality issue of MWJ. For those of you unfamiliar with the term, the basic idea of augmented reality is to superimpose graphics, audio, video and other sensory en-hancements over a real-world envi-ronment in real time. A simple ex-ample might be the super-imposed fi rst down line that appears on tele-vised U.S. football games. A more complex example would be Google Glass, which will display augmented reality in a smartphone-like, hands-free environment. With Microwave Journal, this technology allows you to bridge the print world to the digi-tal world like nothing before. By us-ing the Layar App and your mobile device, you can scan the augmented pages and video and other rich me-dia spring to life. Its really incredible stuff and very easy to access.

I hope that you enjoy this issue as much as weve enjoyed producing it for you. As always, I welcome your feedback.

On behalf of the entire MWJ team, we wish all of our readers a happy, healthy and prosperous New Year.


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__1M25 Final PROOF.indd 18 12/31/13 8:03 AM

Microwave Journal unveils its first augmented reality issue. This issue showcases how mobile technologies can make printed pages interactive for an enhanced reader experience.

HOW IT WORKS

STEP 1 STEP 2

STEP 3

Download the free Layar app from the iTunes (iOS) or Google Play (Android) store.

Launch the app to view enhanced content on any page with the logo.

Frame the entire page in the screen and tap to experience enhancements (tap screen again for full screen view).

See reverse side for this months enhanced pages.

MWJ AUGMENTED INSERT.indd 157 12/19/13 4:31 PM

This Months Featured Participants

January 2014Vol. 57 No. 1

Founded in 1958

.com

Founded in 1958

Scan this Cover

Missing a Pulse Can Be Deadly.

Real-Time Power Processing for gap-free analysis

100 MSa/sec SUSTAINED sample rate is worlds fastest

10 GSa/sec effective rate for superb waveform fidelity

> Learn more at ni.com/redefi ne

800 813 5078 2012 National Instruments. All rights reserved. LabVIEW, National Instruments, NI, and ni.com are trademarks of National Instruments. Other product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies.

WIRELESS TECHNOLOGIESNational Instruments supports a broad range of wireless standards including:

LTE802.11a/b/g/n/acWCDMA/HSPA/HSPA+

GSM/EDGECDMA2000/EV-DOBluetooth

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with open software and modular hardware

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Ever wished for a better bench scope?The new RTM: Turn on. Measure.Easy handling, fast and reliable results exactly what users expect from a bench oscilloscope. Rohde & Schwarz opens the door to a new world: Work with two screens on one display. Access all functions quickly. Analyze measurement results while others are still booting up. See signals where others just show noise.Thats the RTM.

Ever wished there was an easier way? Ever wished for more reliable results? Ever wished you could do your job faster?

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DefenseNews

Navy. The handover also includes acceptance of three MUOS ground stations that will relay voice and high-speed data signals for mobile users worldwide.

MUOS-2 was launched July 19, 2013 aboard a United Launch Alliance Atlas V rocket from Cape Canaveral Air Force Station FL. The system dramatically improves se-cure communications, delivering simultaneous and priori-tized voice, video and data for the first time to users on the move.

MUOS-2 benefits from continuous improvement. We completed our baseline on-orbit testing in half the time compared to MUOS-1, said Iris Bombelyn, vice presi-dent of narrowband communications at Lockheed Mar-tin. We look forward to supporting the Navys test and evaluation phase to demonstrate the total capability of the Mobile User Objective System. When commissioned, the full digital data and flexible network management capa-bilities will be available to users for both MUOS-1 and MUOS-2.

The Naval Satellite Operations Center will soon begin relocation operations to place MUOS-2 in its operational slot. There, it will undergo testing and evaluation prior to formal government commissioning in 2014.

MUOS satellites are equipped with a wideband code division multiple access (WCDMA) payload that provides a 10-fold increase in transmission throughput over the cur-

rent Ultra High Frequency (UHF) satellite system, which is also on board. The WCDMA payload gives users the ad-vantage of high-speed data and priority access that legacy systems did not.

