nacrew 2013 27 a ugust, quebec

NACREW 201327 August, Quebec

Crop protection in cranberry crops and honeybee safety

Madeleine Chagnon, entomologist, Ph.D.Jean-Pierre Deland, Agr., M.Sc.

SITUATION

Severe honeybee losses have been reported up to 3 days after pesticide treatments.

Dead honeybees were found in front of hives and in field margins.

Insect pollination can increase cranberry fruit yield by 30-50%.

To ensure a good production, cranberry producers rent honeybee hives

For beekeepers, hive rentals provide very interesting additional income

FACTS

Photo credit: daamaaextweb.gnb.ca

Photo credit: daamaaextweb.gnb.ca

FACTS … on the other hand … during flowering It is important to protect this crop against the Cranberry fruit worm (Acrobasis vaccinii) at risk of losing 20% to 35% of the harvest

In organic production, the potential loss can reach up to $ 2800 - $ 5000 per acre.

The Blackheaded fireworm( Rhopobota naevana) can also cause considerable dammage

This 4 part study aims to find ways to use pesticides registered to control pests in cranberry by ways that can be …

• safer for honeybees and all pollinators

• while remaining effective for crop protection

OBJECTIVES

PART 2. NEW PRODUCTSTest new insecticides registered (or being registered) for cranberry pest control on honeybee safety.

PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESTest different methods of applying a pesticide(Entrust) in cranberry so that it can be for bees.

PART 3. DRIFTEstimate spraying methods to reduce drift and find the ideal distance from field to place hives.

Test different methods of applying a pesticide(Entrust) in cranberry so that it can be safer for all bees.

Entrust (Spinosad) treatments

1 : CONTROL (0 g m.a./ha).

2 : USUAL DOSE_ 218 g/ha Entrust (175g m.a./ha)

3 : HALF DOSE_109 g/ha de Entrust (87.4g m.a./ha) (registered)

4 : USUAL DOSE_RINCED_218 g/ha de Entrust (175g m.a./ha) Rinced the next morning during 1 hour.

Treatments

PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

• Treatments were done on different fields (or field sections)• The 3m X 6m treated plots are covered by a screen house • Nuclei with a laying queen, 4 frames of brood and reserves are

introduced into each tent.• The honeybee colonies were introduced only in covered areas.

EXPERIENCE IN CAGED SEMI-FIELD CONDITIONS


Sprinklers were blocked to prevent rinsing after some treatments

Protection of control plots (3m X 6m) during pesticide treatments

METHODOLOGY –THE FIELD PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

• Brood and the number of honeybees: Before and after treatments

• Number of dead bees in front of the hives

• Abnormal behaviour of bees was noted (tremor, lethargy, inactivity, overactivity).

METHODOLOGY –THE HONEYBEES PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

Transport of mini hives (Nuclei) at night ( 5 frames)

Installation of shelters in very early morning, after pesticide had dried and before honeybees started foraging

PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESMETHODOLOGY – THE TRIALS

Pesticide treatments after sunset

Establishment of 16 plots (3 treatments + 1 control X 4 replicates)

PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESMETHODOLOGY – THE TRIAL

Blackheaded Fireworm:

• On 100 stems per plot • Count small larvae or eggs.

Sample taken before treatments, and 7 days after.

Yields and fruit damage were estimated by collecting 5 times one square foot, for a total of 0.45 m2 of fruit per plot.

Fruits were weighed and measured in the laboratory.

Cranberry Fruitworm , • On 200 fruits per plot• Count the eggs and larvae

Yields and pest damage assessments were done as for the Fireworm.

METHODOLOGY –FRUIT DAMMAGE PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

Two fields (2) Four (4)repetitions for each treatment, in each field

Cranberry Fruitworm Twelve (12) plots were used in fields with high infestation

Three (3) treatments :Control, Entrust 1X et Entrust 1X rinsed.

Blackheaded Fireworm

Sixteen (16) plots were samples in fields with low infestation

Four (4) treatments: Control, Entrust 1X, Entrust 1X rinsed and Entrust ½X.

Monitoring was done before and after pesticide treatments in four (4) smaller plots (1 m2), defined within the treated area.

PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESMETHODOLOGY –FRUIT DAMMAGE

Healthy fruit Damaged fruit - Fireworm Damaged fruit - Fruitworm

Number Weight Number % of total Weight% total weight Number % of total Weight

% total weight

122,94 147,90 1,00 0,74 0,55 0,36 10,50 7,62 8,08 5,17

107,38 128,15 1,06 0,86 0,71 0,48 11,38 8,67 8,40 5,64

90,63 104,29 1,56 1,34 1,14 0,89 21,81 20,39 15,81 13,97

RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGE

Entrust 1X

Entrust rinced

Control

TREA

TMEN

TSPART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

% nbre total % poids total0.00

0.20

0.40

0.60

0.80

1.00

1.20

1.40

1.60

Entrust 1XEntrust rincéTémoin

b

aa

aa

b

RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGEBlackheaded Fireworm (Rhopobota naevana).


% of damaged fruit (numbers) % of total weight

% nbre total % poids total0.00

5.00

10.00

15.00

20.00

25.00

Entrust 1XEntrust rincéTémoin

aa

aa

b

b


RESULTS – FRUIT DAMMAGE-Cranberry Fruitworm ( Acrobasis vaccinii)

% of dammaged fruit (numbers) % of total weight

IMPACTS OF TREATMENTS ON HONEYBEES IN CAGED PLOTS (shelters)

There was no significant difference between the number of dead bees in from of the hives, according to the treatments.

