N-3 Omega-The Miracles of Today’s N-3 Omega-The Miracles of Today’s Nutrition. What about future.? Nutrition. What about future.?

Dr. Ugur GogusDr. Ugur Gogus

Middle East Technical UniversityMiddle East Technical University

Vocational School of Higher EducationVocational School of Higher Education

Tel: +903122103653Tel: +903122103653

Fax:+903122101239Fax:+903122101239

gugur@metu.edu.trgugur@metu.edu.tr

The very long chain The very long chain polyunsaturated polyunsaturated

fatty acidsfatty acids

C C1818, C, C2020, C, C2222

HealthHealth

ωω 1515 12 12 9 9 COOH COOH

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega -3)Alpha-linolenic acid (omega -3)

12 9 12 9 COOHCOOH

Linoleic acid (omega-6)Linoleic acid (omega-6)

Arachidonic acidArachidonic acid 1414 the highest double bond locantthe highest double bond locant

2020 total C total C ##

20-14:6(20-14:6(ωω6)6)

Oleic acidOleic acid 18- 9: 9(18- 9: 9(ωω9)9)

ω

ωω 1515 12 12 9 9 COOH COOH

Alpha-linolenic acid (omega -3)Alpha-linolenic acid (omega -3)

12 9 12 9 COOHCOOH

Linoleic acid (omega-6)Linoleic acid (omega-6)

Prostaglandins Prostaglandins blood vessels blood blood vessels blood

circulationcirculation

body functionsbody functions

ω

n-6 omega PUFAsn-6 omega PUFAs

Linoleic acid(LA)Linoleic acid(LA) Arachidonic acid(AA) Arachidonic acid(AA)

PGEPGE22; TXA; TXA22 Leukotriene B Leukotriene B44 IL-2 IL-6 IL-2 IL-6 TNF IL-1TNF IL-1

neutrophil neutrophil

recruitment immunosuppressiverecruitment immunosuppressive

free oxygen radicalsfree oxygen radicals

vascular permeabilityvascular permeability

platelet aggregation platelet aggregation

odemaodema

thrombogenesis and inflammationthrombogenesis and inflammation

EFAEFA cholesterol cholesterol cytochrome P450 cytochrome P450 BrainBrain

AA(n-6)AA(n-6) steroid hormone steroid hormone

LN(n-3)LN(n-3)

Dihomo Dihomo αα-LN(n-3)-LN(n-3) Sugar transferSugar transfer CTH hormoneCTH hormone

LA(n-6)LA(n-6)

reducereduce

PGEPGE22; LTB; LTB44 IL-2 IL-6 TNF TXA IL-2 IL-6 TNF TXA2 2 IL-1IL-1

produce awakening neutrophil rec. Vasc.perm, platelet agg, odemaproduce awakening neutrophil rec. Vasc.perm, platelet agg, odema

1 series eicosanoids PGE1 series eicosanoids PGE33 Inflammation Inflammation

PGEPGE11 PGD PGD22

PGIPGI33

Sleep promoterSleep promoter reducereduceEPA(C20:5)&DHA(C22:6)EPA(C20:5)&DHA(C22:6)

TXATXA33 + LTB + LTB55

AA%AA%

AA/LNAA/LN conversion rateconversion rate

inflammationinflammation

dihomo α linolenic acid (LN)%

TNFTNF

n-3 omega restorationn-3 omega restoration T-suppressor cell T-suppressor cell amountamount

antiinflammatory effectantiinflammatory effect

eczemaeczema

psoriasispsoriasis

rheumatoid arthritisrheumatoid arthritis

IBDIBD

Chron’s diseaseChron’s disease

Stenson et al.(1992)/Hawthorne et al.(1992)Stenson et al.(1992)/Hawthorne et al.(1992) n-3 n-3 Omega; 5.4-4.5gOmega; 5.4-4.5g

Colon mucosaColon mucosa

post operative healingpost operative healing

amount ???amount ???

oxidation ???oxidation ???