Lockheed Martins MUOS operations team conducted the on-orbit deployment and checkout of all spacecraft sys-tems over a four month period. Government testing will take place before MUOS-2 is turned over to U.S. Strategic Command for operational use.

50 MICROWAVE JOURNAL n JANUARY 2014

U.S. Navy photo courtesy of NASA by Patrick H. Corkery

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35 2012 National Instruments. All rights reserved. LabVIEW, National Instruments, NI, and ni.com are trademarks of National Instruments. Other product and company names listed are trademarks or trade names of their respective companies.37

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Prototyping Massive MIMOJames Kimery and Ian WongNational Instruments, Austin, TX

The rapacious demand for wireless data has spurred researchers to search for new technologies to expand wireless data capacity and network capability. Industry experts universally agree that even with cur-rent and planned infrastructure rollouts, data demand will continue to outpace capacity and the debate has shifted from if to when this event will occur. Wireless service provid-ers plan to furiously upgrade their networks to 4G LTE, LTE-Advanced (LTE-A) and beyond, introducing new innovations such as small cells, heterogeneous networks, and carrier aggregation along the 3GPP roadmap. How-ever, it is clear that the current technology trajectory produces a capacity slope that is still flatter than the demand line. Embracing the challenge, the 3GPP standards body recently adopted a goal of increasing data capacity 1000 by 2020 ac-knowledging the need for evolutionary or revo-lutionary ideas.

One such concept entails the deployment of base stations with very large scale antenna ar-rays encompassing perhaps hundreds of trans-ceiver elements. This concept is referred to as Massive MIMO.1 Indeed, Massive MIMO departs from current network topologies and could be a key to solving our wireless data chal-lenges; however, another interesting question is posed through the process of understanding

the effectiveness and/or feasibility of Massive MIMO for wide spread deployment just how does one go about creating a prototype to truly see whether it will work? After all, creating a prototype with hundreds of antenna elements creates several engineering challenges not the least of which include cost and time.

MIMO BACKGROUNDMIMO relies on multipath to enhance the

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actually exploited with MIMO using a variety of techniques including space-time coding and/or spatial diversity.2 The

4G cellular standard LTE-A specifies a maxi-mum of eight antennas for use in a MIMO configuration. The IEEE 802.11n/ac standards and the actual commercialization of those stan-dards are the predominant use cases of MIMO in practice.

Basically, more antennas yield more degrees of freedom of the propagation channel deliv-ering improved performance in terms of data rate and/or link reliability. However, the overall data rate is still constrained by the Shannon-Hartley theorem. In a network with multiple users, one way to increase the overall network


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Copyright 2013 Mercury Systems, Innovation That Matters are trademarks of Mercury Systems, Inc.

MERCURY SYSTEMS IS A LEADER IN DEVELOPING SOFTWARE-DEFINED

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ProductFeature

The astonishing, sometime bewildering array of available wireless standards, with their different frequencies, band-widths, protocols and formats, has given users unprecedented connectivity and access. But it has also meant that engineers of wireless sys-tems are faced with severe challenges when designing or investigating issues, performance and options.

The solution seems obvious: minimize use of dedicated hardware and instead rely on a software-defined radio (SDR) to implement and manage as much of the transmitting and receiving functionality as possible. Todays high-performance, low-power processors, in-cluding FPGAs, and their ability to execute complicated algorithms at high speed make such real-time implementation practical.

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Thats the dilemma Epiq Solutions (Scha-umburg, IL) faced as it developed its latest SDR unit, the MaveriqTM Multichannel Recon-figurable RF Transceiver (shown in Figure 1), an advanced platform combining multiple RF transceivers, an internal solid state drive (SSD) for data recording, an on-board Intel 86 CPU running Linux, and a gigabit Ethernet interface for high-speed data access. It offers significant SDR capability in a small package and covers a tuning range from 100 MHz to 6 GHz. As designers and builders of state-of-the-art, re-configurable radio systems for mission-critical applications, the companys objective was to deliver a more powerful multi-channel version of its existing MatchstiqTM SDR.

