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sagamomcemlo saxli

b i o l o g i a

V I I I k l a s i

n. zaaliSvili n. iosebaSvili

sagamomcemlo saxli `triasi~Tbilisi, robaqiZis gamziri 7.

tel.: +995 32 2 51 52 06mob.: +995 99 56 04 35

+995 79 49 77 99www.triasi.ge

Email: infotriasi@gmail.com

redaqtori: x. klauteqredaqtori: g. CiqviniZemxatvrebi : l. cxondia n. kemularia b. duRaSvilidizaini dakomp. uzrunvelyofa: g. tabliaSvili l. siWinava

I ujredis qimiuri Semadgenloba§1. araorganuli nivTierebebi: wyali da mineraluri marilebi. .......................7araorganuli nivTierebebis mniSvneloba ujredisTvis.organuli nivTierebebi _ naxSirwylebi, lipidebi, cilebi, nukleinis mJavebi. maTi Tvisebebi da mniSvneloba ujredisTvis

II qsovilebi§2. adamianis organizmis qsovilebis agebuleba da funqciebi ...........................15epiTeluri, SemaerTebeli, kunTovani, nervuli qsovili

III sayrden-mamoZravebeli sistema§3. Zvlovani sistema .....................................................................................................................21Zvlis agebulebaadamianis ConCxiZvalTa SeerTebis tipebi§4. kunTovani sistema ...................................................................................................................27ConCxis ganivzoliani kunTis mdebareoba da funqciebigluvi kunTis mdebareoba da funqciebigulis kunTis mdebareoba da funqciebitanadobis darRveva

IV saWmlis momnelebeli sistema§5. saWmlis momnelebeli sistemis daniSnuleba ...........................................................37moneleba piris RruSi

IV saWmlis momnelebeli sistema§6. sakvebis moneleba kuWSi ......................................................................................................43sakvebis moneleba Tormetgoja nawlavSi§7. moneleba da Sewova wvril nawlavSi .............................................................................48msxvili nawlavi, misi funqciebidefekacia

V sisxli da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema§8. organizmis Sinagani garemo ..............................................................................................53sisxlis Sedgeniloba da funqciebi

V sisxli da sisxlis mimoqcevis sistema§9. gulis agebuleba da muSaoba ..............................................................................................62sisxlis mimoqcevis didi da mcire wresisxlZarRvebis agebulebasisxlis wneva, pulsi

s a r C e v i

VI sasunTqi sistema§10. sunTqva ........................................................................................................................................72sunTqvis mniSvneloba organizmisTvissasunTqi sistemis organoebi da funqciebi§11. gazTa cvla filtvebSi .......................................................................................................76gazTa cvla qsovilebSifiltvebis sasicocxlo tevadoba

VII eqskretoruli sistema§12. eqskrecia. misi mniSvneloba ...........................................................................................84nivTierebaTa cvlis saboloo produqtebi eqskretoruli organoebi

VIII reproduqciuli sistema§13. mamakacis sasqeso organoebi ..........................................................................................91qalis sasqeso organoebiCanasaxis ganviTareba§14. naadrevi qorwineba ..............................................................................................................97§15. sqesobrivi gziT gadamdebi infeqciebi ...................................................................100

IX endokrinuli sistema§16. endokrinuli sistemis moqmedebis principebi ....................................................103hormonebi _ informaciis gadamtani molekulebi

IX endokrinuli sistema§17. farisebri jirkvali. Tiroqsini, misi moqmedebis meqanizmi ......................107farisebraxlo jirkvali. parathormoni, misi moqmedebis meqanizmi§18. kuWqveSa jirkvali. insulini da glukagoni ..........................................................113 maTi moqmedebis meqanizmiTirkmelzeda jirkvali. adrenalini. misi moqmedebis meqanizmi§19 sasqeso hormonebi. androgenebi, estrogenebi .......................................................118maTi moqmedebis meqanizmebihipofizi _ zrdis hormoni. misi moqmedebis meqanizmi

X nervuli sistema§20. nervuli sistemis mniSvneloba ......................................................................................124neironis agebuleba. neironis tipebizurgis tvinis agebuleba da misi funqciebi§21. Tavis tvini ................................................................................................................................134ukana tvini, Sua tvini, wina tvini agebuleba da funqciebi§22.fsiqoaqtiuri nivTierebebi .............................................................................................142

XI grZnobaTa organoebi§23. grZnobaTa organoebis receptorebi ..........................................................................150mxedvelobis organos agebuleba. mxedvelobis receptorebiaxlomxedveloba da Sorsmxedveloba

§24. smenis organo. agebuleba da funqciebi ....................................................................157wonasworobis organo. agebuleba da funqciebi§25.ynosvis organo. ynosvis receptorebi da maTi funqciebi ..............................163 gemovnebis organo. gemovnebis receptorebi da maTi funqciebi

