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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies 2020; 7(1): 07-10

ISSN 2347-2677

IJFBS 2020; 7(1): 07-10

Received: 04-11-2019

Accepted: 06-12-2019

Ida Ayu Kade Widiani

Magister Program of Animal

Science, Faculty of Anim. Sci.,

Udayana University, Denpasar-

Bali, Indonesia

I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura

Magister Program of Animal

Science, Faculty of Anim. Sci.,

Udayana University, Denpasar-

Bali, Indonesia

BRT Putri

Magister Program of Animal

Science, Faculty of Anim. Sci.,

Udayana University, Denpasar-

Bali, Indonesia

Corresponding Author:

I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura

Magister Program of Animal

Science, Faculty of Anim. Sci.,

Udayana University, Denpasar-

Bali, Indonesia

Performance of fattening bali cattle on feedlot systems

which are provided by local grass and concentrate

supplementation

Ida Ayu Kade Widiani, I Gusti Nyoman Gde Bidura and BRT Putri

Abstract The purpose of this study was to determine the performance of Bali cattle fattening in the feedlot system

which was fed local grass and concentrate supplementation. A total of 18 fattenening bali cattle with

homogeneous body weight (147.29+8.501 kg) were randomly allotted into three feed treatments. The

three feed treatments were groups of cattle fed only local grass (Po), local grass+1.5kg of rice bran

concentrate (P1); and local grass feed+1.5kg of commercial concentrate (P2), respectively. The results

showed that the body final body weight, body weight gains, feed efficiencies, dry matter and organic

matter digestibility of cattle in the P1 and P2 treatments were significantly different (P<0.05) higher than

in the control (P0) treatment. Supplementation of concentrate in native grass basal diets were not

significantly different (P>0.05) on feed consumption. In conclusion that supplementation of concentrate

feed (rice bran and commercial concentrate) in the fattening Bali cattle with a feedlot system based on

field grass feed can improve the performance of Bali cattle.

Keywords: Body weight gain, rice bran, digestibility, cattle

Introduction

Bali cattle are local cattle which are expected to be excellent animals in providing meat needs,

because Bali cattle have several advantages, namely as beef cattle, the percentage of carcasses

is high, ranging between 54-56% and its adaptability is very good for the environment (Bidura,

2019) [2]. Bali cattle are more tolerant of low quality feed, and have better feed use efficiency

compared to other local cattle and Bali cattle have good genetic quality (Warmadewi et al.,

2019) [21]. According Kesuma et al. (2019a) [9], Bali Province is believed to be the only region

that has pure Balinese cattle, so this germplasm needs to be protected by national policies, so

that it can be optimally utilized and preserved.

Productivity of beef cattle during fattening period was influenced by the feed quality and

quantity given by farmers. When the adequately of feed covered during the growth phase, the

synthesis of body tissue increases (Tahuk et al., 2018) [19]. Such conditions have a positive

effect on the body weight gain and carcass production of the cattle.

Field grass is the main forage for ruminant animals that are often provided by breeders,

because it is easily found around cages and rice fields. Field grass has a high ability to grow,

especially in the tropics, although it is often cut, so it is expected to overcome the availability

of feed to be available continuously. On the other hand, field grass has a very low nutrient

content, which is 6-8% protein; 60% total digestible nutrients; and 28.06% crude fiber

(Mathius et al., 2006) [11].

Natural grass has a low quality, namely low content of crude protein, gross energy, and total

digestible nutrients, with high levels of crude fiber. Field grass contains 8-9% crude protein

and 10-54% TDN (Partama et al., 2017) [15]. If cattle are only given field grass, they cannot

provide enough nutrients to support their productivity, because the nutrients contained in field

grass cannot meet their physiological needs for nutrients, especially protein. Supplementation

of rice bran from 75-225 g/head/day can increase nitrogen utilization in etawah crossbreed

goats fed native forage grass (Siti et al., 2013) [17].