Despite its advanced features and capa-bilities, Maveriq is a portable, low-power plat-form, while previous solutions required large and bulky hardware configurations. Combined


Advanced RF Transceiver Meets the Demands of SDR ApplicationsAnalog DevicesNorwood, MA

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Copyright 2013 Mercury Systems, Innovation That Matters Copyright 2013 Mercury Systems, Innovation That Matters are trademarks of Mercury Systems, Inc. are trademarks of Mercury Systems, Inc. 113

signal paths. As a result, most broadband SDRs use a set of overlapping, parallel analog channels, each optimized for

Despite its advanced features and capabilities, Maveriq is a portable, low-power platform, while previous solutions required large and bulky hardware configurations. Combined

MICROWAVE JOURNAL n

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BACK COVER

Smart AntennasJ.R. Guerci, Guerci Consulting LLC, Arlington, VAT. Driscoll, R. Hannigan, S. Ebad and C. Tegreene, Intellectual Ventures, Seattle, WAD.E. Smith, Duke University, Durham, NC24


CoverFeature

(MCC) that is a part of Intellectual Ventures (IV), working in coopera-tion with Duke University.11 Figure 5 shows an example of IVs metama-terials surface antenna technology (MSA-T) as applied to a commercial satellite communications application. Electronic scan capability (transmit or receive) is achieved by launching a wave across a surface with embed-ded RF resonant elements as shown in Figure 5. By a judicious selection of digitally controlled resonant ele-ments, and spacings, any desired an-tenna pattern can be formed with the available DoF as shown in Figure 6. It should be noted that this approach can be more efficient than so-called leaky waveguide approaches.13

Some of the key advantages of the MSA-T SDA approach include: Eliminates the need for multiple

independent RF channels and as-sociated phase shifters or time delay units (TDU) (i.e., it is not a phased array approach).

Large electronic scan angles (60) are possible (see Figure 6), unlike traditional leaky wave antennas.

Can be synthesized using convention-al printed circuit board (PCB) manu-facturing methods (see Figure 5).

Additional adaptive DoFs can be introduced without introducing more RF channels (just more low power digital control lines and res-onant elements).

Beginning in the 1990s, research-ers began to explore RF metamateri-als that could exhibit properties not found in naturally occurring substanc-essuch as so-called negative re-fractive index materials.11 Of course, the usual Hype Curve12 kicked in with exaggerated hopes and expecta-tions. Within the past few years how-ever, solid applications exploiting RF metamaterials have emerged and have even led to commercial product lines.

One particular application of meta-materials for SDAs that function as low SWaP-C ESAs is being developed by engineers and scientists at the Meta-materials Commercialization Center

on multiple independent RF chan-nels can only be made so cheap and compact. Ironically, if one consults an elementary text on EM theory to determine how to achieve a desired antenna pattern from first principles, one finds a much more general solu-tion than a phased array. Specifically, and without going into too much de-tail, the far field antenna pattern is the Fourier transform of the RF aperture distribution (see Figure 4).10 This naturally begs the question: How can one digitally control the aperture dis-tribution without the use of phased ar-ray approaches? One answer, the use of RF metamaterials, has proven to be remarkably successful.

s Fig. 4 Under fairly general conditions, the far field antenna pattern is proportional to the Fourier transform of the CF () aperture func-tion A(x, y) (Fraunhofer approximation10).

CF (A(X,Y))A(X,Y)

z

x

y

s Fig. 5 Sample MSA-T ESA for satel-lite communication applications (see www.kymetacorp.com).

s Fig. 6 Illustration of the RF metamaterial SDA. By judicious digitally controlled tuning of the resonant elements, an arbitrary steer-able antenna beam (or beams) can be formed.

