Name ________________________________

Dante’s Peak

1. Describe two natural phenomena shown in the opening scene during the eruption of the

volcano.

____________________________________, _____________________________________

2. Why has Harry Dalton been called to the Northern Cascades?

_________________________________________________________________________

3. U.S.G.S. stands for the United States __________________________________________.

4. What is the depth of the seismic activity at Dante's Peak? ______________________

5. What kind of spring are Twonset Springs? ________________________________

6. Dr. Dalton is not a geologist, he is a ____________________.

7. Dr. Dalton is checking the water at the high lake for _______________________________.

What is the reading on the meter? _______________________

8. What is Dr. Dalton's theory about the cause for the death of trees and wildlife in the area?

____________________________________________________________________________

9. Dalton describes the volcano as not dead, but:

________________________________________________________

10. What tools do the seismologist use to monitor the volcano?

_______________________________________________________________________

11. The scientists enter the volcano crater by helicopter to check for ____________________

________________________________________________

12. How did the scientists test the seismometer that they just

buried?_____________________________________________________________________

13. The instruments recorded ____________________ microquakes per day. 14. Dr. Dalton

says that the 2.9 shallow quake that caused the rock slide was:

_______________________________________________

15. How has the volcano changed the town's water supply?

___________________________________________________________________________

16. The scientists know an eruption is imminent because the ____________________ are

swarming and the ____________________ readings increase.

17. Describe some of the damage effects caused by the strong quakes:

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

18. What effects occur as a result of the volcano's eruption?

_____________________________________________________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________________

19. How has the lake changed since the eruption?

_____________________________________________________________________________

20. The eruption melts the snow off the top of the mountain (volcano), which effects the

surrounding rivers. What problems are caused by the changes in the river?

_____________________________________________________________________________

21. How does the force of the pyroclastic cloud effect trees and

structures?____________________________________________________________________

Name __________________________

How Do Igneous Rocks Form?

Go to: http://www.classzone.com/books/earth_science/terc/navigation/investigation.cfm, scroll

down to chapter 6 and click on ‘How Do Igneous Rocks Form?’

Step 1: How Do Igneous Rocks Form?

Describe the texture of the four rock samples, use the proper terminology.

Sample #1 _______________________ Sample #3 _________________________

Sample #2 _______________________ Sample #4 _________________________

Step 2: Describing Rock Textures

After clicking on each rock sample what are the descriptions for the following?

Coarse-grained texture-

Glassy texture-

Porphyritic texture-

Fine-grained texture-

In the fine-grained sample, what are vesicles?

Step 3: Igneous Rock Textures

How is porphyritic texture related to the other two categories of texture?

Step 4: Identifying Igneous Rock Textures

Identify the texture of each of the igneous rocks below as coarse-grained, fine-grained or

porphyritic:

Sample #1 ______________________ Sample #4 ______________________

Sample #2 ______________________ Sample #5 ______________________

Sample #3 ______________________ Sample #6 ______________________

Step 5: Igneous Rock Crystallization Animations

What occurs in the magma chamber? ______________________________________________

What type of igneous texture is found in the pyroclastic flow? ___________________________

What occurs in the lava illustration? _______________________________________________

Step 6: Igneous Rock Textures and Cooling Rates

Identify the cooling rate (fast, slow, or two-staged) and cooling environment (magma chamber,

eruption from volcano, or deep cooling followed by eruption) of the rock in each image.

Sample #1 ______________________ Sample #4 ______________________

Sample #2 ______________________ Sample #5 ______________________

Sample #3 ______________________ Sample #6 ______________________

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NAME ~__~_

DATE

Igneous Rocks Lab

Objective: To identify Igneous Rocks. Materials: Igneous Rock Identification Chart, 10 Rock specimens, hand lens, pencil. Procedure: The following instructions are for using the Igneous Rock Identification Chart to aid you in identifying the rocks.

1. Determine if the rock is light (white, light gray, or pink) or dark (black, dark gray, green) in color. If it darker, you will be looking at the right half ofthe chart. If it is lighter, you will be looking at the left. half of the chart. Find the appropriate column and proceed to step 2.

2. Observe the texture. Is the rock fine grained or coarse grained?': Is it glassy. fine grained with large crystals (porphyritic) or frothy? Locate the texture at

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rock with very fine grains would be Basalt, a Very light, coarse grained rock . would be Granite.

3. After identifying the rock, read down the column to the "Mineral Composition» section. Listthe minerals found in your rock.

4. Refer to your Igneous Rock Chart and fill in the following information about your rock: Your rock's name. color (light, medium, or dark) • texture, mineral composition, arid whether the rock is intrusive or extrusive.

Word Bank: These are the names of the Rocks you will see in this activity: Rhyolite, Pumice, Gabbro, Granite. Obsidian, Basalt. Andesite, Scoria, ....,hS'Y,

Diorite. Gi'r I ..

Questions: Use complete sentences•. 1. What characteristic of igneous rocks did you find most useful when

identifying them? Explain,

2. What causes some rocks having the same composition (for example, Granite

.. atldRhyolite) to have d~fferent ap,""pe= ...~.c~e~s~?~~~~~~~...=",¥'Ul~

Conclusion: For your conclusion, choose one ofthe rocks from the lab and write a short story

(a few sentences) about how it was formed. Be sure to mention if the rock is intrusive or extrusive and the minerals it's made from.

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• . DETSIl

Pumice- Frothy glass> pure silica, floats in water

Obsidian- Volcanic glass, black-with gray spots

Opal- smooth, white volcanic rock, opaque

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1

Notes on Rocks and Volcanoes- Chapter 10, 7 Name _______________________

Date_____________Class_______

Vocabulary List (Number, write and define these words on another sheet of paper, those

that have a * please illustrate, be creative!) (39 total) intrusion lava plateau* dike* sill*

petrologist extrusion petrology porphyry*

laccolith* batholith* stock* igneous rock

volcanic neck* volcanic mountain aa* caldera

Cinder cone composite volcano* crater felsic lava

Fissure hot spot* lapilli lava

Mafic lava* magma pahoehoe* pillow lava

Pyroclastic material shield volcano* stratovolcano* tephra

Vent* volcanic ash volcanic block volcanic bomb

Volcanic dust volcanism volcano

Introduction to Rocks

A. Definition

1. A rock is a consolidated mixture of _________________________, rocks are

classified by _______________________.

2. The earth is almost entirely rock to a depth of 2900 kilometers (1800 miles)

B. History

1. Humans have been using rocks for a long time

2. Examples: Stonehenge in _____________, the Great Pyramids of ___________, the

Great Wall of China

C. Composition

1. Most rocks are composed of a combination of eight elements (oxygen, silicon,

aluminum, iron, calcium, sodium, potassium, and magnesium)

2. ________________________ make up 75% of the earth’s surface

D. Terminology

1. ________________ - the study of rocks

2. __________________ - a scientist who studies rocks

3. _______________ - solid rock attached to the earth

4. ______________ - a large, loose rock lying on the surface

5. _________________ - bedrock visible on the earth’s surface

6. ______________ - an open pit where rock is taken out of the ground for other uses

E. Types of rocks

1. Igneous rocks are rocks formed from the cooling and hardening of molten rock (from

the Latin word ignis, which means _______________________

2. Sedimentary rocks are rocks formed from the pressing together and cementing of

____________________________________

3. Metamorphic rocks are rocks formed when existing rocks are changed by _________

_____________________________ (meta means change)

F. The Rock Cycle

1. The earth’s surface may seem permanent but over time the surface has changed

dramatically

2. Rocks don’t remain igneous, sedimentary or metamorphic, they change from one kind

to another this is called the ________________________

Igneous Rocks

Types of igneous rocks

1. _______________________ (plutonic)- form from magma deep inside the earth

2. _____________________ (volcanic)- form from lava on the earth’s surface

A. Igneous rocks are classified by their texture (shape, size, arrangement of minerals)

1. Four textures:

a. ______________- resembles glass and is shiny, no crystals form (not enough

time, cooled instantly)

-example: Obsidian

b. _______________- made of interlocking minerals crystals that can only be seen

under a microscope (cooled rapidly)

-example: Basalt

c. _______________- made of interlocking mineral crystals that are visible to the

naked eye (cooled slowly)

-examples: Granite

d. __________________- consists of large crystals and small crystals

-example: porphyry

B. Families of igneous rocks

1. ______________ family - light colored (felsic); rich in quartz, muscovite mica and

orthoclase feldspar,

a. Granite - coarse-grained; forms Mount Rushmore

b. Rhyolite - fine-grained; forms when lava flows harden

c. Obsidian - glassy; volcanic glass; conchoidal fracture

d. Pumice - glassy; volcanic glass; very light; floats on water

2. ________________- dark-colored (mafic), rich in hornblende, biotite mica, plagioclase

feldspar and augite

a. Gabbro- coarse-grained

b. Basalt- fine-grained; forms when lava flows harden

C. Igneous rock Formations

1. _________________

a. Largest igneous intrusion (covers an area over 100 sq. kil), form core of many

mountain ranges

2. ____________

a. Similar to batholith but covers less than 100 sq. kilometers

3. _______________

a. “Lake of rock,” magma flows between layers of rock and spreads upward

4. _________________

a. A _____________ intrusion that pushes between layers of rock but does not arch

them up.

b. example: Palisades of the Hudson River, NY

5. Dike

a. A ___________ intrusion that cuts across other rock layers

b. example: Spanish Peaks in Colorado

6. Lava Plateau

a. an extrusive formation that forms when lava flows out over a flat area of the

earth and cools

b. Example: __________________, northwestern U.S.

