my/o – muscle oblique – angled fasci/o – fascia -lysis – breakdown ten/o – tendon -plegia...
TRANSCRIPT
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My/o – muscle Oblique – angled Fasci/o – fascia -lysis – breakdown Ten/o – tendon -plegia – paralysis Kinesi/o – movement Rectus – straight Ton/o – tone Transverse – crosswise Sphincter – ring-like -cele – swelling, hernia, tumor -trophy – growth or development Fibr/o – fiber, connective tissue
Muscular System Terms
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Muscle Types Skeletal: striated, voluntary Cardiac: only in heart, striated, involuntary Smooth/Visceral: walls of organs, not striated, involuntary
Muscular System
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Functions
Movement Posture maintenance Heat generation (3/4 of energy produced by
ATP escapes as heat) Stabilization of joints Protection of some internal organs
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Skeletal Muscle
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Muscle: Organ
Consists of hundreds to thousands of muscle cells (fibers)
Covered by epimysium (connective tissue that binds muscles into functional groups)
Blood vessels & nerve fibers Fascicle: portion of muscle (bundle of muscle
cells surrounded by perimysium)
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Skeletal Muscle Fiber = Muscle Cell
Striated, elongated, multinucleate Surrounded by endomysium (connective
tissue) or sarcolemma Sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) inside each
muscle cell: set of interconnecting tubules Composed of actin & myosin
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Microscopic Anatomy
Myofibril: complex organelle composed of bundles of myofilaments; banded
Sarcomere: contractile unit composed of myofilaments made of contractile protein
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Myofilaments: 2 Types
Actin (thin) filament: long bead like strands (twisted double strand of pearls); tropomyosin & troponin on beaded strand
Myosin (thick) filament: rod-like tail with two globular heads
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Contraction of Muscle Fiber
Sarcomeres shorten myofibrils shorten
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Sliding Filament Theory of Contraction
Crossbridge Attachment: activated myosin heads are strongly attracted to exposed binding sites on actin & crossbridge binding occurs
Power Stroke: as myosin head binds, it changes from high energy configuration to its bent, low-energy shape, which causes head to pull on thin filament, sliding it toward center of sarcomere
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Neuromuscular Junction
Site where nerve & muscle fiber meet Acetylcholine (ACh): neurotransmitter that
relays message from nerve to muscle fiber Acetylcholinesterase (AChE): An enzyme that
breaks down ACh
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Contraction of Skeletal Muscle
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Motor Unit
Motor neuron & all the muscle fibers it supplies Fine control: fingers, eyes < 150 muscle
fibers per motor neuron Less precise control: hips, legs > 150
muscle fibers per motor neuron
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Muscle Fiber Types
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Slow-Twitch Fatigue Resistant Fibers
Red color reflects plentiful supply of myoglobin which stores oxygen
Abundant mitochondria Good blood supply Specialized for endurance Example: long distance runners
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Fast Twitch Fatigable Fibers
White fibers Contract rapidly Few mitochondria but large glycogen reserves Extremely powerful but fatigue quickly Example: sprinters
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Smooth Muscle
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Microscopic Structure & Arrangement of Smooth Muscle
Spindle shaped cells One centrally located nucleus No striations present
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Types of Smooth Muscles
Single Unit Smooth Muscle (most common)
a.k.a. Visceral Muscle Multiunit Smooth Muscle
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Interactions of Skeletal Muscles
Groups of muscles work either together or in opposition to achieve a wide variety of movements
Muscles can only pull, NEVER push Contraction ONLY Insertion: attachment on movable bone Origin: fixed or immovable point of attachment
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Prime Movers/Agonists: assume major responsibility for movement
Antagonists: muscles that oppose, or reverse, a particular movement
Synergists: promote the same movement or reduce undesirable movements
Fixators: immobilize a bone or muscle’s origin
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My/o – muscle Oblique – angled Fasci/o – fascia -lysis – breakdown Ten/o – tendon -plegia – paralysis Kinesi/o – movement Rectus – straight Ton/o – tone Transverse – crosswise Sphincter – ring-like -cele – swelling, hernia, tumor -trophy – growth or development Fibr/o – fiber, connective tissue
Muscular System Terms