By

N.HARI (Control Systems)

Under the guidance of

Dr. N. PREMA KUMAR

Associate Professor

Department of Electrical Engineering

Abstract

Introduction

Load and Location Consideration

Design of Tracker

Estimation of Energy Output

Results

Conclusion and Future Scope

Fossil fuels like coal, gas, diesel etc., used to generate electrical energy are in exhaust stage and

causes pollution. This necessitates alternative sources of fuels which are renewable and non-pollutant

like wind, solar, tidal to generate electrical energy.

These renewable fuels cannot be supplied to generate power as required like conventional fuels, as

they are naturally available and depends on environmental conditions. Hence they have to be

efficiently utilized when they are available.

In this thesis studies are made to utilization of solar energy to produce electrical energy, for this sun-

earth angular relation was found using declination angle of earth based on day number, azimuth

angle, altitude angle, angle of incidence for particular location i.e., Andhra University,

Visakhapatnam city which is with a latitude 17.68° N and longitude 83.32° E.

Simulation of solar photovoltaic panel using five parameter model of cell considering Indian

manufactured Solar Panels and estimating output DC power by using location Radiation,

temperature and wind speed as input parameters to MATLAB program.

Comparing estimated AC electrical output using MATLAB program with on-line simulators like

PVwatts, and off-line simulators like SAM, PVsyst.

In this thesis estimation of installation cost of solar power plant, cost of generations, Performance

ratio, Capacity utilization Factor, (Levelized Cost of Energy)LCOE, return of investment, comparing

with conventional utility rates are performed.

Theoretical design of Solar tracker for 1(KW) Solar PV system.

• Sun(Radiation) – Earth(Receiver) Angular Relation

• Factors Need to Consider to Setup Solar PV System

• Solar PV System Equipment’s Required

• Solar Cells, Wavelength of Radiation

Direction of Beam Radiation The geometric relationships between a plane of any particular orientation relative to

the earth at any time and incoming beam solar radiation, that is, the position of the sun relative to that earth plane, can be described in terms of several angles

1.Latitude: the angular location north or south of the equator, north positive and south negative -90° ≤ Ø ≤ 90°

2.Declination: the angular position of the sun at solar noon with respect to the plane of the equator, -23.45° ≤ ≤ 23.45°

3. β Slope: the angle between the plane of the surface in question and the horizontal ,0 ≤ β ≤ 180°

4. Surface azimuth angle: the deviation of the projection on a horizontal plane of the normal to the surface from the local meridian, with zero due south, east negative, and west positive -180° ≤ ≤ 180°

5.Hour angle: the angular displacement of the sun east or west of the local meridian due to rotation of the earth on its axis at 15° per hour, morning negative, afternoon positive.

6. Angle of incidence: the angle between the beam radiation on a surface and the normal to that surface.

The position of sun is given by following angles

Zenith angle: the angle between the vertical and the line to the sun, i.e., the angle of

incidence of beam radiation on a horizontal surface.

Solar altitude angle: the angle between the horizontal and the line to the sun, i.e., the

Complement of the zenith angle.

Solar azimuth angle: the angular displacement from south of the projection of beam

of beam radiation on the horizontal plane, Displacement east of south are negative and west

of south are positive.

Solar Time: Time based on the apparent angular motion of the sun across the sky, with solar noon the time the sun crosses the meridian of the observer.

Standard Time: Time that is prepared for our use.

Solar time can be obtained from standard time by applying two corrections

1. Constant correction between longitude between considered location and longitude on which

local standard time is based on.

2. Equation of time which takes earth’s rate of rotation

Solar time – Standard time = 4*(Lst - Lloc)+ E

B=(n-1)*(360/365)

Geographical Factors

1. Latitude and Longitude of Location

2. Soiling losses

3. Roof top or Ground Mount area

4. Optimal tilt angles of receiver

5. Shading losses

Environmental Factors

1. Radiation data

2. Temperature

3. Wind Speed

4. Sun Shine hours

Beam Radiation: The solar radiation received from the sun without

having been scattered by atmosphere.

Diffuse Radiation: The solar radiation received from the sun after its direction has been changed by scattering by atmosphere.

Total Radiation: The sum of the beam radiation and diffuse radiation on a surface.

Irradiance (W/m^2): The rate at which radiant energy is incident on a surface per unit area of surface. Symbol G is used for solar irradiance.

