Name the Seven Dwarves

Take out a piece of paper

Difficulty of Task

• Was the exercise easy or difficult.

It depends on what factors?

•Whether you like Disney movies

•how long ago you watched the movie

•how loud the people are around you when you are trying to remember

MemoryThe persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of

information.

As you might have guessed, the next topic we are going to examine is…….

So what was the point of the seven dwarves exercise?

The Memory process

• Encoding• Storage

• Retrieval

Encoding

• The processing of information into the long-term storage.

Typing info into a computer Getting a girls name at a party

Storage

• The retention of encoded material over time.

Pressing Ctrl S and saving the info.

Trying to remember her name when you leave the party.

Retrieval• The process of getting the information out

of memory storage.

Finding your document and opening it up.

Seeing her the next day and calling her the wrong name (retrieval failure).

Now pick out the seven dwarves.

Turn your paper over.

Grouchy Gabby Fearful Sleepy Smiley Jumpy Hopeful Goofy Sleazy Shy Droopy Moody Hoppy Dopey Sniffy Wishful Puffy Ren Dumpy Sneezy Pop Grumpy Cheesy Bashful Cheerful Teach Snorty Nifty Itchy Happy Doc Wheezy Stubby Poopy Diddy Stimpy

Seven Dwarves

Sleepy, Dopey, Grumpy, Sneezy, Happy, Doc and Bashful

Quiz Question

Darren was asked to memorize a list of letters that included v, q, y, and j. He later recalled these letters as e, u, i, and k, suggesting that the original letters had been encoded

A. AutomaticallyB. VisuallyC. SemanticallyD. Acoustically

Recall v. Recognition• With recall- you must retrieve the

information from your memory (fill-in-the blank tests).

• With recognition- you must identify the target from possible targets (multiple-choice tests).

• Which is easier?

Did you do better on the first or second dwarf memory exercise?

Types of Memory

• Sensory Memory• Short-Term Memory

Long-Term Memory

EncodingRetrieval

Sensory Memory• The immediate, initial recording of sensory

information in the memory system.• Echoic – sensory memory for sound (last

1-2 s.)• Iconic – sensory memory for vision (lasts

a fraction of a second)• Stored just for an instant, and most gets

unprocessed.

Short-Term Memory

• Memory that holds a few items briefly.• Seven digits (plus of minus two).• The info will be stored into long-term or

forgotten.How do you store things from short-term to long-term?

RehearsalYou must repeat things over and over to put them into your long-term memory.

Long Term Memory

• Unlimited storehouse of information.

• Explicit (declarative) memories

• Implicit (non-declarative) memories

Explicit Memories (aka, declarative memories)

• Episodic Memories

• Semantic Memories

Formed by the hippocampus; stored in the cerebral cortex.

Implicit Memories

• Procedural Memories

• Conditioned Memories

Formed by the cerebellum; stored in the cerebral cortex.

To summarize….

CliveWearing•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WmzU47i2xgw

•BBC How Does Memory Work•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pxVb6M8UPTQ&noredirect=1

How to remember

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V8S8V9VEFyI&feature=related

•Superior Autobiographical Memory•http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oHeEQ85m79I

Tuesday, October 30Fact or Falsehood.Write out these statements. Do you agree or disagree?1. Once you learn to ride a bicycle, you won’t likely forget.2. The best way to remember something is to repeat it many

times.3. People with photographic memory are rare.4. There is no known limit to how much information you can

remember.5. You can remember important events from the first two

years of your life.6. There are certain tricks you can use to improve your

memory

Encoding

Getting the information in our heads!!!!

How do you encode the info you read in our text?

Two ways to encode information

• Automatic Processing• Effortful Processing

Automatic Processing• Unconscious encoding of incidental

information.• Examples: what table you were

seated at a restaurant; what you ate for breakfast, where on the page a word was, who you saw on the way to class today.

• Things can become automatic with practice (when you first learn a new word, every time you hear it, you consciously and effortfully pull up the definition from meaning; after hearing it 50 times, you can understand the word without effort – reading Shakespeare.)