XII kani§26. kanis agebuleba ......................................................................................................................166kanis funqciebi

XIII umaRlesi nervuli moqmedeba§27. pirobiTi refleqsebis warmoqmnis meqanizmi ......................................................171Sekavebis saxeebi da maTi mniSvneloba

p i r o b i T i n i S n e b i

sakiTxebis CamonaTvali, romelzec unda moxdes moswavlis yura­d Rebis gamaxvileba

daskvniTi nawili

eqsperimenti, praqtikuli samuSao. tabulebis, cxrilebis, diag­ramebisa da eqsperimentis Sedegebis analizi.

kiTxvebi

testebi

rTuli kiTxvebi

informaciis moZieba, referatis momzadeba da prezentacia

damatebiTi informacia da zogierTi rCeva paragrafSi ganxilul TemasTan dakavSirebiT

modelis Seqmna

sakvanZo sityvebi internetSi damatebiTi informaciis mosaZieb­lad, internetmisamarTebi

gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli kiTxva

gakveTilis teqstSi CarTuli cda

§1

araorganuli nivTierebebi: wyali da mineraluri marilebi. araorganuli nivTierebebis mniSvneloba ujredisTvis.organuli nivTierebebi _ naxSirwylebi, lipidebi, cilebi, nukleinis mJavebi. maTi Tvisebebi da mniSvneloba ujredisTvis

Cvens ujredebs, warmoSobis, formis, zomisa da funqciis miuxedavad, msgavsi qimiuri Sedgeniloba aqvs _ isini araorganul da organul nivTierebebs Seicaven.

organuli nivTierebebi mxolod cocxal organizmebSi warmo­iqmneba da swored aqedan warmosdga maTi saxelwodeba. araorganuli nivTierebebi ki gvxvdeba rogorc cocxal, ise aracocxal bunebaSi.

1 daasaxele SenTvis cnobili araorganuli da organuli niv Tie­rebebi.

ujredis forma da mocu lo ba wylis Semcvelobazea damo ki de bu­li.

wyali kargi gamxsnelia. uj red ­Si arsebuli araorganuli niv Tie­rebebis umetesoba mari lia. wya li maT molekulebs cal keul ionebad Slis da gars ertymis _ marili wyalSi ixsneba. ionebi Tavisuflad moZraoben wyal Si da advilad Sedian qi mi ur re aq ci aSi, amitom qimiur re aq ciaTa um ravlesoba ujredSi wyal xsnarebSi mimdinareobs.

qimiuri gardaqmnebis gareSe ki sicocxle ar arsebobs.marili wyalSi gaxsnisas

ionebad iSleba

1. marilis kristali; 2. wylis molekula; 3. ioni xsnarSi.

1

2

3

+

+

+ +

+

++

Na+

Na+

Na+

Cl-

Cl- Cl-

I ujredis qimiuri Sedgeniloba

araorganuli nivTierebebi

7

K+

F

Na+

sakvebi produqtebis umrav le soba natriums mcire raodenobiT Se icavs, amitom sakvebs sufris ma rils vuma tebT.

ici, ratom girCeven mSoblebi da Ji­nebiT vaSlis Wamas?

vaSlSi bevri rkinaa, rome lic eriT ­rocitSi arsebuli hemo glo bi nis SenebaSi monawi leobs. hemo g lo bini Jangbads ikavSirebs fil t veb Si da eriTrocitebs is yvela or ganosTan miaqvs.

kaTionebidan organizmisTvis gansakuTrebuli mniSvneloba Na+­s, K+­s, Mg++­sa da Fe++­s aqvs.

Na+­isa da K+­is araTanabari ganawileba neironis (nervuli uj re dis) membranis gareT da SigniT nervuli impulsis warmoqmnis sa fuZ velia. es ki Cveni nervuli sistemisa da kunTebis normalur muSaobas uzrunvelyofs.

ici, ratom iyeneben sakvebSi iodizebul marils?

iodi, Tumca, mcire raodenobiT, magram mainc sWirdeba Cvens organizms. misi nak­leboba bavSvebSi zrdis SeCerebasa da go­nebriv CamorCenilobas iwvevs.

ftori kbi lis mi nanqris Sedgeni lobaSi Sedis. minanqari mtkice nivTierebaa, ro me­lic kbils meqanikuri da zi anebisa da baq­teriebisgan icavs.

hemoglobini rkinas Seicavs.

kbilis sigrZivi Wrili

minanqari

Na+­isa da K+­is gadanawileba neironis membranis gareT da SigniT

Fe++

eriTrocitebi

8

2 kbilis pastebis Se Ze nisas, romel maT gans mi­a ni Web upiratesobas?

kalciumis uxsnadi mariliT, kalciumis fos­fa tiT aris agebuli Cveni ConCxi. es marili Zvlis qsovilis SedgenilobaSi Sedis da mas simtkices aniWebs.

gsmenia raqitis Sesaxeb?am daavadebis dros ZvalSi kalciumis fos fatis

raodenoba mcirdeba, amitom is simagres kargavs da mruddeba.