Fewer bees were observed on flowers of rinsed

Entrust treatment.

However, flowering was more advanced in these

fields and the number of open flowers was lower.

Observation: 10 minutes - 2.5 m2 (1/8 of the cage)

Entrust 1/2X Entrust 1X Entrust rincé Témoin0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

Mortality

Entrust 1/2X Entrust 1X Entrust rincé Témoin0

5

10

15

20

25

30

Observation of foragers

PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSESRESULTS – HONEYBEES

Initial population Final population Gain

Half dose Entrust (1/2 X) 5838 6225 388

Entrust 1x 5538 6075 538

Entrust 1x rinced 5800 7000 1200

Control 5725 6433 708

Honeybee populations

RESULTS – HONEYBEES PART 1. ENTRUST-DOSES

PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

Test new insecticides registered (or being registered) for cranberry pest control on honeybee safety.

• Dead honeybees in front of hives

• Repulsively

Estimation of impact on honeybees

Insecticides Insects controlled Application period

Actara

ThiamthoxamNeonicotinoid

By Syngenta

Cranberry Weevil Hook stage, before flowering

Altacor

Chlorantraniliprole

By DuPont Canada

Cranberry FruitwormBlackheaded FirewormSparganothis Fruitworm

Cranberry Fruitworm at50% fruit set

2nd generation of the Blackheaded Fireworm may need to be made at different times during flowering.

Treatment for Sparganothis Fruitworm is usually applied later, towards the end of flowering

INSECTICIDES TESTEDPART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

Insecticides Insects controlled Application period

Delegate

SpinetoramSpinosyn

Dow Agrosciences Canada

Blackheaded FirewormSparganothis FruitwormCranberry Tipworm

2nd generation of the Blackheaded Fireworm

2nd generation of the Cranberry Tipwormmay have to be made at different times during flowering.

Treatment for Sparganothis Fruitwormis usually applied later, towards the end of flowering.

MoventoSpirotetramateBayers Crop Science

Cranberry Tipworm Treatment for the 2nd generation of the Cranberry Tipworm may have to be made at different times during flowering.

INSECTICIDES TESTEDPART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

Hook stage Flowering beginning of fruit set and end of flowering

Blakheaded Fireworm 2GTipworm

Cranberry Weevil

Blackheaded FirewormSparganothis FruitwormCranberry Fruitworm 2G Tipworm

Fireworm– FruitwormsCranberry Weevil

TipwormTipworm -Fruitworms


C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

B1 B2 B3 B4 B5

A1 A2 A3 A4 A5

4 2 3 15

5

3

3

452

41

1

2 1 Témoin

2 Delegate

3 Actara

4 Movento

5 Altacor

Expérimental design

PART 2. NEW PESTICIDESMETHODOLOGY

Data collection in shelters

• The treated plots are covered by a screen house (shelter style Tempo)

• Nuclei with a laying queen and 4 frames of brood and reserves are introduced into each tent.

• The bee colony foraging introduced only in covered areas.

METHODOLOGY PART 2. NEW PESTICIDES

ESTIMATIONS of number of dead bee in front of the hives• twice a day for 72 hours• once on the last day: • = 7 observation periods


Behavioural observations

Drinking water (thirst)

Behaviour in shelters


RESULTS – Repulsion-Attractivity

Actara Altacor Delegate Movento Témoin0

20

40

60

80

100

120

AbeillesAutres pollinisateurs

Num

ber o

f for

ager

s (10

min

utes

– 1

/8 sh

elte

r)


RESULTS- BEHAVIOR

Fewer bees were drinking in Movento and Delegate treatments

There was no difference in the aggregation behaviour on the roof between treatments


RESULTS-MORTALITY

Nom

bre

abei

lles m

orte

s par

24h

4 heures 24 heures 48 heures 72 heures0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

ActaraAltacorDelegateMoventoTémoin


ACTARAALTACORDELEGATEMOVENTOCONTROL

Num

ber o

f dea

d ho

neyb

ees b

y 24

h

4 hours 24 hours 48 hours 72 hours

Time after treatment

CONCLUSIONS

Insecticides and Movento and Actara did not cause mortality after application. They seemed to have a higher mortality after 48 hours. THESE RESULTS ARE SIGNIFICANT


The ALTACOR (Chlorantraniliprole 35%) proved insecticide against pests present during flowering that caused the least mortality in bees. However, it should be used with caution because it is toxic to aquatic organisms. Chlorantraniliprole is persistent and may leach into surronding water. We recommend: DO NOT apply this product directly to freshwater habitats

Do not apply an insecticide on more than 2 successive generations of a same insect species.

After the treatment, the highest dead bee count was found with Delegate. Accumulation of moisture in the shelters could explain for this because it is known that this product should be allowed to dry on leaves in order to be safe to bees.

PART 3. DRIFT Pesticide drift and distance from field borders

CETAQJoseph Bertrand Desrouilleres and Jean-Pierre Deland

• Quantify the deposition of pesticides beyond the targeted treatment area;

• Evaluate the distribution of the drift (distance transport and deposition of droplets);

• Compare the effects of droplet size and the height of the ramp on the size and distribution of drift.

Testing an anti drift noozelAt different hights

Spectrophotometer analysis

Still a lot of work to do !!!

Thank you Fédération des apiculteurs du Québec

nacrew 2013 27 a ugust, quebec

Documents

honeybee hives

cranberry pest control

cranberry crops

cranberry producers

cranberry fruit yield

spinosad treatments

trialspesticide treatments

control x