7. Volcanic neck

a. a plug of hardened magma in the _____________ of an old volcano

b. examples: Ship Rock, NM; Devil’s Tower, WY; Kimberly diamond mines of

South Africa

7.1 Volcanoes and Plate Tectonics

1.What happens when melted rock in the crust?

-__________________, slowly pushes up due to being less dense than solid crust

sometimes rising to the surface in the form of lava

-the opening through which lava flows onto the surface is called the __________and the

buildup of material around the surface is called the volcano

2.What causes volcano formation at a subduction zone?

-Heat from the mantle and friction between the moving plates melts the subducted plate

into magma, some of it rises to the surface forming either volcanic mountains along a

___________________________

3.What causes volcano formation along divergent boundaries?

-Greatest amount of magma comes to the surface along mid-ocean ridges, magma rises to

the surface through _________________________________________

4.What are fissures, and why are they found in Iceland?

-Fissures are cracks through which lava flows, ________________

-____________ has them because it at the mid-Atlantic ridge, one side of the country is

on the N. American plate and one side is on the Eurasian plate

5.What are hot spots?

-Stationary points in the middle of lithospheric plates where magma penetrates to form

volcanoes

-Though the hot spot stays in one place, the lithospheric plate moves carrying away a

volcano from the hot spot and creating a new one ex: _______________________

7.2 Volcanic Eruptions

1.Why are volcanoes considered windows?

-The lava that comes from volcanoes provides an opportunity for scientists to study the

material that comes from _________________________

2.What types of lava can come out of a volcano?

-___________________- dark colored, rich in magnesium and iron, usually of oceanic

crust origin

-__________________-a light colored, contains silica, lesser amounts of magnesium and

iron, usually from melted continental crust

-Other lavas have a range of compositions that fall between the mafic and felsic lavas

3.How is mafic lava further classified by the Hawaiians?

-__________________-lava that cools with a wrinkled harden surface, sometimes ropey

-__________________- lava that cools rapidly and breaks into jagged chunks as the

liquid below continues to flow, sharp, blocky shapes

-Why do you think they called Aa lava by that name?

-__________________-when lava flows out of fissures on the ocean floor, it cools

rapidly in rounded shapes, found along mid-ocean ridges

4. What determines if a volcano will have a quiet eruption?

-__________________usually produce mafic lava which is very hot and thin, flows

almost like water, gas can escape so lava flows like a river

-ex: Hawaiian Islands produce quiet eruptions

5.What determines if a volcano will have an explosive eruption?

-Continental volcanoes usually contain ______________ that tend to be cooler and

thicker, contain large amounts of trapped gas (water vapor and carbon dioxide), the

buildup of gases eventually leads to an explosive eruption sending debris high into the air

6.What is tephra and how is it classified?

-Also called _______________ are rock fragments ejected from a volcano

->0.25 mm- _________________- can travel around the world in the upper atmosphere

-0.25mm-2 mm= __________________

->64mm= ___________ (Latin for little stones), generally falls near the vent

-__________________- lava that is ejected through the air, cools and develops a round

spindle shape

-__________________-largest tephra formed from solid rock from the fissure can be as

large as a house!

7. What are shield cones?

-Volcanoes that are broad at the base and have gentle sloping sides, results of quiet

eruptions, layers of mafic lava flow out of the vent and build up to form the cone,

sometimes growing to heights of __________________

-_________________ are shield volcanoes built up from the ocean floor at a hot spot

8. What are cinder cones?

-Explosive volcanoes that are formed entirely of solid fragments ejected from the

volcano, have very steep sides are rarely more than a 1,800 feet tall

-many cinder cones found in _______________________

9.What are composite volcanoes?

-Also called ______________________, have both quiet and explosive eruptions

resulting in alternating layers of tephra and lava, reach heights of 5,000-20,000 feet

-_________________________ are examples of composite volcanoes

10.How does a Caldera form?