Effortful Processing• Encoding that requires attention and conscious

effort.• Examples: vocabulary for school, dates, names• Rehearsal (conscious repetition) is the most

common effortful processing technique.• It depends on the amount of time spent

processing the information.• Overlearning (reviewing things you already know)

enhances retention.

Spacing Effect• We increase long-

term retention when we study or practice over time.

• Cramming is an inefficient means of studying

Quiz Question

Your consciously activated but limited-capacity memory is called ________ memory.

A. short-termB. ImplicitC. EchoicD. ExplicitE. Semantic

Quiz QuestionMemory of facts is to ________ as memory of

skills is to ________.A. brainstem; hippocampusB. Explicit memory; implicit memoryC. Automatic processing; effortful processingD. Short-term memory; long-term memoryE. Iconic; echoic

Serial Positioning Effect• We tend to remember the beginning (primacy effect) and end (recency

effect) of a list best.• Primacy effect is stronger than recency effect if there is a delay between

the list and recall.

Order on list

Words remembered

Value of elaboration

A = does the word contain an “e”? Yes or no.B = how many syllables does the word have?

C = does the word evoke pleasant (P) or unpleasant (U) feelings for you?

A words: fireplace, movie, shoe, puppy

B words: tortilla, window, goldfish, basketball

C words: Dickens, soda, popsicle, dream

From which list did you remember the most? Why?

Which type works best?

Chunking• Organizing items

into familiar, manageable units.

• Often it will occur automatically.

Chunk- from Goonies1-4-9-2-1-7-7-6-1-8-1-2-1-9-4-1

Take 10 seconds to try to remember this number list:

Now, try again:1492, 1776, 1812, 1941

What are some other examples of chunking?

Tricks to EncodingMnemonic Devices = memory tricks

-Often use imagery (peg word, method of loci, “hippo on campus…”)

-May use chunking (HOMES, ROY G. BIV),

Links to examples of mnemonic devices.

Give me some more examples….

• Mnemonic for remembering spelling:

I before E except after C,and when sounding like "ay" as in Neighbor or Weigh(unfortunately there are more than 200 exceptions including 'weird' and names like 'Sheila' and 'Freidman')

• Mnemonic for predicting the next day's weather:

Red sky at night, sailor's delight,red sky in morning, sailors take warning.

Mnemonic for remembering the number of days in a month:

Thirty days hath September,April, June, and November;All the rest have thirty-oneExcepting February alone:Which has twenty-eight, that's fine

PEG WORDSMemorize these countries:

Canada,USA, Mexico, Belize• You might think of a can (Canada) on the sidewalk. Uncle

Sam (USA) walks along and practically trips on the can. He goes to a Texaco (Mexico) gas station to call for a doctor. While he’s waiting, he feels the cool evening breeze (Belize). Etc.!

Improve your memory

• http://health.howstuffworks.com/human-body/systems/nervous-system/how-to-improve-your-memory1.htm

• This is an article

Study pitfalls1. Visual encoding: thinking about the appearance of the

word 2. Acoustic encoding: thinking about the sound of the word

(unless it is set to music—then it is great for rote memorization)

3. The next-in-line effect: we seldom remember what the person has just said or done if we are next.

4. Information minutes before sleep is seldom remembered; in the hour before sleep, well remembered.

5. Taped info played while asleep is registered by ears, but we do not remember it.

Quiz QuestionIn order to remember to buy sugar, ham, oranges,

and potatoes the next time he does to the grocery store, Nabil forms the word “SHOP” with the first letter of each item. He is using a memory aid known as

A. ChunkingB. The spacing effectC. The serial position effectD. The method of lociE. The next-in-line effect

Quiz Question

When Carlos was promoted, he moved into a new office with a new phone extension. Every time he is asked for his phone number, Carlos first thinks of his old extension, illustrating the effects of

A. proactive interferenceB. Retroactive interferenceC. Encoding failureD. Storage failure

• As you listen to this list of words decide whether or not the word contains the letter “e”

• As you listen to this list of words try to visualize an image that matches the word. Decide if you like the word.

• How do you remember?

Passive Active

Create a Mindmap

• 3 Steps to remember: