name: date: a) john b. watson. - testbanku.eu · b) wilhelm wundt. c) sigmund freud. d) jean...

Name: __________________________ Date: _____________

1. The first psychological laboratory was established byA) John B. Watson.B) Wilhelm Wundt.C) Sigmund Freud.D) Jean Piaget.

2. Wilhelm Wundt was both aA) psychoanalyst and psychiatrist.B) physiologist and philosopher.C) sociologist and psychiatrist.D) theologian and philosopher.

3. Psychology developed from the more established fields of philosophy and biology. For example, ________ was an American philosopher and ________ was an Austrian physician.A) William Wundt; Ivan PavlovB) William James; Sigmund FreudC) B. F. Skinner; John B. WatsonD) Jean Piaget; Abraham Maslow

4. Ivan Pavlov pioneered the study ofA) learning.B) perception.C) personality.D) mental illness.

5. The first woman to receive a Ph.D. in psychology later wrote an influential book, The Animal Mind. Her name wasA) Mary Whiton Calkins.B) Rosalie Rayner.C) Margaret Floy Washburn.D) Jean Piaget.

6. Who dismissed the idea of “mental life” and instead defined psychology as “the scientific study of observable behavior”?A) John B. WatsonB) Sigmund FreudC) Wilhelm WundtD) William James

7. B. F. Skinner was a prominent AmericanA) psychiatrist.B) behaviorist.C) cognitive neuroscientist.D) psychoanalyst.

8. The mind's defenses against its own unconscious wishes and impulses were of special interest toA) John B. Watson.B) Charles Darwin.C) Sigmund Freud.D) B. F. Skinner.

9. The growth potential of healthy people was emphasized byA) Freudian psychology.B) cognitive neuroscience.C) behaviorism.D) humanistic psychology.

10. Humanistic psychologists were led byA) Wundt and Piaget.B) Freud and James.C) Rogers and Maslow.D) Watson and Skinner.

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11. The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with mental activities such as perception, memory, and language is calledA) behavior genetics.B) positive psychology.C) cognitive neuroscience.D) clinical psychology.

12. The science of behavior and mental processes is calledA) naturalistic observation.B) natural selection.C) behaviorism.D) psychology.

13. In exploring human behavior, contemporary psychologists rely most heavily onA) case studies.B) psychoanalysis.C) natural selection.D) scientific methods.

14. Behavior is to mental processes as ________ is to ________.A) nature; nurtureB) correlation; causationC) talking; thinkingD) clinical psychology; psychiatry

15. Which perspective is most directly concerned with how the body and brain influence behavior and mental states?A) social-culturalB) psychodynamicC) behavioralD) neuroscience

16. In a class lecture, Professor Han emphasized the link between blood chemistry and psychological disorders. The professor highlighted a ________ perspective on psychological disorders.A) psychodynamicB) neuroscienceC) social-culturalD) cognitive

17. The evolutionary perspective focuses on how the ________ of human traits has promoted the survival of genes.A) random assignmentB) natural selectionC) unconscious motivesD) rational thought

18. Mark believes that people's dislike of bitter-tasting foods has promoted human survival. His belief best illustrates the ________ perspective.A) psychodynamicB) social-culturalC) evolutionaryD) behavioral

19. Which perspective is most directly concerned with assessing the relative contributions of our genes and our environments to personality development?A) cognitiveB) behavioralC) psychodynamicD) behavior genetics

20. The behavior genetics perspective would study how much ________ influence our individual differences.A) naturalistic observation and hindsight biasB) conscious and unconscious motivesC) nature and nurtureD) naturalistic observation and dual processing




21. Professor Hernandez attempts to assess how genes and environment interact in children's vulnerability to depression. Her research best illustrates the concerns of the ________ perspective.A) psychodynamicB) behavior geneticsC) cognitiveD) behavioral

22. A clinical psychologist who explains behavior in terms of unconscious drives and conflicts is using a(n) ________ perspective.A) evolutionaryB) psychodynamicC) behavioralD) social-cultural

23. The high school counselor has suggested that Skylar's romantic feelings for her physics teacher reflect her unconscious longings for attention from her own father. The counselor is most likely working from a(n) ________ perspective.A) behavioralB) evolutionaryC) psychodynamicD) behavior genetics

24. The behavioral perspective is most likely to emphasize the importance ofA) learned responses.B) unconscious thoughts.C) inherited traits.D) self-esteem.

25. Kyra believes that boys learn to be more aggressive than girls mostly because boys are more often encouraged to fight. Kyra's belief is an example of the ________ perspective.A) behavioralB) cognitiveC) psychodynamicD) neuroscience

26. The evolutionary perspective is to ________ as the behavioral perspective is to ________.A) hypothesis; theoryB) nature; nurtureC) clinical psychology; psychiatryD) unconscious mind; conscious mind

27. Which psychological perspective highlights how people encode, process, store, and retrieve information?A) cognitiveB) behavioralC) behavior geneticsD) evolutionary

28. Dr. MacPherson believes that the way students think about the information in their textbooks influences their ability to later remember and use what they have studied. Dr. MacPherson's ideas are an example of the ________ perspective.A) social-culturalB) cognitiveC) psychodynamicD) behavior genetics

29. Which psychological perspective is most likely to examine how group membership influences individual attitudes and behaviors?A) neuroscienceB) psychodynamicC) evolutionaryD) social-cultural

30. Dr. Matias has concluded that very few people in a small African country suffer from alcohol dependence because of the strong influence of their religion. This belief best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.A) evolutionaryB) psychodynamicC) neuroscienceD) social-cultural




31. Dr. Tiao studies the effects of head injuries on people's problem-solving skills. Which psychological subfield does her research best represent?A) developmental psychologyB) biological psychologyC) industrial-organizational psychologyD) personality psychology

32. Dr. Winkle studies the systematic changes in intelligence associated with aging. Dr. Winkle is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A) biologicalB) socialC) developmentalD) industrial-organizational

33. Dr. Karima conducts basic research on the effectiveness of test-enhanced learning on a person's ability to remember information. Dr. Karima is most likely a ________ psychologist.A) socialB) personalityC) biologicalD) cognitive

34. Dr. Davila studies the behavioral differences between shy people and outgoing people. Dr. Davila is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A) biologicalB) cognitiveC) industrial-organizationalD) personality

35. Dr. Veenstra investigates the impact of racial prejudice on behavior. Dr. Veenstra is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A) clinicalB) socialC) biologicalD) industrial-organizational

36. Which of the following subfields of psychology is most directly focused on helping people cope with personal and vocational challenges?A) developmental psychologyB) counseling psychologyC) cognitive psychologyD) social psychology

37. Which of the following subfields of psychology is most directly focused on learning which psychological, biological, or behavioral factors promote or impair our health?.A) developmental psychologyB) health psychologyC) cognitive psychologyD) counseling psychology

38. Which contemporary subfield focuses on assessing and treating people with mental, emotional, and behavior disorders?A) personality psychologyB) biological psychologyC) clinical psychologyD) developmental psychology

39. Working in a community mental health center, Dr. Thatcher treats adults who suffer from severe depression. Dr. Thatcher is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A) personalityB) industrial-organizationalC) clinicalD) developmental

40. Which specialists are the most likely to prescribe a drug for the treatment of a psychological disorder?A) developmental psychologistsB) clinical psychologistsC) personality psychologistsD) psychiatrists




41. Dr. Ochoa develops tests to accurately identify the most qualified job applicants in a large manufacturing firm. Dr. Ochoa is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A) developmentalB) industrial-organizationalC) biologicalD) clinical

42. Scientific studies conducted to solve practical problems are most clearly examples ofA) a biopsychosocial approach.B) positive psychology.C) replication.D) applied research.

43. Critical thinkers can best be described asA) questioning.B) cynical.C) pessimistic.D) impatient.

44. Critical thinking is smart thinking that involvesA) debriefing.B) a case study.C) evaluating evidence.D) informed consent.

45. A refusal to consider evidence that might conflict with your beliefs best illustrates a lack ofA) informed consent.B) critical thinking.C) operational definitions.D) predictive hypotheses.

46. Professor O'Brien has used correlational evidence to describe a cause-effect relationship. Questioning his use of correlations to reach this conclusion best illustratesA) critical thinking.B) the placebo effect.C) naturalistic observation.D) the double-blind procedure.

47. A biopsychosocial approach is one that requires the use ofA) random sampling.B) SQ3R.C) the testing effect.D) many levels of analysis.

48. A complete picture of how mental processes are influenced by both social systems and brain functions is most clearly provided byA) behaviorism.B) humanistic psychology.C) a biopsychosocial approach.D) naturalistic observation.

49. Poor nutrition, family stress, and memory difficulties have all contributed to Hien's depression. Effectively explaining the full complexity of his problems requiresA) psychoanalysis.B) positive psychology.C) a biopsychosocial approach.D) the double-blind procedure.

50. Which of the following refers to ideas and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next?A) naturalistic observationB) dual processingC) social psychologyD) culture




51. The transmission of political practices and religious customs from one generation to the next best illustrates the importance ofA) the correlation coefficient.B) replication.C) the placebo effect.D) culture.

52. The controversy over the relative contributions of genes and experience on psychological traits is known as theA) levels of analysis dilemma.B) dual-processing debate.C) cognitive neuroscience controversy.D) nature–nurture issue.

53. Nature is to nurture as ________ is to ________.A) behavior; mental processesB) psychology; psychiatryC) biology; experienceD) reason; emotion

54. Do psychological differences between men and women result more from biological influences or more from social influences? This question is asking about the issue ofA) evolution or natural selection.B) naturalistic observation or case studies.C) behavior or mental processes.D) nature or nurture.

55. Namiko wonders whether her personality style was learned from experience or based on her genes. This is the issue ofA) correlation and causation.B) behavior and mental processes.C) nature and nurture.D) conscious mind and unconscious mind.

56. A large amount of our mental activity occurs outside of our awareness, thanks to our capacity forA) operational definitions.B) random sampling.C) naturalistic observation.D) dual processing.

57. Reacting to visual stimulation before we consciously perceive it illustratesA) dual processing.B) hindsight bias.C) random sampling.D) the nature–nurture issue.

58. Brain damage left one woman unable to recognize the width of a block even though she could grasp it with just the right finger-thumb distance. This unusual case illustrates the importance of our normal capacity forA) critical thinking.B) dual processing.C) replication.D) massed practice.

59. Mark's decision to hire a particular job applicant was simultaneously influenced by unconscious feelings about the applicant's physical appearance and by a conscious consideration of the applicant's reported work history. This best illustrates the impact ofA) hindsight biasB) dual processing.C) random assignment.D) informed consent.