Ca++ Sedis Zvlebis SedgenilobaSi.

Sedis Zvlebis Sedis Zvlebis

Ca3(PO4

)2

Seni kvebis racionis Sedgenisas, gaiTva liswine mineraluri mari le­bis Semcveloba sxvadasxva produqtSi.

Ca

FeI

K

banani

yveli

zRvis produqtebi

xorci barda lobio

kartofili

rZe

gargari

araqisi

9

naxSirwylebs Saqrebsac uwodeben. es sityva sitkbos asociacias iw­vevs da Sen, albaT, sakvebi Saqari da Tafli gagaxsenda.

Tafli, marTlac, ori martivi naxSirwylis _ glukozisa da fruq­tozis narevs warmoadgens.

sakvebi Saqari ki glukozisa da fruqtozis naerTia, romelsac saqa­roza hqvia.

3 rogor ggonia, ratom daarqves nivTierebas fruqtoza? daasaxele produqtebi, romlebic, Seni azriT, fruqtozas Seicaven.

gacilebiT rTulia naxSirwylebis _ saxameblis, glikogenisa da ce lulozis aRnagoba. isini polimerebs warmoadgenen. `poli~ mravals niSnavs, `meros~ _ erTeuls.

glikogeni da saxa me beli ci­to plazmaSi ma ragdeba: gli ko­geni cxo velur uj redSi, xo lo sa xamebeli mce nareulSi. ma Ti da niS nuleba uj re dis ener gi­iT uzrun velyofaa. ener gia am niv Tierebebis wvis Se degad gamoiyofa.

naxSirwylebis wvis dros gamoyofili energia organizmis zrdas, gamravlebas, moZraobasa da sxva mraval sasicocxlo process xmardeba.

naxSirwyali + O2 CO2 + H2O +

glukoza fruqtoza saqaroza

saxamebeli

celulozis fibrilebi

saxameblis CanarTebi ujredSi

energia

organuli nivTierebebi

ujredSi am naxSirwylebis rolic gansxvavebulia.

10

lipidebi wyalSi uxsnadi nivTierebebia. SenTvis cnobili cximebic lipidebs miekuTvneba.

lipidebs ujredSi mravali daniSnuleba aqvs. maTi erT­erTi mTa­vari roli ujredis energiiT uzrunvelyofaa. maTi wvisas, ujredis naxSirwylebis wvasTan SedarebiT, gacilebiT meti energia gamoiyofa. amitom cocxali organizmebi lipidebs xSirad imarageben.

cilebs proteinebsac uwodeben, rac berZnulad pirvels niSnavs. es makromolekulebi (makro _ didi) marTlac pirvelebi arian im mxriv, rom bunebam maT organizmSi bevri funqcia daakisra.

cilis molekulebi ujredis yvela organoids aSeneben.nebismieri organizmis moZraoba kumSvad cilebzea damokidebuli.cilebis gansakuTrebuli jgufia fermentebi. maT gareSe ujredSi

arc erTi qimiuri gardaqmna ar xdeba. fermentebi aCqareben qimiur gar ­daqmnebs, ris gamoc reaqciebi Cvens organizmSi myisierad mimdi na reobs.

ujredSi aTasobiT sxvadasxva saxis fermentia aRmoCenili. isini awar ­moeben daSlis, sinTezis, Jangvisa da sxva saxis reaqciebs.

fermentebis monawileobiT, SesaZloa, naxSirwylebi organizmSi cximebad gardaiqmnas, cximebi ki _ naxSirwylebad.

Cvens organizmSi SeWril ucxo sxe ulebs, antigenebs _ virusebs, baqteriebs, Sxamebs _ cila­antisxeulebi ebrZvian. an tisxeule­bi ukavSirdeba antigenebs, boWaven maT da akargvineben aqtivobas.

zogierTi cilis molekulebi uj re dis membranebzea moTavsebuli da uj redSi mi­sul sxvadasxvagvar sig nals aRi qvams. aseT cilebs cila­re cep torebi hqvi a.

cilis molekulebs Zalze faqizi agebuleba aqvs. sxvadasxva faq to­ris zemoqmedebiT isini icvlian struqturas. am Tvisebazea dam yarebuli cila­receptorebis moqmedeba, romlebic grZnobaTa or ga noebSia gan­lagebuli. magaliTad, TvalSi arsebuli receptorebi si naT lis moq­medebiT icvlian struqturas, rac sinaTlis aRqmas udevs sa fuZvlad. yurSi ganlagebuli receptorebis struqturaze bgerebi moqmedeben, enis receptorebze _ qimiuri nivTierebebi.

naxSirwyalinaxSirwyali cximi cximifermenti fermenti

antisxeuli antigeni

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Zlieri fizikuri da qimiuri faqtorebis _ maRali temperaturis, sxvadasxva marilisa da mJavebis moqmedebiT cilis struqtura Rrma cvlilebas ganicdis. irRveva misi bunebrivi struqtura da is funqcias kargavs.