Based on PV system i.e. Grid tied and Stand alone

Common Equipment to both are

1. Solar Photovoltaic Modules

2. Mounting Structures

3. DC and AC cables

4. MPPT Tracker, Charge controllers etc.

5. Measuring Equipment

6. Inverter

For Grid tied PV system

1. Transformer

2. Net Metering

For Stand alone PV system

1. Battery Bank

Solar Cells are the building blocks of solar modules

Solar cells are formed by sandwiching p-type and n-type semiconductor materials

Photovoltaic Principal

Manufacturing Process makes different solar cells like Mono C-Si, Poly C-Si and

Amorphous cells.

Silicon is the raw material for manufacturing C-Si.

Mono C-Si cell formed from Ingot process known as Czochralski (CZ) and Poly C-

Si formed from bricks

The below figures shows major types of solar modules and table gives efficiency of

different types of Solar Cells.

Photon energy depends on wavelength and frequency

Where plank’s constant

ν frequency

velocity of light in vacuum

λ is wavelength of incoming radiation

SJh 3410*625.6

hEp

C

smC /10*3 8

Band gap of Silicon Semiconductor is (1.11- 1.12 eV)

The energy photon required to overcome this obtained from above

equation.

Wave length of radiation required is less then or equal to 1.15 μm.

Earth receives wavelength range as shown in figure below

• Load : College of Engineering (A) , A.U

• Capacity of Solar PV System Required

• Area : Roof top area, Ground Area

• Meteorological Data

• Tilt angles

• Consider Capacity of Solar PV System

India with Latitude 21.7679° N and Longitude 78.8718° E

Andhra Pradesh with Latitude18° N and Longitude 79°

Visakhapatnam with Latitude 17.6893° N and Longitude 83.2186° E

Vizianagaram with Latitude 18.12° N and Longitude 83.42° E

The Location considered is Andhra University College of Engineering with Latitude 17.7287° N and Longitude 83.3242°

College of Engineering Andhra University (A)

Maximum demand was 700 KVA

Retail supply Tariff

No.of Units of Energy consumed per hour on working day was around

690.67 KVAh.

Considering MNRE reports and theoretical calculation 1 KW PV system

generate around 4.8 – 5.2 units of energy in a day at this location.

Considering bright sun hours of the location 1.5 MW capacity of Solar PV

power plant is required to meet the demand.

In this thesis 110.25 KW Solar PV system was considered to estimate

energy output taking all necessary input at considered location.

For 1 MW solar PV system area required is around 5 – 6 acres.

Ground area available was around 25 acres

Roof top area available at consider location was shown in table below

To maximise energy output from the installed solar PV system, the system

need to track the sun in order to place the panels perpendicular to sun’s

radiation.

The algorithm below gives orientation of receiver based on tracking system

chosen.

START Read Location Data Read Date and Month Choose

axis of tracking

For single axis tracking optimal tilt angles of receiver throughout the year

are given in table below

The declinations 𝛿 can be found from the equation of Cooper(1969)

𝛿 = 23.45 ∗ sin 360284 + 𝑛

365

The angle of incidence of beam radiation on the surface, 𝜃

𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃 = 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽 − 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜑𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔

+ 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜑𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛾𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜔 + 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝛿𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛽𝑠𝑖𝑛𝛾𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔

Or

Solar Azimuth angle

)cos(sinsincoscoscos szz

z

s

sin

sinsinsin

Solar Altitude angle

Day Length

sinsincoscoscossin s

)tantan(15

2cos

1

DL

As the radiation measuring equipment are horizontally placed to measure total and diffuse radiation, these radiation data is not useful in estimating energy output from the installed PV system at particular location.

The following equation gives the total radiation on tilt surface

Where IT total average hourly radiation on tilt surface

I total average hourly radiation on horizontal surface

IB average hourly beam radiation

ID average hourly diffuse radiation

ρg is reflectance of the ground

sinsincoscoscos

sin)sin(coscos)cos(

)2

cos1()

2

cos1(

B

gDBBT

R

IIRII

Tilt angle considered was 17.68°

• Necessity of Tracker

• Equipment’s Required

• Arduino Board

• Electrical Actuator

The conversion efficiency of solar photovoltaic module improves by proper

tracking the sun.

Trackers greatly enhance early morning and late afternoon performance,

increasing total amount of power production 20-25% for single axis tracker

and about 30-45% for a dual axis tracker.

In this thesis electrical actuator required power rating and gear ration for

considered 1 KW solar PV system to track the sun in one direction was

calculated and PID controller was designed to increase speed of response

of electrical actuator.

In this thesis tracker was designed to 1 KW solar PV system.

Solar Panels considered are TATA BP Solar 250 W and weight of each panel was 19.4 Kg, the mounting structure required is of weight around 50 Kg. These specification are necessary to calculate necessary torque required to rotate the system with required speed.

The electrical actuator estimated in this thesis is to track sun in east west direction i.e. azimuth angle.

Based on day length, sun rise and sun set the operating time of this actuator depends.