60. Discovering and promoting human strengths and virtues is a major purpose ofA) random sampling.B) case studies.C) positive psychology.D) behavior genetics.




61. To balance psychology's focus on human problems such as anxiety and depression, Martin Seligman has advocated the development ofA) positive psychology.B) behavior genetics.C) a biopsychosocial approach.D) dual processing.

62. One of the three central concerns of positive psychology is the study and promotion ofA) behavior genetics.B) test-enhanced learning.C) healthy social institutions.D) SQ3R.

63. Hindsight bias often leads us to place too much faith inA) random sampling.B) the testing effect.C) human intuition.D) random assignment.

64. Hindsight bias most often contributes to the perception thatA) psychological theories are simply statements of researchers' personal values.B) psychological experiments are simplified versions of reality.C) psychological theories and observations are merely common sense.D) psychology is potentially dangerous.

65. Hindsight bias leads people to perceive research findings asA) unpredictable.B) inexplicable.C) unreplicable.D) unsurprising.

66. Alexandra is told that research supports the value of cosmetic surgery for boosting self-esteem. Belinda is told that research has proven that cosmetic surgery does nothing for self-esteem. Both women would consider the findings to be common sense. This best illustrates the power ofA) the placebo effect.B) hindsight bias.C) random assignment.D) the double-blind procedure.

67. A psychologist notes that we are especially attracted to people whose traits are different from our own. This statement would seem unsurprising to students becauseA) most students have often been attracted to people different from themselves.B) this finding is consistent with common sense.C) students are eager to interact with those who are different from themselves.D) students, like everyone else, have a tendency to exaggerate their ability to have foreseen the outcome of past discoveries.

68. According to Emily's grandfather, Adolf Hitler's obvious emotional instability made it clear from the beginning days of his international conflicts that Germany would inevitably lose World War II. The grandfather's claim best illustratesA) hindsight bias.B) the placebo effect.C) naturalistic observation.D) random sampling.

69. Dr. Donelian wants to reduce his students' perception that psychological experiments merely prove the obvious. The best way for him to do this would be to ask the students toA) describe how experimental hypotheses are based on basic psychological principles.B) predict the outcomes of experiments before they are told the actual results.C) explain the outcomes of experiments after they are told the actual results.D) personally engage in naturalistic observation.

70. When provided with the unscrambled solutions to anagrams, people underestimate the difficulty of solving them by themselves. This best illustratesA) confounding variables.B) random assignment.C) wording effects.D) overconfidence.




71. As people prepare for a test, they often believe that they understand the course material better than they actually do. This best illustratesA) overconfidence.B) random assignment.C) the placebo effect.D) critical thinking.

72. Thinking that she had outperformed most of her classmates, Pilar was surprised to receive just an average grade on her psychology test. Pilar's experience best illustratesA) overconfidence.B) hindsight bias.C) the placebo effect.D) a negative correlation.

73. In a random sequence of coin tosses, series of successive heads occur ________ often than people expect, and series of tails occur ________often than people expect.A) more; lessB) less; moreC) more; moreD) less; less

74. If someone were to flip a coin six times, which of the following sequences of heads (H) and tails (T) would be most likely?A) H H H T T TB) H T T H T HC) T T T T T TD) All of these sequences would be equally likely.

75. Daniel and Donald are identical twins who were separated at birth and raised in different countries. When they were finally reunited for the first time as adults, the men were amazed to discover that they were both plumbers, both avid tennis players, and both addicted to chocolates. The men would be best advised to recognize the danger ofA) randomly sampling their life experiences.B) attributing these three similarities to chance.C) perceiving order in random events.D) assuming that most people share their attitudes and interests.

76. The King James Version of the Bible was completed when William Shakespeare was 46 years old. In Psalm 46 of this translation, the forty-sixth word is “shake,” and the forty-sixth word from the end is “spear.” Before concluding that the biblical translators were trying to be humorous with these specific word placements, you would be best advised to recognize the danger ofA) randomly sampling biblical passages.B) generalizing from extreme examples.C) assuming that most people share your opinions.D) perceiving order in coincidental events.

77. As scientists, psychologists adopt an attitude of skepticism because they believe thatA) people are unlikely to reveal what they are really thinking.B) most commonsense ideas about human behavior are wrong.C) claims about human behavior need to be supported with evidence.D) events never occur randomly.

78. When psychologists insist that “the rat is always right,” they are emphasizing the scientific attitude ofA) humility.B) respect for animals.C) environmental sensitivity.D) enthusiasm for animal research studies.

79. An explanation using principles that organize observations and predict behaviors or events is called a(n)A) independent variable.B) hypothesis.C) theory.D) survey.

80. According to Professor Fayad, we like people who like us because their affection for us boosts our own self-esteem. His idea is an example ofA) an operational definition.B) hindsight bias.C) replication.D) a theory.




81. Hypotheses are best described asA) assumptions.B) replications.C) explanations.D) predictions.

82. Based on a scientific theory of social influence, researchers tested the prediction that a threat to self-esteem increases conformity to peer pressure. The prediction that was tested best illustrates a(n)A) psychodynamic perspective.B) independent variable.C) operational definition.D) hypothesis.

83. A statement of how a researcher manipulates an independent variable is known as a(n)A) control condition.B) replication.C) operational definition.D) hypothesis.

84. In reporting the effect of drinking alcohol on self-consciousness, psychologists would state exactly how they measured self-consciousness. They are providing a(n)A) experimental hypothesis.B) case study.C) double-blind procedure.D) operational definition.

85. Operational definitions are most likely to facilitateA) replication.B) positive correlations.C) hindsight bias.D) the placebo effect.

86. Replication involvesA) the selection of random samples.B) perceiving order in random events.C) repeating an earlier research study.D) rejecting ideas that cannot be scientifically tested.

87. To make sure a new scientific finding is reliable, psychologists are most likely to useA) naturalistic observation.B) random sampling.C) replication.D) positive correlation.

88. According to Professor Bolden, his research demonstrates that eating an apple every day improves children's reading skills. How might others best verify whether this finding is dependable?A) replicationB) naturalistic observationC) case studiesD) correlational research

89. A descriptive technique in which an individual or group is studied in great depth is called aA) replication.B) case study.C) survey.D) naturalistic observation.

90. To understand how brain damage influences behavior, Dr. Dayan carefully observed and questioned two stroke victims. Which research method did Dr. Dayan employ?A) random samplingB) the surveyC) the case studyD) experimentation




91. Jean Piaget developed his ideas about children's thinking after carefully observing and questioning only a few children. Which research method did he use?A) the surveyB) the double-blind procedureC) the case studyD) experimentation

92. Those who rely on the case-study method need to be especially alert to the dangers ofA) hindsight bias.B) replication.C) random assignment.D) false generalizations.

93. After carefully studying how three single parents who have lost their jobs, Dr. Phong began to overestimate the national rate of unemployment. In this instance, Dr. Phong should be warned that ________ may be misleading.A) surveysB) case studiesC) dependent variablesD) random samples

94. To describe the behavior of animals in their native habitats, researchers are most likely to make use ofA) survey research.B) random assignment.C) experimental methods.D) naturalistic observation.

95. Which research method would be most effective for identifying the mating rituals of North American deer?A) survey researchB) naturalistic observationC) experimentationD) the double-blind procedure

96. In studying the development of relationships, Dr. Rajiv carefully observed and recorded the behavior of men and women in singles bars. Which research method did Dr. Rajiv use?A) naturalistic observationB) the surveyC) the case studyD) experimentation

97. Researchers make no effort to manipulate or control variables when they engage inA) naturalistic observation.B) the double-blind procedure.C) replication.D) experimentation.

98. The survey is a research method in whichA) individuals are carefully observed in their natural environments.B) a representative sample of individuals are questioned regarding their attitudes or behaviors.C) an individual is studied in great depth.D) an investigator determines the extent to which two variables influence each other.

99. You want to investigate the relationship between the political attitudes, and the economic status of North Americans. Which method should you use?A) the surveyB) naturalistic observationC) experimentationD) the case study

100. Most of the people responding to a national survey agreed that “classroom prayer should not be allowed in public schools.” In a similar survey, only 33 percent agreed that “classroom prayer in public schools should be banned.” These different findings best illustrate the importance ofA) hindsight bias.B) the placebo effect.C) random assignment.D) wording effects.




101. Researchers question random samples because they are likely to beA) vivid.B) homogeneous.C) representative.D) readily available.

102. The whole group from which samples may be drawn is called a(n)A) control condition.B) population.C) case study.D) independent variable.

103. To learn about the political attitudes of all students enrolled at Arizona State University, Professor Marlow randomly selected 800 of these students to complete a questionnaire. In this instance, all the students enrolled at Arizona State University are considered to be a(n)A) independent variable.B) representative sample.C) control condition.D) population.

104. The children in Mrs. Shashoua's neighborhood make fun of her limp. She concludes that kids in today's society are typically cruel and insensitive. Mrs. Shashoua ought to remind herself that reasonable generalizations depend onA) observing representative samples.B) recognizing that others may not share our opinions.C) confusing causation with correlation.D) realizing that random events may not look random.

105. Most of the students in Mr. Blair's slow-reader classes are girls. So Mr. Blair concludes that girls do not read as well as boys. Mr. Blair's conclusion best illustrates the danger ofA) hindsight bias.B) generalizing from select cases.C) confusing correlation with causation.D) random sampling.

106. Website polls may yield unrepresentative results when they fail to useA) operational definitions.B) random sampling.C) independent variables.D) double-blind procedures.

107. A random sample of a large group of people is one in whichA) the number of people included in the sample is determined by chance.B) every person in the large group has an equal chance of being included in the sample.C) there are very few personality differences among those in the sample.D) all of these answers are true.

108. Which procedure helps ensure that the participants in a survey are representative of a larger population?A) random assignmentB) replicationC) naturalistic observationD) random sampling

109. To assess the extent to which death rates increase as people age, researchers would most likely make use ofA) the double-blind procedure.B) a case study.C) experimentation.D) correlational measures.

110. A correlation coefficient is a(n)A) testing effect.B) statistical index.C) dependent variable.D) double-blind procedure.

111. A correlation coefficient is a statistical measure of theA) size of a population from which a sample has been taken.B) extent to which two factors vary together.C) relationship between an independent and dependent variable.D) difference between an experimental group and a control group.




112. Which of the following statistical measures is most helpful for indicating the extent to which high school grades predict college or university grades?A) SQ3R.B) a random sample.C) a correlation coefficient.D) an independent variable.