1

0.80.6

0.40.2

60 45 0 45 60 0

30 30

60 60

90

INTELLECTUAL VENTURES MCCNOVA-X-V1 BEAM SCANNING

FREQUENCY = 10.016 GHz

90

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fractive index materials.11 Of course, the usual Hype Curve12 kicked in with exaggerated hopes and expecta-tions. Within the past few years how-ever, solid applications exploiting RF metamaterials have emerged and have even led to commercial product lines.

one finds a much more general solu-tion than a phased array. Specifically, and without going into too much de-tail, the far field antenna pattern is the Fourier transform of the RF aperture

This naturally begs the question: How can one digitally control the aperture dis

s Fig. 6 Illustration of the RF metamaterial SDA. By judicious digitally controlled tuning of the resonant elements, an arbitrary steerable antenna beam (or beams) can be formed.


FREQUENCY = 10.016 GH

One particular application of metaone digitally control the aperture disable antenna beam (or beams) can be formed.28

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Next Generation Affordable Smart AntennasJ.R. Guerci, Guerci Consulting LLC, Arlington, VAT. Driscoll, R. Hannigan, S. Ebadi and C. Tegreene, Intellectual Ventures, Seattle, WAD.E. Smith, Duke University, Durham, NC

A confl uence of advances in low cost digitally controllable RF metamaterial-based apertures and real-time embed-ded cognitive signal processing has afforded a new opportunity to realize a distinctly new and affordable low SWAP smart antenna capability for a multitude of demanding applications from communications to radar. This article provides an overview of these enabling advances, their synergistic combination, and the new markets that are emerging as a result.

MOTIVATION FOR NEXT-GEN SMART ANTENNAS

From wireless communications to RF sens-ing (radar, SIGINT), operating environments

are becoming ever more challenging due to a multitude of factors from the spectrum crunch resulting from a global proliferation of wireless and RF sensing systems, to com-plex clutter and multipath/propagation back-grounds2,3 (see Figure 1). This emerging chal-lenge is concurrent with continual demands for greater performance from end users. Con-sequently, there is a perennial need for systems that can adapt continuously to an ever chang-ing transmission channel in an intelligent and sophisticated way.

Theoretically, one path forward is through real-time spatio-temporal adaptivity powered by fl exible RF hardware and back-end cogni-tive signal processing.4 While there has been steady and measureable progress in real-time software that powers cognitive software de-fi ned radios (SDR) and radar,5,6 the analog hardware in front of the analog-to-digital-con-verter (ADC) has remained a stubborn chal-lenge due to inherent physical and cost chal-lenges.7

However, recent breakthroughs in afford-able software defi ned apertures (SDA) enabled via new RF metamaterial designs are opening up both new levels of adaptive antenna afford-ability as well as performance and control. Though the functionality of the SDAs is similar to electronically scanned antennas (ESA), the former term can be used to refl ect the signifi -cantly distinct architecture. In particular, the metamaterial SDA can be considered a dynam-


COVER FEATUREINVITED PAPER

Fig. 1 A confl uence of stressing factors is conspiring to create signifi cant challenges to next generation RF systems.

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CoverFeature

cess, in the end, it was mostly due to leveraging the major advances taking place in the commercial wireless RF sector.9 The DARPA-esque Holy Grail of achieving an order of magni-tude reduction in SWaP-C remained elusive.

In hindsight, the reasons are obvi-ous: An ESA approach that is based

ertures and chan-nels.1 Moreover, the full power of an ESA is only realized if it can be digitally controlled which, unfortunately, leads to the requirement for separate ADCs in each receive channel. Realizing that the number of channels tends to grow in proportion to the area of the antenna leads inexo-rably to an approach whose SWaP-C does not scale well as re-quirements grow.

Guerci has first-hand experience with the difficulties of achieving a low SWaP-C ESA. Dur-ing his seven years with the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agen-cy (DARPA), numerous advanced projects were executed precisely to achieve low SWaP-C antennas for ev-erything from low cost cruise missile defense (LCCMD) to multi-function RF and MEMS based phase shifters (see Figure 3 and reference 9). While these projects achieved modest suc-

ically tuned but passive antenna, due to the absence of power amplifiers and distinct radio modules distributed throughout the aperture.