Concentrate supplemental feed needs to be applied in an effort to meet needs nutrients and to

increase cattle productivity. Partama (2017) [15] reports that concentrate is a food ingredient

that is easily digested and contains high nutritional value, so that the availability of food

substances to synthesize body tissue is increasing and can increase livestock productivity.

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com

Concentration supplementation in grass-based feed is carried

out with a view to providing microbial protein-forming

materials such as ammonia (NH3), sufficient folatile fatty

acids (VFA) on the rumen, so that rumen microbial growth

becomes rapid Kim et al. (2018) [7]. The rapid growth of

rumen microbes will increase the population and activity in

digesting crude fiber.

The ratio of different consumption patterns in cattle fattening,

can affect rumen microbes, thus affecting fermentation in the

rumen, which can affect the performance of cattle. Thus,

limited information is available on the effects of different

concentrated ratios, so research is conducted aimed at

evaluating the effect of supplementing different concentrates

in local grass-based feed on the performance of fattening

cattle.

Material And Methods

Experimental design, animals, housing and diets

A total of 18 male Bali cattle aged 1.5 years with initial body

weight (BW) of 147.29+8.501 kg were prepared in this study.

The young male Bali cattle (calves) referred to are calves that

will be fattened (calves) maintained by the "Amerta Sari"

Livestock Farmers Group, in Kesiut Village, Kerambitan Sub-

District, Tabanan Regency, Bali, Indonesia. Cattle were

randomized and placed in individual stall equipped with

different eating and drinking places. All calves used were kept

in one colony enclosure and grouped into 6 groups with

homogeneous body weights. The cages used in this study are

individual cages. The roof of the cage uses asbestos. Each

enclosure was equipped with a feed capacity of 30 kg with a

size of 50x40x50 cm and a manual drinking water container

made of a plastic bucket with a capacity of ± 10 liters. Feedlot

was made of permanent cement, so it cannot be moved by

cattle. Drinking places were placed in the feed, so it is easy to

clean every day. The feed used in this study consisted of two

types of feed, namely: forage as a basic feed and two types of

concentrate. Forage in the form of field grass was given ad

libitum and concentrate as much as 1.5 kg per head per day.

Fattening was done for 90 days, including the adaptation

period for 14 days. Feeding was done two times a day at 7:00

am, and 17:00 pm. Drinking water was available ad libitum.

Feeding of forage and concentrates were carried out

separately. Forage give first, while concentrate was given 60

minutes later after the cattle get forages. Field grass used was

grass that grows around the study area (rice fields and dry

fields).

There were two types of concentrates used in this study,

namely rice bran concentrate and factory concentrate

(MegaPro). All concentrates were made in the form of flour.

Feed were given twice, namely in the morning and evening.

Food and drinking water containers were cleaned every

morning. Drinking water provided for livestock was taken

from spring sources (bore wells). The composition of

ingredients and nutrient content of the ration is presented in

Tables 1 and 2.

Retention and excretion of nutrients

To determine nutrient digestibility values (dry matter and

organic matter digestibility): Feces collection for determining

feed digestibility was conducted over 5 days by using the

technique of the total collection (Harris, 1970)[6]. Feces were

collected daily, weighed, and sprayed with a solution of 10%

formalin to avoid decomposition of feces and lost of N feces.

The sample was dried until the weight constant; furthermore

the samples collected during 5 days was mixed thoroughly,

then 10% of the samples were milled with willey mill of 1

mm diameter for laboratory analysis. Identification of

chemical feed composition was carried out by proximat

analysis according to the AOAC procedure (2005) [1].

Table 1: Composition of feed in rice bran concentrate

Composition of feed (%)

Rice bran 23

Yellow corn 40

Soy bean 34

Gritz 3

Total 100

Table 2: Nutrient content in research feed

Nutrient Native Grass

(P0)

Rice bran

concentrate (P2)

Dry matter (%) 20,79 89,38

Organic matter (%) 72,69 77,27

Crude protein (%) 12,5 21,05

Ether extract (%) 3,89 2,03

Crude fibre (%) 23,71 12,67

Total digestible

nutrient (Kg) 31,24 52,06

Note:

1. Analysis Results at the Animal Nutrition Laboratory, Faculty of

Animal Husbandry, Udayana University

Statistical analysis

Data obtained from the results of this study were analyzed

using one-way analysis of variance, if there were significant

differences between treatments (P<0.05), then followed by

Duncan's multiple range test.