4 ratom aris aucilebeli maRali temperaturis (39οC da meti) dros sicxis damwevi medikamentebis miReba?

energetikuli miznebisTvis cilebis daSlas organizmi mxolod uki­duresi gaWirvebis dros mimarTavs, kerZod, maSin, rodesac sxva orga­

dnm­is giganturi molekula ganuzomlad didia sxva organuli nivTierebebis mole ku­lebTan SedarebiT. mas ormagi spiralis for­ma aqvs da Seicavs monakveTebs _ genebs.

TiToeul genSi Cawerilia brZaneba ama Tu im cilis sinTezis Sesaxeb. cilebi ki or ga­nizmis sxvadasxva Tvisebas gana pirobebs.

rnm­is molekulebi dnm­is molekulas brZa­nebis sisruleSi moyvanaSi exmarebian. dnm ­is mo lekulebi Taobidan Taobas gada ece ma. swo­red amitom emsgavsebian Svilebi mSob lebs.

wyals gadamwyveti roli aqvs ujredis Tvisebebis Ca mo ya­libebaSi. ujredSi qimiuri reaqciebis umrav lesoba wyal Si mimdinareobs.naxSirwylebi monawileoben ujredis garsis Sene baSi. nax­Sirwylebs organizmi sawvavad iyenebs.lipidebi wyalSi uxsnadi qimiuri nivTierebebia. li pi debis wvisas gacilebiT meti energia gamoiyofa, nax Sir wylebis wvas­Tan SedarebiT.cilebs proteinebs _ pirvelebs uwodeben, ujredSi maTi mravalgvari daniSnulebis gamo.nukleinis mJavebi informaciuli molekulebia.

nuli nivTierebebis maragi praqti kulad amo­wurulia.

5 ifiqre, ratom `ver imetebs~ organizmi cilebs dasawvavad?

nukleinis mJavebs dezoqsiri bonuklei­nis mJava _ dnm da ribonukleinis mJAava _ rnm miekuTvneba.

dnm­is molekulis modeli

geni

12

wylis Semcveloba gansxvavebulia sxva da sxva asakis ada­mi anis organizmSi.

a. daasaxele bavSvisa da xandazmuli adamianis kans Soris gansxvavebis erT­erTi mizezi.

b. ramden kilograms iwoni? gamoiangariSe ramdeni ki lo gra ­mi wyalia Sens organizmSi da Seadare is Seni ojaxis wev ­rebis monacemebs.

1. ifiqre, ra Sedegebi SeiZleba moh­yves rkinis naklebobas or ga niz­mSi?

2. cnobilia, rom adamiani sa kve bis gareSe gacile biT metxans Zlebs, vidre wylis gareSe. ra ze mi u Ti­Tebs es faqti?

3. romeli grZnoba gvai Zu lebs, ga ­mudmebiT Se vivsoT wylis de fi ci­ti?

wylis procentuli Semcveloba sxvadasxva asakis adamianis organizmSi

Cana

saxi

90

%

axal

So

bil

i 8

0 %

bavS

vi

70 %

zr

das

ru

li

60-6

5 %

moxu

ci

55 %

13

5. ratom urCeven gaxdomis msurvelebs, SezRudon tkbili pro ­duqtebis miReba?

6. ratom ikleben wonaSi adamianebi xangrZlivi SimSDilis Se­de gad?

mcenaris gamtari qsovili gulis kunTovani qovili

4. davuSvaT, Seni amocanaa uj redSi glikogenis aRmoCena. ilus traciaze mocemul ro mel obieqts SearCevdi gamo­sakvlevad? daasabuTe Seni mo sazreba.

ipove araswori wyvili:

geni _ nukleinis mJavafermenti _ cilasaxamebeli _ naxSirwyaliglukoza _ lipidi

naxSirwylebi _ carbohydratesglukoza _ glocosefruqtoza _ fructosesaxamebeli _ starchlipidebi _ lipidscila _ proteincximi _ fatnukleinis mJavebi _ nucleic acidsfermentebi _ ensyms

14