In this article, we provide an over-view of the latest advances in new af-fordable ESA technologies, and the real-time cognitive signal processing that can take maximal advantage of the available adaptive degrees-of-freedom (DoF). Also discussed are the latest breakthroughs in RF metamaterials that are enabling an entirely new gen-eration of affordable low size, weight, power and cost (SWaP-C) SDAs for a variety of applications. Then the state-of-the-art in cognitive signal process-ing and real-time embedded comput-ingthe smarts behind smart anten-nasis reviewed. Finally, it is all put together exploring the many problems to which next generation affordable smart antennas can be applied.

Next GeNeratioN Low SwaP-C eSas

Electronically scanned antennas have enabled countless RF applica-tions where fixed beam and/or me-chanically gimbaled apertures are not viable solutions. Interestingly, achiev-ing electronic scan capability from the very beginning utilized phased array concepts,8 which of course is just one way to achieve electronically controlled scanning. In a phased array (see Figure 2), the constructive/destructive prop-erty of electromagnetic (EM) waves emanating from different subapertures is exploited to shape the composite an-tenna pattern. For a passive ESA, this is achieved by transmitting an identical waveform (possibly amplitude tapered for sidelobe control), emanating from a single high power source, from differ-ent subapertures with an appropriate phase shift (narrowband) or time delay (wideband) to achieve a desired beam shape.

In an active ESA (AESA), each subaperture is capable of transmit-ting as well as receiving. Note that the physics of this approach, as well as numerous practical considerations and constraints, often results in a rela-tively large SWaP-C footprint. For example, if one desires a high gain mainbeam with low sidelobes, as well as adaptive beamforming to spatially filter interference, a generally com-plex ESA is required with a relatively large number of independent subap-

s Fig. 2 Example of a modern digital phased array antenna (re-ceive) illustrating the need for independent RF and digital channels (Courtesy of reference 1).

I&QDOWN

CONVERT &ADC

NARROWBANDSIGNAL

I&QDOWN

CONVERT &ADC

I&QDOWN

CONVERT &ADC

e j(2f0tkr)

(N-1

)dsin 0

2dsin 0

dsin 0

d d

SN

W*N W*3 W*2

y = WS

W*1

S3 S2 S1

0

I&QDOWN

CONVERT &ADC

N 3 2 1

FREQUENCY (GHz)

s Fig. 3 An excerpt from a presentation by Dr. Larry Corey (DARPA/SPO) overviewing the multipronged approach to achieve lower cost yet high performance ESAs (reference 9).

LOW COST ESA

MEMS PHASESHIFTER

LCCMDLOW COST

MEM SEEKER

RECAP

RFMIP

SINGLE CHIP T/R

ALA

ISAT

ISIS

LIGHTFOOT

RECAP

WIDEBAND

MEM-TENNALARGE LOWCOST ESARF MEMS

TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT PATHSpecial Projects Office

15 October 2003 Corey IEEE PAST 2003 Updated 17 SEP 2003, page 2

__1M27 FINAL PROOF.indd 26 12/23/13 9:23 AM

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CoverFeature

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(MCC) that is a part of Intellectual Ventures (IV), working in coopera-tion with Duke University.11 Figure 5 shows an example of IVs metama-terials surface antenna technology (MSA-T) as applied to a commercial satellite communications application. Electronic scan capability (transmit or receive) is achieved by launching a wave across a surface with embed-ded RF resonant elements as shown in Figure 5. By a judicious selection of digitally controlled resonant ele-ments, and spacings, any desired an-tenna pattern can be formed with the available DoF as shown in Figure 6. It should be noted that this approach can be more effi cient than so-called leaky waveguide approaches.13

Some of the key advantages of the MSA-T SDA approach include: Eliminates the need for multiple

independent RF channels and as-sociated phase shifters or time delay units (TDU) (i.e., it is not a phased array approach).

Large electronic scan angles (60) are possible (see Figure 6), unlike traditional leaky wave antennas.

Can be synthesized using convention-al printed circuit board (PCB) manu-facturing methods (see Figure 5).

Additional adaptive DoFs can be introduced without introducing more RF channels (just more low power digital control lines and res-onant elements).