113. A correlation coefficient can range in value fromA) 0 to 100.B) 0 to 1.00.C) 1 to 99.D) –1.00 to +1.00.

114. If the points on a scatterplot are clustered in a pattern that extends from lower left to upper right, this would suggest that the two variables depicted areA) causally related.B) positively correlated.C) negatively correlated.D) randomly assigned.

115. A researcher would be most likely to discover a negative correlation betweenA) body height and body weight.B) self-esteem and depression.C) education and personal wealth.D) intelligence and academic success.

116. If college graduates typically earn more money than high school graduates, this would indicate that level of education and income areA) positively correlated.B) independent variables.C) dependent variables.D) negatively correlated.

117. A correlation between levels of impulsiveness and annual income of –1.00 would indicate thatA) lower levels of impulsiveness are associated with lower levels of annual income.B) higher levels of annual income are associated with lower levels of impulsiveness.C) it is impossible to predict annual income levels from knowledge of impulsiveness levels.D) impulsiveness has no causal influence on annual income.

118. Scientists discover that a specific brain structure is much larger in violent individuals than in nonviolent people. A news headline announces: “Enlarged Brain Structure Triggers Violent Acts.” The headline writer should be warned about the dangers ofA) perceiving illusory correlations.B) explaining events in hindsight.C) confusing correlation with causation.D) generalizing from unrepresentative samples.

119. If psychologists discovered that poverty and aggressiveness in children are related, this would clearly indicate thatA) poverty has a negative influence on children's behavior.B) the factors that lead to poverty also cause aggressive behavior.C) economic status and aggressiveness in children are negatively correlated.D) all of these answers are true.

120. A positive correlation between self-esteem and academic success would indicate thatA) a positive self-concept contributes to academic success.B) academic success contributes to a favorable self-image.C) those with high self-esteem are more academically successful than those with low self-esteem.D) all of these answers are true.

121. People with low self-esteem are also likely to suffer from depression. This does not necessarily mean that low self-esteem triggers negative emotions. Why?A) Sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.B) Events often seem more probable in hindsight.C) Correlation does not prove causation.D) Random sequences often don't look random.




122. To avoid assuming a cause-effect relationship based on correlational evidence, researchers make use ofA) the experiment.B) survey research.C) the case study.D) naturalistic observation.

123. A research method in which a psychologist manipulates factors that potentially produce a particular behavior is called a(n)A) survey.B) experiment.C) case study.D) correlational method.

124. The experiment is a research method in whichA) a random sample of individuals are questioned about their opinions and behaviors.B) individuals are carefully observed in their natural environment.C) a researcher manipulates one or more factors that might affect behavior.D) an individual is studied in great depth.

125. To maximize control over the factors they are studying, researchers engage inA) case studies.B) correlational research.C) experimentation.D) surveys.

126. Unlike correlational studies, experiments involveA) operationally defining research procedures.B) manipulating the factors of interest.C) studying observable behaviors.D) replication of previous research.

127. The most accurate way of assessing the impact of hormone replacement therapy on women's health is by means ofA) case studies.B) experiments.C) correlational measurement.D) naturalistic observations.

128. Experimentation is more useful than correlational research for testing the claim thatA) children who view a great deal of television violence are also likely to be unusually aggressive.B) people who exercise frequently are less likely to suffer from depression than infrequent exercisers.C) people's friendliness and feelings of happiness are increased by the consumption of alcohol.D) people who consume excessive amounts of coffee experience higher-than-normal levels of anxiety.

129. Random assignment is most likely to be used in ________ research.A) surveyB) case studyC) correlationalD) experimental

130. A psychologist wants to be sure that her research findings do not result from age or personality differences between the experimental and control groups. She should useA) replication.B) random assignment.C) operational definitions.D) the double-blind procedure.

131. In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment being tested is called the ________ group.A) standardizedB) naturalisticC) placeboD) control

132. To minimize any differences between participants who are in the control and experimental groups, psychologists make use ofA) random assignment.B) replication.C) random sampling.D) correlation.




133. To study the effects of noise on worker productivity, researchers have one group of people work in a noisy room and a second group work in a quiet room. To be sure that any differences in the productivity of the two groups actually result from the different noise levels, the researchers would useA) the case study.B) correlational measurement.C) naturalistic observation.D) random assignment.

134. Random sampling is to ________ as random assignment is to ________.A) correlational studies; case studiesB) surveys; experimentsC) replication; correlationD) description; prediction

135. To provide a comparison for evaluating the effects of a specific treatment, experimenters make use of a(n)A) dependent variable.B) independent variable.C) control group.D) experimental group.

136. Research participants drank either caffeinated or decaffeinated beverages in a study of the effects of caffeine on anxiety levels. Those who received the decaffeinated drinks were assigned to the ________ group.A) surveyB) experimentalC) correlationalD) control

137. Mr. Torrez needs to assess the effectiveness of flu vaccine for county residents. He thinks it would be better to give the vaccine to all county residents instead of giving half of them a placebo. Mr. Torrez is most clearly underestimating the importance ofA) testing a large sample.B) operationally defining his procedures.C) replicating observations of other researchers.D) creating a control group.

138. In an experiment, the experimental group is the group thatA) receives a placebo.B) is informed about which treatment they are receiving.C) is exposed to the treatment being tested by the experiment.D) is not fully debriefed following the completion of the experiment.

139. In a test of the effects of cigarette smoking on physical health and development, psychologists raised groups of monkeys in either a smoke-free or smoke-filled environment. Monkeys in the smoke-filled environment were assigned to the _______ group.A) correlationalB) surveyC) controlD) experimental

140. In a drug-treatment study, participants given a pill containing no actual drug are receiving aA) random sample.B) double-blind.C) replication.D) placebo.

141. A group of experimenters want to test the effectiveness of a well-known and expensive brand of pain medication against the effectiveness of a lesser-known and cheaper brand. To prevent any expectations about brand effectiveness from influencing their experimental test, the researchers are likely to make use ofA) random sampling.B) replication.C) operational definitions.D) the double-blind procedure.

142. The double-blind procedure is most likely to be used in ________ research.A) surveyB) case studyC) correlationalD) experimental




143. Abdul is participating in an experiment evaluating the effectiveness of aspirin. Neither he nor the researchers know whether the pills he takes during the experiment contain aspirin or are merely placebos. The investigators are making use ofA) naturalistic observation.B) the testing effect.C) the double-blind procedure.D) random sampling.

144. The healing power of positive expectations is best illustrated byA) overconfidence.B) debriefing.C) the placebo effect.D) hindsight bias.

145. In an experiment to study the effectiveness of a new drug, research participants who receive a placebo have been assigned to the ________ group.A) dependent variableB) correlationalC) experimentalD) control

146. In a psychological experiment, researchers are interested in studying the potential effects of the ________ variable.A) dependentB) confoundingC) independentD) random

147. Knowing the difference between an experimental group and a control group is most important for understanding the nature ofA) random sampling.B) confounding variables.C) a correlation coefficient.D) independent variables.

148. To study some effects of drinking alcohol, Dr. Chu tested the physical abilities of 21-year-old men. The research participants were first assigned to drink a beverage with either 4, 2, or 0 ounces of alcohol. In this study, the independent variable consisted ofA) the age of the research participants.B) the physical abilities of the research participants.C) the amount of alcohol consumed.D) the effects of alcohol consumption.

149. Which procedure is most likely to be used to control for possible confounding variables?A) debriefingB) informed consentC) random assignmentD) naturalistic observation

150. The dependent variable in an experiment is the factorA) that is directly manipulated by the investigator.B) that may be influenced by the experimental treatment.C) whose effect is being studied.D) that causes the behavior being studied.

151. In an experimental study of the extent to which sexual arousal is stimulated by laughter, sexual arousal would be theA) control condition.B) experimental condition.C) independent variable.D) dependent variable.

152. Conducting a case study best illustratesA) random sampling.B) the correlational method.C) the double-blind procedure.D) the descriptive method.

153. Psychology experiments are typically designed toA) test and evaluate theoretical principles.B) observe behaviors that are unobservable outside the laboratory.C) re-create the naturally occurring conditions that influence people's daily behaviors.D) observe a truly random sample of human or animal behavior.




154. Psychologists study animals becauseA) they want to understand how different species think and behave.B) animal physiology is often simpler and easier to understand than human physiology.C) it is more permissible to conduct certain types of research with animals than with humans.D) of all of these reasons.

155. Gallup surveys suggest that the majority of adults in Canada and the United States believe thatA) medical testing on animals for research purposes is morally acceptable.B) the well-being of animals used in research studies should be placed above the well-being of humans.C) animals should be used only in research studies that directly benefit the animals involved in those studies.D) animals should be fully debriefed following their use in research studies.

156. The British Psychological Society and the American Psychological Association have issued guidelines for animal research. These guidelines call forA) housing social animals with companions.B) ensuring the health of research animals.C) minimizing the infliction of pain on research animals.D) all of these requirement.

157. Psychologists occasionally deceive research participants about the true purpose of an experiment to prevent them fromA) worrying about the potential harm or discomfort they may experience.B) realizing that their privacy is being violated.C) deciding that they really don't want to take part in the experiment.D) trying to confirm the experimenters' predictions.

158. Ethical principles developed by the American Psychological Association urge psychological investigators toA) forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.B) avoid the use of laboratory experiments when the behaviors of interest can be directly observed in natural settings.C) ensure that research participants give informed consent before participating in the research.D) avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.

159. The principle of informed consent is most directly relevant to people's right toA) choose whether they wish to participate in a research study.B) know whether they are assigned to an experimental or control group.C) replicate the results of a research study.D) be fully debriefed following their participation in research.

160. Debriefing refers toA) a technique for assessing the attitudes of those who respond to a survey.B) repeating a research study with a different set of participants than those in the original study.C) a procedure designed to inhibit hindsight bias.D) explaining a research study to participants after the study is completed.

161. The personal values of psychologists are likely to influence their choice ofA) topics of investigation.B) research methods.C) explanatory theories.D) topic, method, and theory.

162. An understanding of behavior and mental processes can be misused to manipulate people. That's why some worry about the potential dangers ofA) confounding variables.B) informed consent.C) dual processing.D) psychology.

163. The enhanced memory that accompanies repeated self-testing of previously learned material best illustrates the value ofA) debriefing.B) retrieval practice.C) positive psychology.D) a psychodynamic perspective.

164. The SQ3R method encourages students toA) read each text chapter quickly to minimize boredom.B) read each text chapter without any preconceptions about what they might learn.C) survey a text chapter's organization before actually reading the chapter itself.D) read entire text chapters at one sitting to maximize comprehension.