Results and Discussion

The results were presented that the final body weight, body

weight gains, feed conversion ratio (feed consumption:body

weight gains), dry matter and organic matter digestibility, in

groups fed the experimental diets are shown in Table 3.

Supplementation of commercial concentrates (Group P1) and

rice bran concentrates (Group P2) in the local grass basal

rations in fattening cattle, significantly different (P<0.05)

increases the final body weight of cattle, respectively: 10%

and 20% more higher than control group cattle (without

concentrate). Supplementation of 1.5 kg of concentrate per

day to cattle in Groups P1 and P2, significantly (P<0.05) can

increase weight gain, namely: 12% and 13% higher than

controls (P0). Supplementation of 1.5 kg of concentrate per

day to cattle in Groups P1 and P2, apparently had no

significant effect (P>0.05) on feed consumption (grass and

concentrate). The mean FCR in fattening cattle treatment P1

and P2 was significantly different (P<0.05) 12% and 13%

lower than the control treatment (Table 3).

The results showed that supplementation of concentrate in

native grass base feed, significantly (P<0.05) increased the

digestibility of dry matter by 10% (Group P1) and 12%

(Group P2) higher than controls (Group P0). While the

digestibility of organic matter significantly (P<0.05)

increased by 12% and 13% higher than the control (P0).

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com

Table 3: Supplementation of concentrate feed (rice bran and commercial concentrate) in fattening Bali cattle with a feed lot system based on

field grass feed on the performance and feed digestibility

Variables Treatment Group1)

SEM2) P0 P1 P2

Final body weight (kg) 167.37a3) 207.48b 198.67b 15.095

Body weight gains (kg/ head/85day) 18.70a 58.65b 51.00b 11.184

Feed consumption (kg DM/head/85day) 400.35a 422.45a 423.30a 21.852

Native grass (kg DM/head/85day) 288.15a 310.27a 311.11a 8.063

Concentrate (kg DM/head/85day) 112.20a 112.18a 112.19a 0.037

Feed Convertion Ratio (FCR) 21.4b 7.20a 8.30a 3.196

Dry matter digestibility (%) 65.26b 73,72a 72,95a 2.018

Organic matter digestibility (%) 68.04b 77.27a 76.89a 2.714

Note:

1. Bali cattle fed with native grass field ad libitum (P0); plus 1.5 kg of commercial concentrate (P1);

and 1.5 kg of rice bran concentrate (P2).

2. SEM: standard error of treatment means

3. Means with different superscripts within raw values are significantly different (P<0.05)

Supplementation of concentrates in grass-based feed turned

out to be able to increase final body weight and weight gain in

treated cattles. This is due to the concentrate is a nutrient rich

food and easy to digest. As reported by Partama (2017) [15]

that the concentrate will accelerate the body weight gain of

cattle and increase feed efficiency better. One optimization to

get better feed utilization efficiency is to determine the right

amount of concentrate. In Group P1 cattle use commercial

concentrates, so that the content of gums or supplements in

this concentrate is easier to digest cows.

The average daily body weight gain of local beef cattle in

Indonesia is only 0.37 kg, whereas the ideal condition is 0.8-

0.9 kg (Soedjana et al., 2012) [18]. Due to low productivity,

local cattle in Indonesia are more often slaughtered when they

reach 60-80% of their genetic and economic potential

(Diwyanto and Saptati, 2010) [5]. Genetically, according to

Diwyanto and Priyanti (2008) [4], the ideal final weight of

male Bali cattle can reach 300-400 kg. The appearance of Bali

cows (growth, meat quality, child production and milk) can be

improved by increasing the quality of feed supply (Mastika

and Puger, 2009) [12].

The same thing was reported by Yogyantara et al. (2014) [22],

increased administration of concentrate levels in forage-based

rations can increase body composition and 60% concentrate

levels in rations produce optimal body composition in etawah

crossbreed goats.

