nada Švob-Đokić-cp in see and management of-2
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Cultural Policies inSoutheastern Europe and
Management of Intercultural
Relations
Nada vob-oki
Institute for International Relations, Zagreb,Croatia
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Public policies
Organization, regulation and development of differentspecialized activities, especially those of general socialsignificance
Sector approaches and specialization (education, media,
scientific policies, etc.) Analysis and assessment of the objectives, programs,
plans, modes of decision-making, legal regulation,implementation of plans, institutionalization of an activity,etc.
Continual monitoring of developments within an activity Insights and conclusions as a base of democratic
involvement of the general public
Evaluation
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Cultural policies
Cultural policy always implies the managementof populations through suggested behavior (14) Cultural policy finds, serves and nurtures a
sense of belonging, through educational and
other cultural regimens that are predicated on aninsufficiency of the individual against thebenevolent historical backdrop of the sovereignstate. These regimens are the means of forming
a collective public subjectivity, via what JohnStuart Mill termed departments of humaninterests amenable to government control. (15)
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Cultural policies
culture is the legitimizing ground onwhich particular groups can make aclaim for resources and inclusion in the
national narrative, if only to decenter it.
(15)
(Toby Miler and George Yudice, Cultural Policy, Sage, London &Thousand Oaks, New Delhi, 2002)
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Scope of cultural policies
State levelLegal regulations
Financement
Infrastructure, etc.
Local levels
Civil society
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Scope of cultural policies
AgentsState level:
Ministries, councils, commissions, etc.
Local levels:
Districts, regions, cities
All levels:
Civil society organizationsProfessional organizations
Consultants, etc.
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Scope of cultural policies
Areas/sectors
Fine Arts
Arts education
Music Labor market / employment
Theatre
Film Culture industries
Publishing, etc.
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Scope of cultural policies
Cultural relationsInternal cultural relations (ethnicities,
minorities, cultural interaction)
Inner cultural differences (regions,
class/social differences, technological gaps,
etc.)
External cultural relations (internationalcultural cooperation)
Cultural globalization
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Cultural policies and strategies in the
Southeastern European countries
New Experience: Cultural policies have been developed in the late1970'es and 1980'es, within the frameworks of ideologicalhegemony that particularly stressed equality of nations and nationalminorities, by denying differences as much as possible, and bypromoting specificities as the key element of authenticity.
Constructivist Tendency: The aim of the socialist cultural policieswas cultural change and the creation of a new (integrative) cultureand a new (harmonic) man.
Occasional revival of primordial tendencies (ethnicities, religions)
The conceptual disintegration still marks the period of transition.Cultural policies are fully oriented to the identity issues and changeof identities and they face the issue of cultural diversification as adominant challenge.
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Cultural policies and strategies in the
Southeastern European countries
Lack of a general intellectual concept and knowledge ofneighboring cultures
Interest concentrated on local levels of diversification(ethnic, national, but also gender, class, etc.) and onintegration in the mainstream European cultural trends
Mythical originality of the national and ethnic valuesresurges again whenever the observance of the westerntype standards endangers cultural monopolesfunctioning on local levels
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Cultural policies and strategies in the
Southeastern European countries
Southeastern European countries have developed the presentcultural policies (and strategies) in the period of 1997-2003 withinthe European Program of National Cultural Policy Reviews,launched by the Council of Europe.
The methodologies have been designed and harmonized as part ofthis program. When applied, they displayed different approaches ofparticular countries to their cultural life and development. Althoughincluded as part of each cultural policy, the treatment of culturaldiversity was also de-standardized and in many cases a-typical
compared with the EU proclaimed standards.
De-standardization is often regarded as a source of originality andauthenticity.
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Mapping multicultural societies in
Southeastern Europe
http:// www.culturalpolicy.net
all Southeastern European countries are multicultural
increased harmonization of relationships among differentcultures could be primarily based on the clearly definednational and individual identities
overlapping identities are a reality in the region
dynamics of identity change should be rationalized and future
oriented multiculturalism has to be accepted as a fact, as a result of the
restructured identities and as a new cultural situation
http://www.culturalpolicy.net/http://www.culturalpolicy.net/ -
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Cultural policies as a response to
multiculturalism
Marginalization of multiculturalism (e.g., Albania): there are nospecific language, educational or media policies that would providefor particular efforts to approach minorities through cultural policies.
Over-politization of multicultural reality (e.g., Serbia and Monte Negro):political problems exclude acceptance of multiculturalism
Split model (e.g., Slovenia): minorities having the status of traditionalminorities (e.g., Italians, Hungarians) enjoy the legal, educational,media, cultural and all other specific minority treatment. The newminorities (Croats, Bosnians, Serbs, etc.) are not recognized asminorities. Those meeting the legal state provisions may apply forSlovenian citizenship and become full citizens of Slovenia.
Models in the making (e.g., Croatia, Romania): dynamic changes in thetreatment of minorities; strong influences of the EU.
Formal acceptance of the EU standards (e.g., Bulgaria, Greece):demonstrated willingness to accept the proclaimed EU standards,
problems in implementation of the minority policies.