165. For effective mastery of course material, the text emphasizes the value ofA) spaced practice and testing yourself.B) speed reading and massed practice.C) case studies and psychoanalysis.D) all of these practices.

166. Wilhelm Wundt performed experiments to studyA) animal behaviors.B) unconscious conflicts.C) brain structures.D) mental processes.

167. The birth of psychology is often attributed to Wilhelm Wundt because he pioneered the investigation of mental processes usingA) a biopsychosocial perspective.B) an evolutionary perspective.C) positive psychology.D) scientific methods.

168. The personality theorist, Sigmund Freud, was an AustrianA) chemist.B) physician.C) theologian.D) politician.

169. Who was the American philosopher who authored a textbook in 1890 for the young discipline of psychology?A) Wilhelm WundtB) John B. WatsonC) Sigmund FreudD) William James

170. Who was a student of William James and the first female president of the American Psychological Association?A) Jean PiagetB) Margaret Floy WashburnC) Rosalie RaynerD) Mary Whiton Calkins

171. In its early years, psychology focused on the study ofA) environmental influences.B) maladaptive behavior.C) placebo effects.D) mental life.

172. From the 1920s into the 1960s, American psychologists emphasized the study ofA) genetic influences.B) self-esteem.C) conscious thoughts and feelings.D) observable behavior.

173. The view that psychology should be an objective science that studies observable human activity without reference to mental processes is known asA) behaviorism.B) cognitive neuroscience.C) humanistic psychology.D) positive psychology.

174. Which major force in psychology emphasized unconscious sexual conflicts?A) cognitive neuroscienceB) Freudian psychologyC) behavior geneticsD) behaviorism

175. Humanistic psychologists focused attention on the importance of people'sA) childhood memories.B) genetic predispositions.C) unconscious thought processes.D) potential for healthy growth.




176. In the early 1960s, the cognitive revolution in psychology renewed interest in the scientific study ofA) mental processes.B) genetic influences.C) sexual conflicts.D) learned behaviors.

177. Cognitive neuroscience studies relationships betweenA) natural selection and behavior tendencies.B) childhood memories and psychological disorders.C) thought processes and brain functions.D) philosophy and physiology.

178. Contemporary psychology is best defined as the science ofA) conscious and unconscious mental activity.B) observable responses to the environment.C) behavior and mental processes.D) maladaptive and adaptive behaviors.

179. Smiling is to feeling as ________ is to ________.A) evolution; natural selectionB) behavior; mental processC) conscious; unconsciousD) nurture; nature

180. The neuroscience perspective in psychology would be most likely to emphasize that behavior is influenced byA) environmental circumstances.B) blood chemistry.C) unconscious conflicts.D) situational conflicts.

181. Which perspective would help us to understand the impact of strokes and brain diseases on memory?A) evolutionaryB) behavioralC) psychodynamicD) neuroscience

182. Professor Lopez believes that severe depression results primarily from an imbalanced diet and abnormal brain chemistry. Professor Lopez favors a ________ perspective on depression.A) neuroscienceB) psychodynamicC) behavior geneticsD) cognitive

183. Which perspective highlights the reproductive advantages of inherited human traits?A) evolutionaryB) cognitiveC) behavioralD) social-cultural

184. Which perspective would suggest that the facial expressions associated with the emotions of lust and rage are inherited?A) cognitiveB) behavioralC) evolutionaryD) social-cultural

185. Professor Crisman believes that most women prefer tall and physically strong partners because this preference promoted the survival of our ancestors' genes. This viewpoint best illustrates the ________ perspective.A) social-culturalB) cognitiveC) evolutionaryD) psychodynamic

186. Which perspective focuses on the extent to which our genes and our environments influence our individual differences?A) cognitiveB) behavior geneticsC) social-culturalD) psychodynamic




187. Professor Brody attempts to measure the relative contributions of gene-based traits and social factors on homosexual behavior. Her research best illustrates the interests of the ________ perspective.A) behavior geneticsB) psychodynamicC) behavioralD) cognitive

188. The most notable feature of the psychodynamic perspective is its emphasis onA) natural selection.B) brain chemistry.C) unconscious conflicts.D) learned behaviors.

189. Mrs. Alfieri believes that her husband's angry outbursts against her result from his unconscious hatred of his own mother. Mrs. Alfieri is looking at her husband's behavior from a(n) ________ perspective.A) evolutionaryB) behavioralC) psychodynamicD) behavior genetics

190. Which perspective most clearly focuses on how we learn observable responses?A) evolutionaryB) neuroscienceC) behavioralD) behavior genetics

191. Akira believes that her son has become a good student because she always praises his learning efforts. Her belief best illustrates a ________ perspective.A) behavior geneticsB) neuroscienceC) psychodynamicD) behavioral

192. The cognitive perspective in psychology focuses on howA) feelings are influenced by blood chemistry.B) people try to understand their own unconscious drives.C) behavior is influenced by environmental conditions.D) people encode, process, store, and retrieve information.

193. Which perspective is most concerned with how individuals interpret their experiences?A) behavioralB) cognitiveC) neuroscienceD) behavior genetics

194. Which psychological perspective is most likely to be concerned with identifying the powers and the limits of human reasoning?A) cognitiveB) behavioralC) neuroscienceD) behavior genetics

195. Which perspective in psychology is most likely to focus on how behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures?A) evolutionaryB) neuroscienceC) cognitiveD) social-cultural

196. Dr. Wilson believes that the delinquent behaviors of many teens result from the pressures of being members of street gangs. Her account best illustrates a(n) ________ perspective.A) behavior geneticsB) social-culturalC) neuroscienceD) evolutionary




197. Dr. Wong investigates the relationship between brain chemistry and intelligence. Dr. Wong is working in which psychological subfield?A) social psychologyB) clinical psychologyC) biological psychologyD) industrial-organizational psychology

198. Dr. Santaniello studies how children's moral thinking changes as they grow older. Dr. Santaniello is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A) socialB) clinicalC) developmentalD) industrial-organizational

199. Dr. Caleigh researches people's ability to solve problems. Dr. Caleigh is most likely a ________ psychologist.A) cognitiveB) biologicalC) clinicalD) social

200. Dr. Roberts creates tests to assess individual differences in traits such as anxiety and self-esteem. Which psychological subfield does her work best represent?A) social psychologyB) biological psychologyC) industrial-organizational psychologyD) personality psychology

201. Dr. Yoo studies why individuals conform to the behaviors and opinions of others. He is probably aA) cognitive psychologist.B) social psychologist.C) developmental psychologist.D) clinical psychologist.

202. Dr. Vazquez helps people make career choices by assisting them in identifying their strengths and interests. Dr. Vazquez is most likely aA) biological psychologist.B) counseling psychologist.C) cognitive psychologist.D) social psychologist.

203. Dr. Straub is investigating the psychological, biological, and behavioral factors that create heart disease. He is most likely aA) personality psychologist.B) cognitive psychologist.C) clinical psychologist.D) health psychologist.

204. Clinical psychologists specialize inA) constructing surveys.B) animal research.C) providing therapy to troubled people.D) providing drugs to treat behavioral disorders.

205. For no apparent reason, Ryozo has recently begun to feel so tense and anxious that he often stays home from work. It would be best for Ryozo to contact a ________ psychologist.A) developmentalB) clinicalC) personalityD) biological

206. The specialist most likely to have a medical degree is aA) clinical psychologist.B) personality psychologist.C) developmental psychologist.D) psychiatrist.




207. Dr. Lipka is involved in the study of employee job satisfaction and productivity. Dr. Lipka is most likely a(n) ________ psychologist.A) clinicalB) developmentalC) personalityD) industrial-organizational

208. Studies conducted for the sake of building psychology's base of knowledge are most clearly examples ofA) the testing effect.B) replication.C) basic research.D) positive psychology.

209. A reader who examines psychologists' assumptions and uncovers their hidden values is engaging inA) replication.B) critical thinking.C) the hindsight bias.D) positive psychology.

210. If you assess whether conclusions are based on the existing evidence, you are usingA) critical thinking.B) naturalistic observation.C) the placebo effect.D) the double-blind procedure.

211. When you question whether anecdotal evidence can be generalized to all people, you are engaging inA) naturalistic observation.B) a biopsychosocial approach.C) random assignment.D) critical thinking.

212. Melinda expressed valid concerns as to whether the wording of the questions in a life satisfaction survey may have encouraged people to give answers that show unusually positive levels of well-being. Melinda's concerns best illustratedA) hindsight bias.B) informed consent.C) critical thinking.D) the testing effect.

213. Different views of the same behavior that together can give us a complete description represent differentA) independent variables.B) naturalistic observations.C) levels of analysis.D) case studies.

214. An integrated understanding of gender differences in terms of cultural, biological, and psychological influences best illustrates the goal ofA) behaviorism.B) dual processing.C) naturalistic observation.D) a biopsychosocial approach.

215. Keiko has low self-esteem because she is often teased for being overweight. To provide a more complete picture of Keiko's difficulties, a psychologist would use many levels of analysis, orA) humanistic psychology.B) psychoanalysis.C) the behaviorist perspective.D) a biopsychosocial approach.

216. The biopsychosocial approach provides an understanding of biological influences as part ofA) SQ3R.B) behaviorism.C) humanistic psychology.D) many levels of analysis.

217. Which term refers to the traits and behaviors that individuals in a given culture expect in a man or woman?A) natural selectionB) behavior geneticsC) replicationD) gender




218. The enduring traditions, attitudes, ideas, values, and behaviors shared by a group of people constitutes theirA) culture.B) population.C) massed practice.D) informed consent.

219. The nature–nurture issue refers to the debate over the relative contributions that ________ make to the development of psychological traits.A) massed practice and spaced practiceB) unconscious and conscious motivesC) behavior and mental processesD) genes and experience

220. Efforts to discover whether the intelligence of children is more heavily influenced by their genes or by their home environments are most directly related to the debate regarding the issue ofA) behavior and mental processes.B) evolution and natural selection.C) correlation and causation.D) nature and nurture.

221. Nadia wonders whether personality differences between her friends who recently moved from Nigeria and those who moved from Thailand result primarily from biological influences or from cultural influences. In this instance, Nadia is primarily concerned with the relative contributions ofA) neuroscience and cognition.B) nature and nurture.C) behavior and mental processes.D) conscious and unconscious thoughts.

222. Biology is to experience as ________ is to ________.A) naturalistic observation; case studyB) psychology; psychiatryC) nature; nurtureD) behavior; mental processes

223. By suggesting that nurture works on what nature provides, psychologists highlight the fact that we are biologically endowed with a capacity forA) informed consent.B) dual processing.C) replication.D) learning and adaptation.