-When a volcano’s magma chamber is emptied, the cone may collapse or a large enough

explosion can completely destroy the cone leaving behind a basin shaped depression

-ex: ________________________________

11.What tools and hints does a volcanologist use to predict a volcanic eruption?

-_________________- predict small earthquakes around the volcano, result of growing

pressure on surrounding rocks due to rising magma

-_____________________ in the rocks

-Slight bulging of the surface of a volcano can be detected by sensitive instruments

-The composition _____________ given off by a volcano

-knowledge of ___________________

Impact on Society: Krakatau (page 125)

In 1883, what effects did this huge eruption have on the surrounding S. Pacific area?

1.Series of eruptions from May-August, last eruption 8/27/1883 was heard all the way in

__________________-

2.Thick cloud of ash kept the area in total darkness for 2.5 days, ash buried all remaining

life that was left on the island

3.Triggered tsunamis over ____________________ in Java and Sumatra

4.Altered sunsets around the world for ___________ and lowered global temperatures by

0.27 Celsius, altering climate worldwide for up to 10 years

What would be the advantages and disadvantages of volcanoes?

-Advantages: ______________, make fertile soil, attract tourists, allow scientists to study

earth’s interior__________________ (geothermal)

-Disadvantages: cause loss of ___________________________

7.3 Extraterrestrial Volcanism

1.Without convection currents, how could the moon be a site of volcanism?

-A long period of intense meteorite bombardment may have created enough heat in the

upper layers of __________________

2.What is the largest volcano in the solar system?

-__________________, a shield volcano on Mars rises almost 18 miles above the surface

(Everest is almost 6 miles tall)

3.Where is the most volcanically active body in the solar system, how is it different than Earth?

-_______, a moon of Jupiter ejects as much material in one month as the Mt. St. Helen’s

eruption in 1980

-Io’s volcanoes erupt material that is primarily sulfur and sulfur dioxide giving the moon

a yellow-red color

-Due to the extreme gravity of Jupiter, the surface is under extreme stress probably the

reason for volcanism

When Yellowstone Explodes (30 Points)

What do you already know about Yellowstone?

Read the article “When Yellowstone Explodes ”

As you read, HIGHLIGHT interesting and important points that you will summarize and reflect on

when you are finished.

Mark up the article with ?? marks to show any areas of confusion.

Put a * next to vocabulary that you don’t know.

Part I

1. What is a Supervolcano? What is the difference between a volcano and a supervolcano?

2. Describe in detail what an eruption of a supervolcano must have been like.

3. What is the Yellowstone caldera? Describe how it formed.

4. Describe the most recent of the three super-eruptions. How long ago did this occur?

5. What are the effects that the entire planet must have felt?

6. How does the Yellowstone caldera appear now?

7. Describe two ways the past eruptions are felt in the present.

Part II

1. During Doane’s time the volcano beneath Yellowstone was thought to be extinct. How was it

determined that the volcano was still alive? (In your answer include the findings of Boyd,

Christiansen and Smith).

2. Why does Bob Smith refer to Yellowstone as the “living, breathing, shaking caldera.”

3. How do Smith and his colleagues attempt to “see” beneath the park? Why is this important?

Write a one page reflection: How is the supervolcano of Yellowstone a threat to man and our

environment? Include a brief summary of the article and what you found interesting. Reflect on

the findings of those who have researched Yellowstone. Compare/contrast the Yellowstone

Volcano with the volcano in the Philippines we saw in the video, “In the Path of a Killer

Volcano.” Will Yellowstone erupt again? What do you think will happen?

Name _______________________________

"In the Path of a Killer Volcano"

1. Which volcano is the focus of this video? Where is it located? When did it erupt?

2. Every year, about how many volcanic eruptions happen worldwide? ___________

3. What is the difference between an extinct volcano, a dormant volcano, and an active

volcano? How long had it been since the volcano in this video last erupted?

4. What volcanic gas do scientists look for when magma rises beneath a volcano?

___________

5. What types of evidence did the scientists use to try to predict when the volcano

would erupt? What were the different warning stages?

6. Why might scientists hesitate to evacuate an area around a volcano when there is a

possibility of a large eruption?

7. What did Mt. Pinatubo do during the first ‘throat-clearing’ part of the eruption?

8. From what distance away from the volcano were people evacuated? ______________

9. What damage resulted from the eruption of Mt. Pinatubo?

10. How did the size of the Mt. Pinatubo eruption compare to the Mt. St. Helens

eruption?

11. What atmospheric/climatic effects did the eruption of Pinatubo have?

12. How successful were the scientists in predicting the eruption?