Supplementation of concentrate in fattening cattle is expected

to increase the concentration of propionic acid in the rumen,

so that the growth of cattle can be optimal. It was reported by

Kim et al. (2018) [7] that the highest propionate concentration

was found in the rumen if cattle were given a high proportion

of concentrate feed, while the highest butyrate concentration

was in the proportion of moderate concentrate. It was also

reported that the high proportion of concentrate produced the

highest total gas in all incubation periods while the highest

methane (CH4) concentration was at the proportion of low and

lowest concentrations in the proportion of moderate

concentrate. In addition, lower feed digestibility is generally

accompanied by a reduction in forage intake and an increase

in the balance between acetate: propionate, which supports

the production of CH4 per unit of forage consumed

(McAllister et al. 1996) [13].

The effect of nutrition will be greater if the treatment begins

at the beginning of the growth period. So growth can be

manipulated by different nutritional treatments (Partama,

2017) [15]. Average daily body weight gain in local cattle

according to Soedjana et al. (2012) [18] were 0.30-0.75 kg/day

for Ongole cross breed or Ongole cattle of; 0.35-0.66 kg/day

for Bali cattle; and 0.25-0.60 kg/day for Madura cattle. This

means that the daily body weight gain of cattle in the study

tends to exceed the average daily body weight gain of local

cattle in general. In Figure 1, the performance of bali bulls

given grass and additional concentrate.

Fig 1: Performance of Balinese cattle fed local grass (left),

supplemented with rice bran concentrate (right)

The FCR average is strongly influenced by the quality or

nutritional content of the feed, as well as the ability of the

cow to use nutrients in the feed for body growth (Kesuma et

al., 2019b) [10]. The average FCR value is obtained from a

comparison of the amount of feed consumed with beef body

weight gain. The higher the FCR value, the lower the

effectiveness of the feed to produce cattle body weight gain.

The average conversion of feed costs to body weight gain is

an economical measure of feed costs that must be incurred to

produce weight gain.

Increasing microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of

fattening cattle is important, because it contributes greatly to

increasing livestock productivity. According to Mullik (2006) [14], around 60-80% of the total protein needed by sapi is

derived from rumen microbial protein. On the other hand, the

maximum potential of rumen microbes to produce microbial

proteins and degraded nutrients in the rumen can be explored

only by providing high-quality feed, namely concentrates

(Verbic, 2002) [20].

In particular, this might cause increased forage consumption,

result in slower digestion and increased rumination (Kim et

al., 2018) [7]. Russell and Wilson (1996) [16] explain that the

main consequence, if the rumen pH<6 is a dramatic decrease

in digestion of crude fiber. This can happen for two reasons;

enzymes needed for the breakdown of crude fiber do not

function effectively at pH<6.0, and the rate of growth of

fibrolytic bacterial activity decreases markedly at low pH.

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International Journal of Fauna and Biological Studies http://www.faunajournal.com

Concentrate digestion is faster than forage digestibility, which

explains the higher total gas production observed in the high

proportion of concentrate. The linear significance of total gas

production shows a direct proportional relationship between

total gas production and the amount of concentrate provided

(Kim et al., 2018) [7]. Concentrated feed has a lower cell wall

component than forage. Therefore, an increase in concentrate

feed has been proposed for CH4 mitigation. However,

commercially produced concentrates vary in nutritional

composition and therefore differ in CH4 production (Kim et

al. 2013) [8]. Cakra et al. (2014) [3] reported that

supplementation of 10% concentrate in 90% forage

significantly increased digestibility of dry matter, organic

matter, crude protein, and crude fiber.

Conclusion

We conclude that supplementation of concentrate feed (rice

bran and commercial concentrate) in fattening Bali cattle with

a feedlot system based on field grass feed can improve the

performance of Bali cattle.

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank to the Rector of Udayana

University and Dean of Faculty of Animal Science, Udayana

University, Denpasar-Bali, Indonesia for their support during

this study including research.

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