224. The simultaneous processing of information at both conscious and unconscious levels is calledA) the double-blind procedure.B) replication.C) dual processing.D) critical thinking.

225. Accurately grasping an object a split second before we consciously recognize the object's size best illustrates our capacity forA) spaced practice.B) hindsight bias.C) dual processing.D) naturalistic observation.

226. Although we may be unaware of our gender prejudices, they often influence the way we consciously perceive men and women. This best illustratesA) random sampling.B) dual processing.C) critical thinking.D) hindsight bias.

227. Research on human flourishing is the major focus ofA) the psychodynamic perspective.B) positive psychology.C) naturalistic observation.D) behavior genetics.




228. Martin Seligman advocates a positive psychology that focuses on such topics asA) prejudice.B) compassion.C) depression.D) poverty.

229. Positive psychology uniquely focuses on the promotion of positiveA) curiosity, skepticism, and humility.B) emotions, character traits, and institutions.C) descriptive, correlational, and experimental methods.D) classroom instruction, study techniques, and test grades.

230. The hindsight bias refers to people's tendency toA) dismiss the value of replication.B) reject any ideas that can't be scientifically tested.C) believe that they would have foreseen the outcome of past events.D) overestimate the extent to which others share their opinions.

231. Many people believe that psychology merely proves our commonsense understanding. In large part this is because ofA) random assignment.B) hindsight bias.C) operational definitions.D) the placebo effect.

232. Giving half the members of a group a true psychological finding and the other half an opposite result is an easy way to show the impact ofA) the placebo effect.B) confounding variables.C) hindsight bias.D) the double-blind procedure.

233. Professor Mysore told one class that drinking alcohol increases sexual desire. He told another class that drinking alcohol reduces sexual desire. Neither class was surprised by the information they received because of the power ofA) replication.B) hindsight bias.C) the double-blind procedure.D) the placebo effect.

234. Several weeks after a political election, voters often think they could have predicted the election outcome. This best illustratesA) the placebo effect.B) random assignment.C) wording effects.D) hindsight bias.

235. Shin Kang's stockbroker tells him that he has lost a lot of money on his stocks. When Shin tells his wife, she angrily responds, “I could have told you that your stocks would lose money!” Her comment is an example ofA) hindsight bias.B) debriefing.C) the placebo effect.D) replication.

236. The scientific attitude of humility is most likely to be undermined byA) hindsight bias.B) correlational evidence.C) random assignment.D) operational definitions.

237. Developing testable hypotheses before conducting research is most directly useful for restraining a thinking error known asA) random sampling.B) hindsight bias.C) the testing effect.D) random assignment.

238. Our tendency to believe we know more than we do illustratesA) naturalistic observation.B) the placebo effect.C) overconfidence.D) random assignment.




239. Political officials who have no doubt that their own economic and military predictions will come true most clearly demonstrateA) dual processing.B) random sampling.C) overconfidence.D) the placebo effect.

240. Megan was certain that she would never live far away from her family. However, to get a job promotion, she decided to move. Megan's experience best illustratesA) hindsight bias.B) random assignment.C) the placebo effect.D) overconfidence.

241. Which of the following is most likely to inhibit critical thinking?A) operational definitionsB) overconfidenceC) random assignmentD) the double-blind procedure

242. The tendency to perceive meaningful patterns in random sequences of outcomes often leads us to underestimate the extent to which outcomes result fromA) the double-blind procedure intuition.B) an independent variable.C) a placebo.D) chance.

243. Six of the children in Mr. Myer's class were born on exactly the same day. This strikes him as astonishing and improbable. In this instance, he should be reminded thatA) random sequences of events often don't look random.B) events often seem more probable in hindsight.C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.D) correlation does not prove causation.

244. On a series of coin tosses, Oleg has correctly predicted heads or tails seven times in a row. In this instance, we can reasonably conclude that Oleg's predictive accuracyA) defies the laws of statistical probability.B) illustrates the phenomenon of hindsight bias.C) is inconsistent with the placebo effect.D) is a random and coincidental occurrence.

245. The fact that the same individual won the New Jersey lottery on two separate occasions best illustratesA) a random outcome.B) the double-blind procedure.C) the placebo effect.D) hindsight bias.

246. Three key elements of the scientific attitude areA) pride, enthusiasm, and ingenuity.B) ingenuity, practicality, and certainty.C) certainty, creativity, and curiosity.D) curiosity, skepticism, and humility.

247. Zuza insists that Dr. Phillip's theory of aggression be checked against observable evidence. She is demonstrating the scientific attitude ofA) pride.B) skepticism.C) practicality.D) enthusiasm.

248. The scientific attitude requires an open-minded humility because it involves a willingness toA) perceive order in random events.B) avoid questions that can't be scientifically tested.C) recognize the errors in our own ideas.D) respect political beliefs that contradict our own.




249. A theory is an explanation using principles that ______ observations and ______ events.A) question; surveyB) replicate; controlC) organize; predictD) randomly sample; randomly assign

250. Professor Shalet states that parents and children have similar levels of intelligence largely because they share common genes. His idea is best described as a(n)A) theory.B) replication.C) naturalistic observation.D) operational definition.

251. The explanatory power of a scientific theory is most closely linked to its capacity to generate testableA) assumptions.B) correlations.C) predictions.D) variables.

252. A hypothesis is a(n)A) observable relationship between specific independent and dependent variables.B) testable prediction that gives direction to research.C) set of principles that organizes observations and explains newly discovered facts.D) unprovable assumption about the unobservable processes that underlie psychological functioning.

253. A testable prediction that is often implied by a theory is called a(n)A) naturalistic observation.B) operational definition.C) dependent variable.D) hypothesis.

254. Testing hypotheses and refining theories in light of these tests is central toA) the testing effect.B) dual processing.C) the scientific method.D) informed consent.

255. Professor Delano suggests that because people are especially attracted to those who are good-looking, handsome men will be more successful than average-looking men in getting a job. The professor's prediction regarding employment success is an example ofA) hindsight bias.B) the placebo effect.C) a hypothesis.D) a confounding variable.

256. A statement describing the exact procedures used in a research study is known as a(n)A) hypothesis.B) control condition.C) replication.D) operational definition.

257. In a written report of their research, psychologists state exactly how anxiety is measured, thus providing their readers with a(n)A) hypothesis.B) independent variable.C) operational definition.D) case study.

258. Replication of a research study is most likely to be facilitated byA) hindsight bias.B) debriefing.C) operational definitions.D) the placebo effect.

259. Which technique involves re-creating an earlier research study with different participants and in different circumstances?A) replicationB) random samplingC) naturalistic observationD) the double-blind procedure




260. Professor Ambra was skeptical about the accuracy of recently reported research on sleep deprivation. Which process would best enable her to assess the reliability of these findings?A) naturalistic observationB) replicationC) random samplingD) the case study

261. The case study is a research method in whichA) an individual or group is studied in great depth.B) a representative sample of people are questioned regarding their opinions or behaviors.C) organisms are carefully observed in a laboratory environment.D) an investigator manipulates one or more variables that might affect behavior.

262. A clinical psychologist carefully investigates a client's current life situation and his physical, social-cultural, and educational history. Which research method is the psychologist using?A) the surveyB) the case studyC) experimentationD) naturalistic observation

263. Little Hans' extreme fear of horses was observed as part of a(n)A) experiment.B) survey.C) case study.D) double-blind procedure.

264. The biggest danger of relying on case-study evidence is that itA) is based on naturalistic observation.B) may be unrepresentative of what is generally true.C) overestimates the importance of operational definitions.D) leads us to underestimate the causal relationships between events.

265. A descriptive technique of monitoring and recording behavior in naturally occurring situations without trying to change or control the situation is calledA) random sampling.B) naturalistic observation.C) replication.D) the double-blind procedure.

266. Naturalistic observation is most useful forA) describing behaviors.B) predicting attitudes.C) explaining complex emotions.D) detecting cause-effect relationships.

267. Psychologists who carefully watch the behavior of chimpanzee families in their jungle habitats are using a research method known asA) the survey.B) experimentation.C) naturalistic observation.D) the case study.

268. To track the development of children's social skills, Professor Ober carefully monitors and records their classroom behaviors. Professor Ober is engaged inA) survey research.B) naturalistic observation.C) experimentation.D) replication.

269. In one study, introductory psychology students were fitted with hip-worn tape recorders for up to four days so that researchers could sample their daily activities. The researcher employed a scientific method known asA) naturalistic observation.B) the double-blind procedure.C) replication.D) the case study.




270. A descriptive technique for obtaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of a representative sample of a population is known asA) naturalistic observation.B) natural selection.C) a case study.D) a survey.

271. In which type of research is a representative random sample of people asked to answer questions about their behaviors or attitudes?A) experimentationB) the surveyC) the case studyD) naturalistic observation

272. Which research method would be best for investigating the relationship between the religious beliefs of Americans and their attitudes toward abortion?A) the surveyB) naturalistic observationC) the case studyD) experimentation

273. Surveys indicate that people are much less approving of “welfare” than “aid to the needy.” These survey results best illustrate the importance ofA) random sampling.B) wording effects.C) the placebo effect.D) naturalistic observation.

274. A representative sample is one that accurately reflects a largerA) control group.B) scatterplot.C) subfield.D) population.

275. To learn about the TV viewing habits of all the children attending Oakbridge School, Professor DeVries randomly selected and interviewed 50 of the school's students. In this instance, all of the children attending the school are considered to be a(an)A) population.B) representative sample.C) independent variable.D) control condition.

276. When every individual in a large population has a small but equal chance of being included in a survey, researchers are using a procedure known asA) the case study.B) the double-blind procedure.C) random sampling.D) operational definitions

277. Which of the following scientific procedures is most useful for helping survey researchers avoid false generalizations?A) the case studyB) naturalistic observationC) random samplingD) operational definitions

278. Large, enthusiastic crowds appeared at all of Governor Richardson's political rallies. This made him overconfident about his chances of winning the upcoming election. In this instance, the governor needs to be alerted to the value ofA) dual processing.B) random sampling.C) experimental control.D) naturalistic observation.

279. Midori wants to find out how students reacted to a proposed tuition hike at her school. She sends a questionnaire to every fifteenth person in the school's alphabetical listing of all currently enrolled students. Midori used the technique ofA) random assignment.B) naturalistic observation.C) replication.D) random sampling.




280. In a survey, psychologists select a random sample of research participants to ensure thatA) the participants are representative of the larger population they are interested in studying.B) there will be a large number of participants in the research study.C) the study will not be influenced by the researcher's personal values.D) the same number of participants will be assigned to each of the experimental conditions.