Vit Vit EE

AA(n-6)AA(n-6) LA(n-6)LA(n-6)

PGEPGE22

IL-1 IL-1 LTB4 LTB4 TNFTNF

OFROFR Hypercholesterolemic Hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosisatherosclerosis

AA(n-6)AA(n-6) LA(n-6)LA(n-6)

PGEPGE22

IL-1IL-1 LTBLTB44 TNFTNF

OFROFR Hypercholesterolemic Hypercholesterolemic atherosclerosisatherosclerosis

n-3 omega oxidation(7.7 g/daily)n-3 omega oxidation(7.7 g/daily)

Oxidation of red blood cellsOxidation of red blood cells

LDL oxidation (Nardini, 1995)LDL oxidation (Nardini, 1995)

No difference(Brude et al. 1997)No difference(Brude et al. 1997)

Are n-3 omega fatty acids oxidants or Are n-3 omega fatty acids oxidants or antioxidants?antioxidants?

Se, carotenoid Se, carotenoid CancerCancer

Dietary fatDietary fat ObesityObesity

NaNa HypertensionHypertension

alcoholalcohol StrokeStroke

n-3 omegan-3 omega CHD CHD

n-3 omega(5,4 g/day)n-3 omega(5,4 g/day) PGEPGE22 & & thromboxanesthromboxanes

thrombosis,fibrilation & clot formation thrombosis,fibrilation & clot formation

CH amountCH amount

HDLHDL

Schacky et al(1999)Schacky et al(1999) 2 year follow up 2 year follow up

n-3 omega 3 g/70 Kg/7dayn-3 omega 3 g/70 Kg/7day

LDLLDL VLDL VLDL(Lu, Windsor and Harris, (Lu, Windsor and Harris,

1999)1999)

CHCH VLDLVLDL HDL (Rader 2003; Barbeau HDL (Rader 2003; Barbeau et al. 1997; et al. 1997; Allman et Allman et al. 2002; Liu, Wallin & al. 2002; Liu, Wallin & Saldeen, 2001)Saldeen, 2001)

Protein kinase CProtein kinase C NONO (Schoene 2001; El-seweidy et (Schoene 2001; El-seweidy et al. 2002)al. 2002)

n-3 omegan-3 omega creatin phosphokinasecreatin phosphokinase MIMI

Saturated fat(coconut)Saturated fat(coconut) MI MI

Nageswari,Banerjee & Menon Nageswari,Banerjee & Menon 1999)1999)

prevention in post myocardial infarctionprevention in post myocardial infarction

n-3 omegan-3 omega

ischemia-induced aryhtmiasischemia-induced aryhtmias

<3 g/day EPA&DHA <3 g/day EPA&DHA GRASGRAS

Lee and Lip(2003)Lee and Lip(2003)Leaf et al(2003)Leaf et al(2003)

n-6 omega & n-3 omegan-6 omega & n-3 omega

PCBPCB

Linoleic acidLinoleic acid endothelial cell wallendothelial cell wall

Slim et al.(2001)Slim et al.(2001)

n-3 omegan-3 omega NADPH oxidaseNADPH oxidase

Cellular protectionCellular protection

Immun system defense Immun system defense

Diabetes MellitusDiabetes Mellitus plasma glucoseplasma glucosefructosaminefructosaminetriglyseridetriglyserideLDLLDLHDLHDLNONOIL-1 & TNFIL-1 & TNF

n-3 omegan-3 omega LDLLDLIL-1 & TNFIL-1 & TNF

serum glucoseserum glucose ??(El-seweidy et al.2002; Gavia et al. 2003)(El-seweidy et al.2002; Gavia et al. 2003)

n-3 omegan-3 omega

Platelet aggregationPlatelet aggregation

bile flowbile flow

kidneykidney

(Levy & Herzberg 1996)(Levy & Herzberg 1996)

EPAEPA TNFTNFweight gain weight gain (Fish oil & soy bean; Fish oil)(Fish oil & soy bean; Fish oil)

tumorigenesistumorigenesis

Colorectal cancerColorectal cancer flaxseed flaxseedPancreas cancerPancreas cancer fish oil fish oil

soy oilsoy oil olive oilolive oil

PGEPGE2 2 canola oil canola oil

((Gavia et al. 2003; Gogos et al. 1998; Gavia et al. 2003; Gogos et al. 1998; Barber et al. 1999: Gavia et al. 2003; Troyer& fernandes, 1996; Denmark-Wahnefried et al. Barber et al. 1999: Gavia et al. 2003; Troyer& fernandes, 1996; Denmark-Wahnefried et al. 1998)1998)