Beginning in the 1990s, research-ers began to explore RF metamateri-als that could exhibit properties not found in naturally occurring substanc-essuch as so-called negative re-fractive index materials.11 Of course, the usual Hype Curve12 kicked in with exaggerated hopes and expecta-tions. Within the past few years how-ever, solid applications exploiting RF metamaterials have emerged and have even led to commercial product lines.

One particular application of meta-materials for SDAs that function as low SWaP-C ESAs is being developed by engineers and scientists at the Meta-materials Commercialization Center

on multiple independent RF chan-nels can only be made so cheap and compact. Ironically, if one consults an elementary text on EM theory to determine how to achieve a desired antenna pattern from fi rst principles, one fi nds a much more general solu-tion than a phased array. Specifi cally, and without going into too much de-tail, the far fi eld antenna pattern is the Fourier transform of the RF aperture distribution (see Figure 4).10 This naturally begs the question: How can one digitally control the aperture dis-tribution without the use of phased ar-ray approaches? One answer, the use of RF metamaterials, has proven to be remarkably successful.

Fig. 4 Under fairly general conditions, the far fi eld antenna pattern is proportional to the Fourier transform of the CF () aperture func-tion A(x, y) (Fraunhofer approximation10).

CF (A(X,Y))A(X,Y)

z

x

y

Fig. 5 Sample MSA-T ESA for satel-lite communication applications (see www.kymetacorp.com).

Fig. 6 Illustration of the RF metamaterial SDA. By judicious digitally controlled tuning of the resonant elements, an arbitrary steer-able antenna beam (or beams) can be formed.

1

0.80.6

0.40.2

60 45 0 45 60 0

30 30

60 60

90


FREQUENCY = 10.016 GHz

90

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Components dont exist in electromag-netic isolation. They influence their neighbors performance. They are affected by the enclosure or structure around them. They are susceptible to outside influences. With System Assembly and Modeling, CST STUDIO SUITE helps optimize com-ponent and system performance.

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PULSE ELECTRONICS IMPROVES ANTENNA EVALUATION AND REDUCES PRODUCT DESIGN LEAD TIME WITH CST MICROWAVE STUDIOHeikki Korva, Team Manager, RF, Pulse Electronics Wireless Division

Figure 1 LTE antenna audio-module, from simulation to mass production.

Pulse Electronics Mobile Division produces compact antennas for mobile communications and networking. Mobile antennas need to function in complex and mechanically limited environ-ments, and so most antennas used today are specially designed and customer-specific.

The antenna is one of the first electromechanical components considered in a new product concept design. In the past, most of the R&D work was done in the laboratory, with the engineers constructing and testing different antenna designs for customers products. While this is still a good approach for single antenna systems, the introduction of LTE diversity schemes and other radio systems such as Wi-Fi and GPS to current smartphones make reli-able prototype evaluation very challenging.

Antenna prototypes typically include the device ground, PCBs, batteries, covers and any other large parts. Obviously, early prototypes seldom include any active transceivers, and so each antenna must be driven from an external coaxial cable. A typical LTE smartphone, with its main and diversity antennas, GPS and GLONASS systems and 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz WLAN capabilities, can need 7 or 8 cables to measure all the components at once. These cables would occupy too much of the volume of the pro-totypes, and severely distort the evaluation results. With electro-magnetic simulation, the performance of a complex device can be calculated without worrying about these cable effects.

An example of an antenna product designed using only CST MICROWAVE STUDIO (CST MWS) is shown in Figure 1.

About Pulse Electronics Wireless DivisionPulse Electronics boosts appealing mobile devices by pro-viding intelligent antenna design and manufacturing solu-tions for handsets, tablets, laptops, small cell base stations and PMR.Our aim is to optimize antenna designs for complex multi-radio environments under all circumstances. The carefully developed Pulse solutions truly delight end users.Pulse has delivered close to 2 billion antennas to the leading manufacturers of mobile devices. Pulse Wireless Division is headquartered in San Diego, USA, and has sites in Finland, China, South Korea, and Taiwan.www.pulseelectronics.com

Find out how Pulse Electronics improves antenna evaluation and reduces product design lead time with CST MICROWAVE STUDIO.

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