281. Suppose you want to find out which candidate students on your campus will vote for in the national election. To be sure the sample is representative of the student population, you shouldA) survey only a small sample of students.B) carefully select the students to be surveyed.C) ask every student on campus.D) randomly survey a large, representative sample of the student population.

282. Correlation refers to the extent to which two factorsA) vary together.B) are random samples.C) influence each other.D) are representative of a larger population.

283. Correlational research is most useful for purposes ofA) explanation.B) prediction.C) control.D) replication.

284. To discover the extent to which economic status can be used to predict political preferences, researchers are most likely to useA) the case study approach.B) naturalistic observation.C) correlational measures.D) experimental research.

285. To determine whether the strength of people's self-esteem is related to their income levels, researchers would most likely make use ofA) case studies.B) correlational research.C) experimentation.D) naturalistic observation.

286. Which of the following is a statistical measure of the relationship between two variables?A) a correlation coefficientB) a random sampleC) an independent variableD) SQ3R

287. A graphed cluster of dots, each of which represents the values of two factors, is called aA) replication.B) scatterplot.C) control group.D) correlation coefficient.

288. Displaying data in a scatterplot can help us see the extent to which two variables areA) random samples.B) operationally defined.C) correlated.D) replications.

289. A researcher would be most likely to discover a positive correlation betweenA) intelligence and academic success.B) financial poverty and physical health.C) self-esteem and depression.D) school grades and school absences.

290. Suppose psychologists discovered that wealthy people are less satisfied with their marriages than poor people are. This would indicate that wealth and marital satisfaction areA) causally related.B) negatively correlated.C) independent variables.D) positively correlated.




291. Suppose the correlation between the physical weight and reading ability of elementary schoolchildren is +0.85. This means thatA) the weight and reading ability of elementary schoolchildren are not related.B) low body weight has a negative effect on the reading abilities of elementary schoolchildren.C) better reading ability is associated with greater physical weight among elementary schoolchildren.D) greater body weight does not cause better reading ability in elementary schoolchildren.

292. A correlation between physical attractiveness and dating frequency of +0.60 would indicate thatA) physical attractiveness does not increase dating frequency.B) more frequent dating is associated with lower levels of physical attractiveness.C) it is impossible to predict levels of physical attractiveness based on knowledge of dating frequency.D) more frequent dating is associated with higher levels of physical attractiveness.

293. Suppose that those who watch a lot of TV violence are also likely to behave aggressively. This relationship would NOT necessarily mean that watching violence influences aggressive behavior becauseA) random sequences often don't look random.B) correlation does not prove causation.C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.D) events often seem more probable in hindsight.

294. An extensive survey revealed that children with relatively high self-esteem tend to picture God as kind and loving, whereas those with lower self-esteem tend to perceive God as angry. The researchers concluded that the children's self-esteem had apparently influenced their views of God. This conclusion best illustrates the danger ofA) perceiving order in random events.B) generalizing from extreme examples.C) exaggerating the extent to which outcomes are foreseeable.D) assuming that association proves causation.

295. If psychologists discovered that intelligent parents have smarter children than unintelligent parents, this would demonstrate thatA) intelligence is inherited.B) intelligent parents provide their children with greater educational opportunities than do unintelligent parents.C) the intelligence of parents and children is positively correlated.D) all of these answers are true.

296. A negative correlation between degree of wealth and likelihood of suffering from a psychological disorder would indicate thatA) poverty makes people vulnerable to psychological disorders.B) the poor are more likely to have a psychological disorder than the wealthy.C) psychological disorders usually prevent people from accumulating wealth.D) all of these answers are true.

297. Which of the following methods is most helpful for revealing cause-effect relationships?A) the surveyB) the experimentC) correlational researchD) naturalistic observation

298. Researchers use experiments rather than other research methods to isolateA) facts from theories.B) causes from effects.C) case studies from surveys.D) random samples from representative samples.

299. In which type of research would an investigator manipulate one factor to observe its effect on some behavior or mental process?A) the surveyB) the case studyC) experimentationD) naturalistic observation

300. Which research method provides the best way of assessing whether cigarette smoking boosts mental alertness?A) the case studyB) the surveyC) naturalistic observationD) the experiment




301. In a test of the effects of sleep deprivation on problem-solving skills, research participants are allowed to sleep either 4 or 8 hours on each of three consecutive nights. This research is an example ofA) naturalistic observation.B) survey research.C) a case study.D) an experiment.

302. To find out whether feeding breast milk contributes to the intellectual development of children, psychologists usedA) case studies.B) surveys.C) naturalistic observations.D) experiments.

303. Being randomly assigned to the experimental group in a research project involves being assignedA) to that group by chance.B) to the group in which participants are representative of people in general.C) in a way that ensures that the independent variable will affect the dependent variable.D) to the group in which participants all have similar personalities.

304. To isolate cause and effect, experimenters should useA) random assignment.B) naturalistic observation.C) case studies.D) correlation coefficients.

305. To assess the impact of test difficulty on persistence of effort, researchers plan to give one group of children relatively easy tests and another group more difficult tests. To reduce the chance that the children in one group are more intelligent than those in the other group, the researchers should make use ofA) random assignment.B) the double-blind procedure.C) naturalistic observations.D) operational definitions.

306. Research participants are randomly assigned to different groups in an experiment in order toA) minimize chances that participants in any group know each other.B) increase chances that participants are representative of people in general.C) minimize any differences between groups of participants.D) increase chances that the different groups have the same number of participants.

307. The group exposed to a newly created drug that is being tested in an experiment is called the ________ group.A) controlB) standardizedC) baselineD) experimental

308. Which of the following is true for those assigned to a control group?A) The experimenter exerts the greatest influence on participants' behavior.B) The research participants are exposed to all the experimental treatments.C) The research participants are exposed to the most favorable levels of experimental treatment.D) The experimental treatment is absent.

309. Researchers are studying how social interaction affects problem solving. Some participants are instructed to solve problems working together; others are told to solve problems working alone. Those who worked alone were assigned to the ________ group.A) experimentalB) surveyC) controlD) correlational

310. A group of investigators first observed an association between frequency of pornography use and levels of romantic commitment. They subsequently instructed one group of individuals to abstain from eating their favorite food for a three-week period and another, similar group to abstain from sexually explicit materials for a three-week period. The investigators used a combination ofA) spaced practice and massed practice.B) natural selection and replication.C) correlational and experimental research.D) naturalistic observation and case studies.




311. Random assignment minimizes ________ between experimental and control groups. Random sampling minimizes ________ between a sample and a population.A) similarities; differencesB) differences; similaritiesC) similarities; similaritiesD) differences; differences

312. The most foolproof way of testing whether a newly introduced method of psychological therapy is truly effective is to useA) survey research.B) naturalistic observations.C) correlational research.D) experimental research.

313. Participants in an experiment are said to be blind if they are uninformed aboutA) what experimental hypothesis is being tested.B) whether the experimental findings will be meaningful.C) how the dependent variable is measured.D) which experimental treatment, if any, they are receiving.

314. An inactive substance may be given instead of a drug to see if it produces any of the same effects as the drug. This substance is called aA) placebo.B) random sample.C) case study.D) replication.

315. In a study of the effects of drinking alcohol, some participants drank a nonalcoholic beverage that actually smelled and tasted like alcohol. This nonalcoholic drink was aA) dependent variable.B) replication.C) placebo.D) confounding variable.

316. Both the researchers and the participants in a memory study are ignorant about which participants have received a drug that is supposed to improve memory and which have received a placebo. This investigation involves the use ofA) naturalistic observation.B) random sampling.C) the double-blind procedure.D) replication.

317. To minimize the extent to which outcome differences between experimental and control groups result from placebo effects, researchers make use ofA) random sampling.B) the double-blind procedure.C) random assignment.D) operational definitions.

318. The relief of pain following the taking of an inactive substance that is perceived to have medicinal benefits illustratesA) random assignment.B) the hindsight bias.C) debriefing.D) the placebo effect.

319. The placebo effect best illustrates the impact of ________ on feelings and behaviors.A) the double-blind procedureB) random samplingC) positive expectationsD) hindsight bias

320. In an experimental study, men with erectile dysfunction received either Viagra or a placebo. Those who received Viagra were assigned to the ________ group.A) correlationalB) controlC) surveyD) experimental




321. In a psychological experiment, the factor that is manipulated by the investigator is called the ________ variable.A) dependentB) independentC) controlD) experimental

322. In an experimental study of the effects of anxiety on self-esteem, anxiety would be the ________ variable.A) experimentalB) dependentC) correlationalD) independent

323. A factor other than the independent variable that might produce an effect in an experiment is called aA) wording effect.B) correlation coefficient.C) placebo effect.D) confounding variable.

324. If participants in the experimental group of a drug treatment study are much younger than participants in the control group, the age of the research participants is a(n)A) dependent variable.B) correlation coefficient.C) confounding variable.D) independent variable.

325. In a psychological experiment, the factor that may be influenced by the manipulated experimental treatment is called the ________ variable.A) dependentB) experimentalC) controlD) independent

326. To assess the influence of self-esteem on romantic attraction, researchers either insulted or complimented students about their physical appearance just before they went on a blind date. In this research, the dependent variable consisted ofA) insults or compliments.B) physical appearance.C) romantic attraction.D) feelings of self-esteem.

327. An experiment was designed to study the potential impact of alcohol consumption on emotional stability. A specification of the procedures used to measure emotional stability illustratesA) the independent variable.B) an operational definition.C) the double-blind procedure.D) a random assignment.

328. Which research method assesses how well one variable predicts another without specifying a cause and effect relationship between the variables?A) naturalistic observationB) the correlational methodC) the case studyD) the experimental method

329. The simplified reality of laboratory experiments helps psychologists toA) predict human behavior in a variety of situations.B) perceive order in completely random events.C) develop general principles that help explain behavior.D) observe random samples of human conduct.

330. Psychologists study animals becauseA) animal behavior is just as complex as human behavior.B) experiments on people are generally considered to be unethical.C) the ethical treatment of animals is not mandated by professional guidelines.D) similar processes often underlie animal and human behavior.




331. The first major issue that emerges in debates over experimenting on animals centers around theA) usefulness of studying biological processes in animals.B) ethics of placing the well-being of humans above that of animals.C) obligation to treat information about individual animals with confidentiality.D) need to obtain the informed consent of animals used in research.