Phospholipids +Phospholipids + PGEPGE2 2

DepressionDepression StressStress Postpartum depressionPostpartum depression AlzheimerAlzheimer ParkinsonParkinson MSMS SchizophreniaSchizophrenia

(Horrobin et al. 2002; Maes et al. 1993; Song et al. 1998;Hibbeln, 1998; Edwars et (Horrobin et al. 2002; Maes et al. 1993; Song et al. 1998;Hibbeln, 1998; Edwars et al. 1998; Peet et al. 1998; Furukawa et al. 2002; Horribin et al. 2001)al. 1998; Peet et al. 1998; Furukawa et al. 2002; Horribin et al. 2001)

Omega 6 / Omega 3Omega 6 / Omega 3 10/110/1 15/115/1 16.7/116.7/1 2.5/12.5/1colorectal cancercolorectal cancer 4/14/1 no effectno effect 2-3/12-3/1 rheumatoid arthritisrheumatoid arthritis 5/1 5/1 asthmaasthma

(Simopoulos AP, 2002)(Simopoulos AP, 2002)

Flax oilFlax oil 9% Sat. Fat 20% Mono Fat 17% Omega-6 54% Omega-3 9% Sat. Fat 20% Mono Fat 17% Omega-6 54% Omega-3

Grapeseed oilGrapeseed oil 10% Sat. Fat 17% Mono. Fat 73% Omega-6 Trace Omega-3 10% Sat. Fat 17% Mono. Fat 73% Omega-6 Trace Omega-3

Pumpkin OilPumpkin Oil 9% Sat. Fat 34% Mono. Fat 42% Omega-6 15% Omega-3 9% Sat. Fat 34% Mono. Fat 42% Omega-6 15% Omega-3

Canola OilCanola Oil 6% Sat. Fat 58% Mono. Fat 26% Omega-6 10% Omega-3 6% Sat. Fat 58% Mono. Fat 26% Omega-6 10% Omega-3

Safflower OilSafflower Oil 9% Sat. Fat 13% Mono. Fat 78% Omega-6 Trace% Omega-3 9% Sat. Fat 13% Mono. Fat 78% Omega-6 Trace% Omega-3

Sunflower OilSunflower Oil 11% Sat. Fat 20% Mono. Fat 69% Omega-6 -0% Omega-3 11% Sat. Fat 20% Mono. Fat 69% Omega-6 -0% Omega-3

Sesame OilSesame Oil 15% Sat. Fat 46% Mono. Fat 41% Omega-6 0% Omega-3 15% Sat. Fat 46% Mono. Fat 41% Omega-6 0% Omega-3

Corn OilCorn Oil 13% Sat. Fat 25% Mono. Fat 61% Omega-6 1% Omega-3 13% Sat. Fat 25% Mono. Fat 61% Omega-6 1% Omega-3

Olive OilOlive Oil 14% Sat. Fat 77% Mono. Fat 8% Omega-6 1% Omega-3 14% Sat. Fat 77% Mono. Fat 8% Omega-6 1% Omega-3

Soybean OilSoybean Oil 15% Sat. Fat 24% Mono. Fat 54% Omega-6 7% Omega-3 15% Sat. Fat 24% Mono. Fat 54% Omega-6 7% Omega-3

Walnut OilWalnut Oil 16% Sat. Fat 28% Mono. Fat 51% Omega-6 5% Omega-3 16% Sat. Fat 28% Mono. Fat 51% Omega-6 5% Omega-3

Peanut OilPeanut Oil 18% Sat. Fat 48% Mono. Fat 34% Omega-6 0% Omega-3 18% Sat. Fat 48% Mono. Fat 34% Omega-6 0% Omega-3

LardLard 41% Sat. Fat 47% Mono. Fat 11% Omega-6 1% Omega-3 41% Sat. Fat 47% Mono. Fat 11% Omega-6 1% Omega-3