As we know that earth rotates around the sun in 1 hour 150, the rotation speed of PV system to track the sun the electrical actuator should rotate with speed of 0.3 rpm.

Load torque is calculated as follows

TL = k*m*g (N-m)

where k = 0.2 is friction coefficient

m = 127.6 (kg) is weight of load

g = 9.81 m/s2 is acceleration due gravity

JL = 158.819 Kg-m2

TL = 0.2*127.6*9.81* = 250.35*1.5 N-m

Power required is given by P = TL * ω W

P = 11.79 W

Wind torque on the system was not considered, if considered then it will be given by the formula given below

Tw = CtαpADV2w

where Ct is torque coefficient depends wind direction and position of solar module

structure

αp is static air density

A is area of solar module array

D is diameter

Vw is wind speed

In this thesis permanent DC motor was considered as electrical actuator.

DC motor consider belongs to Globe Motors

VDC = 24 V, INL = 0.17 A, IL = 1.2 A, NNL = 5200 rpm, TL = 5 oz-in = 0.0353 N-m,

KT = 6.10 oz-in/A = 0.043075 N-m/A, Ra = 6.60 Ω, Diameter of shaft = 0.796 cm,

Length of Shaft = 13.124 cm.

In this thesis PID controller was tuned using MATLAB/simulink software to improve response time of the considered DC motor transfer function.

The transfer function of permanent DC motor position control system was given below

)1(

)(

ss

KsG v

where Kv = K/f , τ = J/f.

K = KpKAKT(n/Ra)

f = fo + (KTKe/Ra)

Let KpKA = 1, KT = 0.043075 N-m/A, Ke = 0.043075 V/(rad/s),

Jm = 4.0515*10-6 N-m2, JLm = 0.088273 N-m2 ,

fm = 2.0824*10-4 N-m/(rad/s).

)19.423(

10*742.1)(

3

sssG

• Solar Modules

• Mathematical Equations

• Extraction of Parameters

• Energy Estimation

• Feasibility Of Solar PV System

Solar modules of Indian companies are tabulated below

DC Equivalent circuit of Solar Cell

I is load current, V is Voltage across load

Iph is photon current, Io saturation current

of diode, Ta is ambient temperature, Tc cell

temperature, A is ideality constant, Vt is

thermal voltage, k is Boltzmann constant,

Ns no.of series cells of module, q is charge,

wi is wind speed, Go total radiation, Gn =1000 W/m2 ,

Eg energy band gap of cell.

o

i

ac

ca

g

a

cnoo

nt

oc

scno

acIscsc

n

oph

cst

sh

s

t

soph

Gw

TT

TTAk

qE

T

TII

AV

V

II

TTIG

GI

q

kTNV

R

IRV

AV

IRVIII

291.8

32.0

)]11

(exp[)(

1)exp(

)]([

)1)(exp(

3

,

,

,

Plots of Sun (Source) – Earth (Receiver) angular Relation

Conclusion :

Calculation of Sun – Earth angular relations of the location are very important to

find optimal tilt and azimuth angular relation which are useful to increase

conversion efficiency of Solar PV system by Proper orientation of solar modules

perpendicular to Sun’s radiation.

Efficient design of Solar tracker increase solar conversion efficiency, with

consumption of less power.

Proper estimation of Electrical Energy Output from Solar PV System at particular

location decrease cost of installation or proper sizing of plant to meet the load.

Future Scope :

Software that takes live meteorological data that estimate energy output based

on solar modules.

Efficient tracker design

Design of robot arm to automatically clean the modules and design cooling

system based on cell temperature which improves efficiency of modules.

John A.Due , William A.Beckman , "Solar Radiation," in Solar Engineering of Thermal Process, 2nd ed, Chapter 1 & 23,

pp. 3-45, pp. 768-794, New York.

Marcelo Gradella Villalva, Jonas Rafael Gazoli, and Ernesto Ruppert Filho, “ Comprehensive Approach to Modeling and

Simulation of Photovoltaic Arrays,". IEEE Transactions On Power Electronics, vol. 24, no. 5,pp.1198-1208, May. 2009.

Nalika N.B. Ulapane, Chamari H. Dhanapala, Shyama M. Wickramasinghe, Sunil G. Abeyratne, Member, IEEE, Nimal

Rathnayake, Member, IEEE and Prabath J. Binduhewa,"Extraction of Parameters for Simulating Photovoltaic Panels," 2011

6th International Conference on Industrial and Information Systems, ICIIS 2011, Aug. 16-19, 2011, Sri Lanka.

Dezso Sera, Remus Teodorescu, Pedro Rodriguez " PV Panel model based on datasheet values,"IEEE, pp. 2392-2396, 2007.