332. To prevent participants in an experiment from trying to confirm the researchers' predictions, psychologists sometimesA) get written promises from participants to respond honestly.B) treat information about individual participants confidentially.C) deceive participants about the true purpose of an experiment.D) allow people to decide for themselves whether they want to participate in an experiment.

333. Potential research participants are told enough about an upcoming study to enable them to choose whether they wish to participate. This illustrates the practice of seekingA) a representative sample.B) informed consent.C) an operational definition.D) a placebo effect.

334. The American Psychological Association's ethics code urges investigators toA) avoid the use of monetary incentives in recruiting people to participate in research.B) forewarn potential research participants of the exact hypotheses that the research will test.C) avoid the manipulation of independent variables in research involving human participants.D) explain the research to the participants after the study has been completed.

335. After an experiment, research participants are told its purpose and about any deception they may have experienced. This is calledA) debriefing.B) replication.C) informed consent.D) the double-blind procedure.

336. Psychologists' personal values and goalsA) are carefully tested by means of observation and experimentation.B) lead them to avoid experiments involving human participants.C) can bias their observations and interpretations.D) have very little influence on the process of scientific observation.

337. Some people worry that psychology is potentially dangerous becauseA) psychological knowledge can be used for destructive purposes.B) psychologists generally believe that people are not personally responsible for their actions.C) psychological research necessitates performing stressful experiments on people.D) psychological research typically violates personal privacy rights.

338. The testing effect refers to the ________ that accompanies repeated retrieval of learned information.A) positive psychologyB) natural selectionC) enhanced memoryD) increasing boredom

339. SQ3R is a study method incorporating five steps: survey, question, read, ________, and review.A) reviseB) reasonC) retrieveD) research

340. The SQ3R study method emphasizes the importance ofA) massed practice.B) replication.C) retrieving information.D) role modeling.

341. Discerning the unstated assumptions and values that underlie conclusions best illustrates ________, which is an important learning tool.A) critical thinkingB) the testing effectC) debriefingD) SQ3R




342. To remember important ideas presented in class lectures, you would be best advised toA) write them down.B) give informed consent.C) practice naturalistic observation.D) perceive order in random events.

343. Kathy does not want to become a psychologist because she has no interest in analyzing emotionally disturbed people. Use your knowledge of psychology's perspectives and subfields to expand Kathy's limited understanding of career opportunities for psychologists.

344. Jack is a second-grade student. He seems to have no interest in learning, often daydreaming in class and frequently disrupting the class by throwing objects at other students. Describe how a biopsychosocial approach might provide both an integrated explanation of Jack's classroom behavior and practical suggestions for helping Jack to cope more effectively with the challenges he faces.

345. When your best friend hears that you are taking a psychology course, she asserts that psychology is simply common sense. Explain why your awareness of both the limits of everyday reasoning and the methods of psychological research would lead you to disagree with your friend's claim.

346. Speaking at a college graduation ceremony, Professor Robson compared college graduates with adults who are less educated. She correctly noted that college graduates pay more taxes, vote more frequently, engage in more volunteer activities in their communities, and are less likely to go to jail than less-educated adults. The professor concluded that colleges obviously do great things for society. Use your understanding of correlation to evaluate the validity of the professor's conclusion.

347. Design an experiment to test whether drinking alcohol influences people's tendency to become socially aggressive. Be sure to specify your experimental hypothesis and identify your dependent and independent variables, as well as your experimental and control groups. Identify any experimental procedures that would help to ensure the reliability of your research.

348. Compared with Wilhelm Wundt, early behaviorists were much less likely to focus on the study ofA) smiling.B) screaming.C) fighting.D) thinking.

349. Understanding why the fear of darkness may have contributed to the survival of our human ancestors is most relevant to the ________ perspective.A) behavioralB) cognitiveC) evolutionaryD) psychodynamic

350. When Leanne heard about experimental evidence that drinking orange juice triggers overactivity in children, she questioned whether the tested children had been randomly assigned to experimental conditions. Leanne's reaction best illustratesA) the placebo effect.B) the hindsight bias.C) critical thinking.D) overconfidence.

351. An integrated understanding of the explanations provided by the neuroscience, cognitive, social-cultural, and other perspectives in psychology is most clearly provided byA) SQ3R.B) behaviorism.C) a psychodynamic perspective.D) a biopsychosocial approach.

352. Debates on the degree to which alcohol abuse is biologically determined or culturally influenced are most relevant to the issue ofA) nature versus nurture.B) naturalistic observation versus replication.C) behavior versus mental processes.D) conscious versus unconscious mind.

353. Dual processing refers to simultaneously processing information on separate ________ tracks.A) physical and emotionalB) social and psychologicalC) conscious and unconsciousD) correlational and experimental




354. After the horror of 9/11, many people said the CIA and FBI should obviously have foreseen the likelihood of this form of terrorism. This perception most clearly illustratesA) replication.B) hindsight bias.C) random sampling.D) the placebo effect.

355. Stacey suggests that because children are more impulsive than adults, they will have more difficulty controlling their anger. Stacey's prediction regarding anger management is an example ofA) a hypothesis.B) hindsight bias.C) an operational definition.D) the placebo effect.

356. Professor Carter observes and records the behavior of grocery shoppers as they select items to purchase. Which type of research is Professor Carter using?A) survey researchB) case studyC) experimentationD) naturalistic observation

357. A negative correlation between people's work-related stress and their marital happiness would indicate thatA) work-related stress has a negative impact on marital happiness.B) marital unhappiness promotes work-related stress.C) higher levels of marital happiness are associated with lower levels of work-related stress.D) marital happiness has no causal influence on work-related stress.

358. Which method offers the most reliable way of assessing whether athletic performance is boosted by drinking soda with caffeine in it?A) the surveyB) the case studyC) the experimentD) naturalistic observation

359. In drug-treatment studies, double-blind procedures minimize outcome differences between experimental and control conditions that could result fromA) replication.B) operational definitions.C) random sampling.D) placebo effects.

360. In an experimental study of the extent to which mental alertness is reduced by sleep loss, alertness would be theA) control condition.B) independent variable.C) experimental condition.D) dependent variable.

361. Researchers want to assess whether sense of humor is affected by sexual stimulation. They expose married couples to either sexually stimulating or to sexually nonstimulating movie scenes prior to showing them a comedy skit. In this research, the independent variable wasA) reactions to the comedy skit.B) level of sexual stimulation.C) marital status.D) sense of humor.

362. Ethical principles developed by psychologists urge investigators toA) avoid the use of animals in experimental research.B) minimize the use of the double-blind procedure with human research participants.C) treat information about individual research participants confidentially.D) avoid the use of financial incentives in any kind of research.

363. Which perspective would help you understand the links between hormone levels and sexual motivation?A) behavioralB) cognitiveC) psychodynamicD) neuroscience




364. Focusing on the extent to which behavior is influenced by motives outside our own awareness is most relevant to the ________ perspective.A) neuroscienceB) behavioralC) psychodynamicD) social-cultural

365. Dr. Stevens provides psychotherapy to people who suffer from excessive anxiety. Dr. Stevens is most likely a ________ psychologist.A) socialB) developmentalC) clinicalD) cognitive

366. Jamie and Lynn were sure that they had answered most of the multiple-choice questions correctly because “the questions required only common sense.” However, they each scored less than 60% on the exam. This best illustratesA) a confounding variable.B) random assignment.C) the hindsight bias.D) overconfidence.

367. Psychological theoriesA) organize scientific observations.B) explain observed facts.C) generate hypotheses.D) do all of these things.

368. Which research method runs the GREATEST risk of collecting evidence that may be unrepresentative of what is generally true?A) naturalistic observationB) the case studyC) experimentationD) the survey

369. Every twenty-fifth person who ordered a subscription to a weekly news magazine was contacted by market researchers to complete a survey of opinions regarding the magazine's contents. The researchers were using a technique known asA) naturalistic observation.B) the double-blind procedure.C) random sampling.D) replication.

370. Mr. Brown has gathered evidence that the self-esteem of students is negatively correlated with their typical levels of anxiety. Before he uses this evidence to conclude that self-esteem reduces anxiety, Mr. Brown should first be reminded thatA) events often seem more likely in hindsight.B) random sequences of events often don't look random.C) sampling extreme cases leads to false generalizations.D) correlation does not prove causation.

371. A correlation of +1.00 between children's physical height and their popularity among their peers indicates thatA) higher levels of popularity among peers is associated with greater physical height in children.B) there is very little relationship between children's height and their popularity.C) being unusually short or tall has a negative impact on children's popularity.D) children's height has no causal impact on their popularity.

372. Researchers are testing the potential effect of hunger on taste sensitivity. Groups of research participants are deprived of food for differing lengths of time before being given a taste-sensitivity test. This research is an example ofA) correlational research.B) an experiment.C) survey research.D) naturalistic observation.

373. In a study of factors that might affect memory, research participants were assigned to drink either an alcoholic or a nonalcoholic beverage prior to completing a memory test. Those who drank the nonalcoholic beverage were assigned to the ________ group.A) surveyB) controlC) experimentalD) correlational




374. In an experiment on the effects of dieting on weight loss, dieting would be theA) control condition.B) independent variable.C) dependent variable.D) placebo.

375. In a well-controlled experiment, researchers seek to minimizeA) confounding variables.B) informed consent.C) replication.D) random assignment.

376. Checking your ability to recall information you have just studied improves your long-term retention of that information. Psychologists have referred to this asA) SQ3R.B) replication.C) the testing effect.D) positive psychology.

377. In its earliest days, psychology was defined as theA) science of mental life.B) study of conscious and unconscious activity.C) science of observable behavior.D) science of behavior and mental processes.

378. Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, “Psychology should investigate only behaviors that can be observed”?A) Wilhelm WundtB) Sigmund FreudC) John B. WatsonD) William James

379. Today, psychology is defined as theA) science of mental phenomena.B) science of conscious and unconscious activity.C) science of behavior.D) science of behavior and mental processes.

380. Who was a legendary teacher-writer of psychology?A) Wilhelm WundtB) Ivan PavlovC) Jean PiagetD) William James

381. Psychologists who study the degree to which genes influence our personality are working from the ________ perspective.A) behavioralB) evolutionaryC) behavior geneticsD) neuroscience

382. Which of the following best describes the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our behavior?A) the issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behaviorB) the issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behaviorC) the debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining behaviorD) the debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate area of scientific study

383. Raoul is a psychologist studying the brain's role in human emotions. Which psychological perspective is he working from?A) neuroscienceB) cognitiveC) behavioralD) behavior genetics

384. A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working from the ________ perspective.A) behavioralB) evolutionaryC) cognitiveD) social-cultural




385. Manuel has had several anxiety attacks over the last month. Which type of psychologist would treat Manuel?A) counseling psychologistB) personality psychologistC) clinical psychologistD) psychiatrist

386. After detailed study of a gunshot wound victim, a psychologist concludes that the brain region destroyed is likely to be important for memory functions. Which type of research did the psychologist use to deduce this?A) the case studyB) a surveyC) correlationD) experimentation

387. In an experiment to determine the effects of loud noise on studying, the loud noise is theA) control condition.B) confounding variable.C) independent variable.D) dependent variable.