Chicken FatChicken Fat 31% Sat. Fat 47% Mono. Fat 21% Omega-6 1% Omega-3 31% Sat. Fat 47% Mono. Fat 21% Omega-6 1% Omega-3

Beef Fat Beef Fat 52% Sat. Fat 44% Mono. Fat 3% Omega-6 1% Omega-352% Sat. Fat 44% Mono. Fat 3% Omega-6 1% Omega-3

ButterfatButterfat 66% Sat. Fat 30% Mono. Fat 2% Omega-6 2% Omega-3 66% Sat. Fat 30% Mono. Fat 2% Omega-6 2% Omega-3

Coconut OilCoconut Oil 92% Sat. Fat 6% Mono. Fat 2% Omega-6 0% Omega-3 92% Sat. Fat 6% Mono. Fat 2% Omega-6 0% Omega-3

Palm OilPalm Oil 51% Sat. Fat 39% Mono. Fat 10% Omega-6 0% Omega-3 51% Sat. Fat 39% Mono. Fat 10% Omega-6 0% Omega-3

αα linolenic acid linolenic acid Fat content/Fat content/αα linolenic acidlinolenic acid

Fat content(g/100g) / Fat content(g/100g) / αα-linolenic acid(g/100g) : -linolenic acid(g/100g) : ButterButter 83.2 83.2 1.201.20 69.369.3LardLard 100.0100.0 0.980.98 102.04102.04Linseed oilLinseed oil 100.0100.0 54.254.2 1.841.84Soybean oilSoybean oil 100.0100.0 7.707.70 12.9812.98Rapseed oilRapseed oil 100.0100.0 9.159.15 10.9310.93Walnut oilWalnut oil 100.0100.0 13.513.5 7.407.40Olive oilOlive oil 100.0100.0 0.860.86 625625Vegetable oilVegetable oil 80.0 80.0 2.402.40 33.333.3AlmondsAlmonds 54.1 54.1 0.260.26 208.07208.07HazelnutHazelnut 61.6 61.6 0.150.15 410.6410.6WalnutsWalnuts 62.5 62.5 6.806.80 9.199.19KaleKale 0.90 0.90 0.350.35 2.572.57LettuceLettuce 0.22 0.22 0.070.07 3.143.14ParsleyParsley 0.36 0.36 0.120.12 3.003.00PotatoPotato 0.11 0.11 0.020.02 5.55.5CauliflowerCauliflower 0.18 0.18 0.100.10 1.81.8SpinachSpinach 0.30 0.30 0.130.13 2.312.31White cabbageWhite cabbage 0.20 0.20 0.090.09 2.222.22Wheat branWheat bran 4.65 4.65 0.160.16 29.0629.06

Fat contentFat content EPA(g/100g) EPA(g/100g) DHA(g/100g) DHA(g/100g)

fat content/EPA(g/100g)fat content/EPA(g/100g)+DHA(g/100g)+DHA(g/100g)fat content(g/100g) EPA+DHA(g/100g)fat content(g/100g) EPA+DHA(g/100g) fat fat

content/EPA+DHA(g/100g)content/EPA+DHA(g/100g) EelEel 24.524.5 0.830.83 29.5129.51

HeringHering 17.817.8 2.722.72 6.546.54

SpratSprat 16.616.6 3.233.23 5.145.14

TunaTuna 15.515.5 3.373.37 4.604.60

SalmonSalmon 13.613.6 2.862.86 4.764.76

MackerelMackerel 11.911.9 1.751.75 6.86.8

CarpCarp 4.84.8 0.300.30 1616

SardineSardine 4.54.5 1.391.39 3.24*3.24*

SwordfishSwordfish 4.44.4 1.791.79 2.45*2.45*

TroutTrout 2.72.7 0.590.59 4.584.58

HalibutHalibut 1.71.7 0.510.51 3.33*3.33*

CodCod 0.60.6 0.180.18 3.33*3.33*

HaddockHaddock 0.60.6 0.160.16 3.75*3.75*

LobsterLobster 1.91.9 0.200.20 9.59.5

ShrimpShrimp 1.41.4 0.300.30 4.664.66

MusselsMussels 1.41.4 0.150.15 9.339.33

AnchovyAnchovy 2.32.3 0.500.50 4.604.60

SardineSardine 13.913.9 2.442.44 5.705.70

Which fish for high Omega 3Which fish for high Omega 3Consumer education Consumer education

& correct information& correct information

Which tablet & nutrition for Which tablet & nutrition for consumer health???consumer health???