Samkeliso Shongwe, Member, IEEE, and Moin Hanif, Member, IEEE "Comparative Analysis of Dierent Single-Diode PV Modeling Methods," IEEE Journal Of Photovoltaics, Vol. 5, no. 3,pp. 938-946, May 2015.

Shaharin A. Sulaiman, Haizatul H. Hussain, Nik Siti H. Nik Leh, and Mohd S.I.Razali,"Eects of Dust on the Performance of

PV Panels," World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology Vol:5 2011-10-20.

E Skoplaki, A.G. Boudouvis, J.A. Palyvos, "A simple correlation for the operating temperature of photovoltaic modules of

arbitrary mounting," Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 92 pp. 1393{1402, 2008.

Y. Yalcin and S. Kurtulan,"A Rooftop Antenna Tracking System:Design,Simulation,and Implementation," IEEE Antennas

and Propagation Magazine, Vol. 51, No. 2, April 2009.

Duy C.Huynh,Tuong M.Nguyen, Matthew W.Dunnigan, Markus A.Mueller,"Comparison between Open- and Closed-Loop

Trackers of a Solar Photovoltaic System," 2013 IEEE Conference on Clean Energy and Technology (CEAT), pp. 128-133.

Zolkapli.M ,Al-Junid S.A.M,Othman Z,Manut. A, Mohd Zulkii M. A, "High Eciency Dual-Axis Solar Tracking

Developement using Arduino," . 2013 International Conference on Technology, Informatics, Management, Engineering and

Environment (TIME-E 2013 ) Bandung, Indonesia, June 23-26,2013.

Munnik Haryanti, Abdul Halim, Arbai Yusuf,"Development of Two Axis Solar Tracking Using Five Photodiodes," Electrical

Power, Electronics, Communications, Control, and Information Seminar (EECCIS), IEEE, 2014.

Wei Wu, "DC Motor Identication Using Speed Step Response," 2010 American Control Conference,MarriottWaterfront,

Baltimore, MD, USA, June 30-July 02, 2010

Prabodh Bajpai, Subhash Kumar,"Design, Development and Performance Test of an Automatic Two-Axis Solar Tracker

System,".

S.B.Elagib, N.H.Osman,"Design and Implementation of Dual Axis Solar Tracker based on Solar Maps," 2013 International

Conference on Computing, Electrical and Electronic Engineering (ICCEEE), pp.697-699,2013.

Musse Mohamud Ahmed, Member, IEEE, and Marizan Sulaiman,"Design and Proper Sizing of Solar Energy Schemes for

Electricity Production in Malaysia,". National Power and Energy Conference (PECon) Proceedings, Bangi,Malaysia, pp.

268-271, 2003.

Vikas Pratap Singh, B.Ravindra, Vivek Vijay, M. Siddhartha Bhatt, "A comparative performance analysis of C-Si and A-Si

PV based rooftop grid tied solar photovoltaic systems in Jodhpur," 3rd International Conference On Renewable Energy Research And Applications, Milwakuee, USA 19-22,pp. 250-255, Oct 2014.

Eiichi Endo and Kosuke Kurokawa,"Sizing Procedure For Photovoltaic Systems.“

C.P. Kandasamy, P. Prabu, K.Niruba, "Solar Potential Assessment Using PVSYST Software," IEEE, 2013

Chin Kim Gan, Pi Hua Tan, Shamsudin Khalid,"System Performance Comparison Between Crystalline and Thin-Film

Technologies under Dierent Installation Conditions," 2013 IEEE Conference on Clean Energy and Technology (CEAT), pp.

362-367,2013.

Dr. Ajit P. Tyagi, "Solar Radiant Energy Over India,"Indian Meteorological Department., India,1988.

"Performance of Solar Power Plants In India," CERC, New Delhi. Feb. 2011.

"Central Electricity Regulatory Commission," CERC, New Delhi. Mar. 2015.

Matt Cambell,"The Drivers of the Levelized Cost of Electricity for Utility Scale Photovoltaics," Sun Power, 2008.

http://mnre.gov.in/schemes/grid-connected/solar/, India

http://nedcap.gov.in/Home.aspx

http://www.nrel.gov/pv/

http://pvwatts.nrel.gov/

http://solardat.uoregon.edu/SunChartProgram.html

http://www.otilt.com/index.php

http://www.imdaws.com/ViewRadiationData.aspx

Bijli Bachao Team,July 2015 https://www.bijlibachao.com/solar/solar-panel-cell-cost-price-list-in-india.html.

http://pvinsights.com/

www.arduino.cc

www.globemotors.com

THANK YOU