388. To determine the effects of a new drug on memory, researchers give one group of people a pill that contains the drug. A second group is given a pill that does not contain the drug. This second group constitutes theA) random sample.B) experimental group.C) control group.D) test group.

389. Theories are defined asA) testable propositions.B) factors that may change in response to manipulation.C) statements of the procedures used to describe research variables.D) principles that help to organize, predict, and explain facts.

390. A psychologist studies the play behavior of third-grade children by watching groups during recess at school. Which type of research is she using?A) correlationB) case studyC) experimentationD) naturalistic observation

391. To ensure that other researchers can repeat their work, psychologists useA) control groups.B) random assignment.C) double-blind procedures.D) operational definitions.

392. The scientific attitude of skepticism is based on the belief thatA) people are rarely candid in revealing their thoughts.B) mental processes can't be studied objectively.C) the scientist's intuition about behavior is usually correct.D) ideas need to be tested against observable evidence.

393. Psychologists' personal valuesA) have little influence on how their experiments are conducted.B) do not influence the interpretation of experimental results because of the use of statistical techniques that guard against

subjective bias.C) can bias both scientific observation and interpretation of data.D) have little influence on investigative methods but a significant effect on interpretation.

394. If shoe size and IQ are negatively correlated, which of the following is true?A) People with large feet tend to have high IQs.B) People with small feet tend to have high IQs.C) People with small feet tend to have low IQs.D) IQ is unpredictable based on a person's shoe size.

395. Which of the following would be best for determining whether alcohol impairs memory?A) case studyB) naturalistic observationC) surveyD) experiment




396. Well-done surveys measure attitudes in a representative subset, or ________, of an entire group, or ________.A) population; random sampleB) control group; experimental groupC) experimental group; control groupD) random sample; population

397. The first psychology laboratory was established by ________ in the year ________.A) Wundt; 1879B) James; 1890C) Freud; 1900D) Watson; 1913

398. Who would be most likely to agree with the statement, “Psychology is the science of mental life”?A) Wilhelm WundtB) John B. WatsonC) Ivan PavlovD) virtually any American psychologist during the 1960s

399. In psychology, behavior is best defined asA) anything a person says, does, or feels.B) any action we can observe and record.C) any action, whether observable or not.D) anything we can infer from a person's actions.

400. Carl Rogers and Abraham Maslow are most closely associated withA) cognitive psychology.B) behaviorism.C) psychodynamic theory.D) humanistic psychology.

401. Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines ofA) philosophy and chemistry.B) physiology and chemistry.C) philosophy and biology.D) philosophy and physics.

402. A teacher was interested in knowing whether her students' test performance could be predicted from their proximity to the front of the classroom. So she matched her students' scores on a math test with their seating position. This is an example ofA) experimentation.B) correlational research.C) a survey.D) naturalistic observation.

403. The way the mind encodes, processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of the ________ perspective.A) neuroscienceB) evolutionaryC) social-culturalD) cognitive

404. Of the following, who is also a physician?A) clinical psychologistB) experimental psychologistC) psychiatristD) biological psychologist

405. Dr. Jones is researching the relationship between changes in our thinking over the life span and changes in moral reasoning. He is most likely aA) clinical psychologist.B) personality psychologist.C) psychiatrist.D) developmental psychologist.

406. Which psychologist is most directly concerned with suggesting ways to improve worker productivity in a computer factory?A) clinical psychologistB) personality psychologistC) industrial-organizational psychologistD) psychiatrist




407. Dr. Ernst explains behavior in terms of different situations. Dr. Ernst is working from the ________ perspective.A) behavioralB) evolutionaryC) social-culturalD) cognitive

408. Which perspective emphasizes the learning of observable responses?A) behavioralB) social-culturalC) neuroscienceD) cognitive

409. The biopsychosocial approach emphasizes the importance ofA) different levels of analysis in exploring behavior and mental processes.B) observable behavior over mental processes.C) the environment over heredity.D) having a single academic perspective to guide research.

410. To prevent the possibility that a placebo effect or researchers' expectations will influence a study's results, scientists useA) control groups.B) experimental groups.C) random assignment.D) the double-blind procedure.

411. In an experiment to determine the effects of attention on memory, memory is theA) control condition.B) confounding variable.C) independent variable.D) dependent variable.

412. Which of the following BEST describes hindsight bias?A) Events seem more predictable before they have occurred.B) Events seem more predictable after they have occurred.C) A person's intuition is usually correct.D) A person's intuition is usually not correct.

413. The procedure designed to ensure that the experimental and control groups do not differ in any way that might affect the experiment's results is calledA) variable controlling.B) random assignment.C) representative sampling.D) stratification.

414. In an experiment to test the effects of a new drug on weight loss, the participants' ages would be a(n)A) independent variable.B) confounding variable.C) placebo effect.D) hypothesis.

415. Which type of research would allow you to determine whether students' college grades accurately predict later income?A) case studyB) naturalistic observationC) experimentationD) correlation

416. In a test of the effects of air pollution, groups of students performed a reaction time task in a polluted or an unpolluted room. To what condition were students in the unpolluted room exposed?A) experimentalB) controlC) randomly assignedD) dependent

417. To study the effects of lighting on mood, Dr. Cooper had students fill out questionnaires in brightly lit or dimly lit rooms. In this study, the independent variable consisted ofA) the number of students assigned to each group.B) the students' responses to the questionnaire.C) the room lighting.D) the subject matter of the questions asked.




418. You decide to test your belief that men drink more soft drinks than women by finding out whether more soft drinks are consumed per day in the men's dorm than in the women's dorm. Your belief is a(n) ________, and your research prediction is a(n) ________.A) hypothesis; theoryB) theory; hypothesisC) independent variable; dependent variableD) dependent variable; independent variable

419. To examine assumptions, discern hidden values, evaluate evidence, and assess conclusions is toA) conduct a survey.B) develop a theory.C) experiment.D) think critically.

420. Which of the following procedures is an example of the use of a placebo?A) In a test of the effects of a drug on memory, a participant is led to believe that a harmless pill actually contains an active

drug.B) A participant in an experiment is led to believe that a pill, which actually contains an active drug, is harmless.C) Participants in an experiment are not told which treatment condition is in effect.D) Neither the participants nor the experimenter knows which treatment condition is in effect.

421. The psychologist who has called for a more positive psychology isA) William James.B) Martin Seligman.C) B. F. Skinner.D) Sigmund Freud.

422. A major principle underlying the SQ3R study method is thatA) people learn and remember material best when they actively process it.B) many students overestimate their mastery of text and lecture material.C) study time should be spaced over time rather than crammed into one session.D) “overlearning” disrupts efficient retention.

423. To say that we operate with a two-track mind means that weA) can think of several things at once.B) we process information at conscious and unconscious levels.C) think both objectively and subjectively.D) examine assumptions and assess conclusions.




Answer Key

1. B2. B3. B4. A5. C6. A7. B8. C9. D

10. C11. C12. D13. D14. C15. D16. B17. B18. C19. D20. C21. B22. B23. C24. A25. A26. B27. A28. B29. D30. D31. B32. C33. D34. D35. B36. B37. B38. C39. C40. D41. B42. D43. A44. C45. B46. A47. D48. C49. C50. D51. D52. D53. C54. D55. C56. D57. A58. B59. B60. C61. A62. C63. C64. C65. D66. B67. D68. A69. B70. D71. A72. A73. C74. D75. C76. D




77. C78. A79. C80. D81. D82. D83. C84. D85. A86. C87. C88. A89. B90. C91. C92. D93. B94. D95. B96. A97. A98. B99. A

100. D101. C102. B103. D104. A105. B106. B107. B108. D109. D110. B111. B112. C113. D114. B115. B116. A117. B118. C119. C120. C121. C122. A123. B124. C125. C126. B127. B128. C129. D130. B131. D132. A133. D134. B135. C136. D137. D138. C139. D140. D141. D142. D143. C144. C145. D146. C147. D148. C149. C150. B151. D152. D153. A154. D




155. A156. D157. D158. C159. A160. D161. D162. D163. B164. C165. A166. D167. D168. B169. D170. D171. D172. D173. A174. B175. D176. A177. C178. C179. B180. B181. D182. A183. A184. C185. C186. B187. A188. C189. C190. C191. D192. D193. B194. A195. D196. B197. C198. C199. A200. D201. B202. B203. D204. C205. B206. D207. D208. C209. B210. A211. D212. C213. C214. D215. D216. D217. D218. A219. D220. D221. B222. C223. D224. C225. C226. B227. B228. B229. B230. C231. B232. C




233. B234. D235. A236. A237. B238. C239. C240. D241. B242. D243. A244. D245. A246. D247. B248. C249. C250. A251. C252. B253. D254. C255. C256. D257. C258. C259. A260. B261. A262. B263. C264. B265. B266. A267. C268. B269. A270. D271. B272. A273. B274. D275. A276. C277. C278. B279. D280. A281. D282. A283. B284. C285. B286. A287. B288. C289. A290. B291. C292. D293. B294. D295. C296. B297. B298. B299. C300. D301. D302. D303. A304. A305. A306. C307. D308. D309. C310. C




311. C312. D313. D314. A315. C316. C317. B318. D319. C320. D321. B322. D323. D324. C325. A326. C327. B328. B329. C330. D331. B332. C333. B334. D335. A336. C337. A338. C339. C340. C341. A342. A343.344.345.346.347.348. D349. C350. C351. D352. A353. C354. B355. A356. D357. C358. C359. D360. D361. B362. C363. D364. C365. C366. D367. D368. B369. C370. D371. A372. B373. B374. B375. A376. C377. A378. C379. D380. D381. C382. A383. A384. D385. C386. A387. C388. C




389. D390. D391. D392. D393. C394. B395. D396. D397. A398. A399. B400. D401. C402. B403. D404. C405. D406. C407. C408. A409. A410. D411. D412. B413. B414. B415. D416. B417. C418. B419. D420. A421. B422. A423. B




name: date: a) john b. watson. - testbanku.eu · b) wilhelm wundt. c) sigmund freud. d) jean...

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