CinnamonCinnamonGarlicGarlicParsleyParsleyGinkgo blobaGinkgo blobaTebocanTebocanCumadinCumadinAspirin/coraspirinAspirin/coraspirinGingerGingerOmega 3Omega 3

Infant nutrition/upto Infant nutrition/upto day 42day 42

n-3 omega PUFAsn-3 omega PUFAs pyschomotor pyschomotor++

birthweightbirthweight

+ N balance+ N balance breast milk supl. breast milk supl. with omega 3 and with omega 3 and

its effect??? its effect???

(Woltil et al. 1999;Hayashi et al. 1999; Morley. (Woltil et al. 1999;Hayashi et al. 1999; Morley. 1998)1998)

Omega & meat industryOmega & meat industry

PeroxidePeroxide poultry fed with 8-12% fish mealpoultry fed with 8-12% fish meal(O’Keefe, Proudfoot & Ackman, 1995)(O’Keefe, Proudfoot & Ackman, 1995)

No changeNo change lamb oxidative stresslamb oxidative stress(Ponnampalam et al, 2001)(Ponnampalam et al, 2001)

Oxidative or nonoxidant or no change for meat products, Oxidative or nonoxidant or no change for meat products, which??which??

Enrichment of meat products with n-3 Enrichment of meat products with n-3 ΩΩ (Raes, Smet & Demeyer, 2003)(Raes, Smet & Demeyer, 2003)

What about serum CH & n-3What about serum CH & n-3ΩΩ levels followed by levels followed by consumption.??consumption.??

No study on bone No study on bone health!!!health!!!

Only; lenght growthOnly; lenght growth

rats, fed with n-3rats, fed with n-3ΩΩ

vertebral peak loadvertebral peak load

(Sirois, Cheung & Ward, 2003)(Sirois, Cheung & Ward, 2003)

Application points of n-3 Application points of n-3 ΩΩ Aerospace industryAerospace industry

Cardiovascular disease; Cardiovascular disease; atherosclerosis, atherosclerosis, athrial fibrilosis, athrial fibrilosis,

thrombose & embolythrombose & emboly

Cancer Cancer (esp in gastrointestinal org.)(esp in gastrointestinal org.)

Diabetes type 2Diabetes type 2 Depression&stressDepression&stress Inflammation; Inflammation; crohn’s disease, rheumatoid crohn’s disease, rheumatoid

arthritis, asthma, MS, chronic arthritis, asthma, MS, chronic glomerular disease, erythematıosus, glomerular disease, erythematıosus, eczema, psoriasis, IBD)eczema, psoriasis, IBD)

Infant nutritionInfant nutrition Pre/post operative periods in Pre/post operative periods in

surgerysurgery AlzheimerAlzheimer

Questions;Questions;

11 What amount DHA&EPA supl. What amount DHA&EPA supl.

forfor

Which DHA&EPA metabolic serum Which DHA&EPA metabolic serum

levels levels ??

Initial n-3/n-6 omega serum levels in the patientInitial n-3/n-6 omega serum levels in the patient The DHA/EPA amount in supplementation(from food The DHA/EPA amount in supplementation(from food

or tablet)or tablet)

Most accepted recommendMost accepted recommend?? (by FAO/WHO)(Trautwein 2001)(by FAO/WHO)(Trautwein 2001)

5-10:1(n-6/n-3)5-10:1(n-6/n-3)

10/1 no effect15/1 16.7/12.5/1 colorectal cancer4/1 no effect2-3/1 rheumatoid arthritis5/1 asthma

(Simopoulos AP, 2002)

Missing application points;Missing application points;

Bone&skleton healthBone&skleton health Consumer education and correct Consumer education and correct

dosedose Oxidation or antioxidation capacityOxidation or antioxidation capacity Meat hygine and nutritionMeat hygine and nutrition Sport industrySport industry Cosmetic industryCosmetic industry

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