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Nancy Holman & Alan MaceLSE Geography and EnvironmentHandling conflict in compact city development

Delivering high quality density in a low density culture planning experience in the UK

> This workshop includes an open seminar (Thursday 15th from 13-15) > where we have asked you to contribute. The title will be; Handling > conflict in compact city development and we want to focus on > challenges related to participation and governance in your > countries. Each of you will have about 20 minutes for your lections > and we will have a discussion at the end of the seminar.

1City antipathyTudor WaltersConsumer preference?

2City fixUTFMultiple win-win outcomesSignificance of density Density minimum now gone

Low density culturePosition-taking on density

Cheshire (2006) summarises - and takes a position - thus:Higher densities are good because that is how cities ought to be []. Yet, on examination, the evidence for all of these claims is inadequate. Sometimes this is because whilst the simple fact is correct, the complicated reality means that the price paid is higher than the values generated. (p. 1242-3)

Low density culturePlanning and housing numbersPlanning as tool to mediate density

5Housing numbers NPPG5-15 supplyLocal Planning Authority(Region)GovernmentSHMASHLAAActuary DeptDensitySAHousing numbers NPPG5-15 supplyLocal Planning AuthorityGovernmentSHMASHLAADensityActuary DeptSA7NPPG(Region)GovernmentOpen spaceDesign

Internal space

Private infrastruc-ture

Public infrastruc-ture

DensityTo boost the supply of housing, local planning authorities should...set out their own approach to housing density to reflect local circumstanceLocal Planning AuthorityEnvironmental assessment34.Planning policies and decisions should be based on up-to-date information about the natural environment and other characteristics of the area. A sustainability appraisal should be an integrated part of the plan preparation process, and should consider all the likely significant effects on the environment, economic and social factors.35.Local Plans may require a variety of other environmental assessments, including under the Habitats Regulations where there is a likely significant effect on a European wildlife site (which may not necessarily be within the same local authority area) and Strategic Flood Risk Assessment. Wherever possible, assessments should share the same evidence base and be conducted over similar timescales, but local authorities should take care to ensure that the purposes and statutory requirements of different assessment processes are respected.36.Assessments should be proportionate to the plan. They should not repeat the assessment of higher level policy. Wherever possible the local planning authority should consider how the preparation of any assessment will contribute to the plans evidence base. The process should be started early in the plan-making process and key stakeholders should be consulted in identifying the issues that the assessment must cover.

8NPPGGovernmentOpen spaceDesign

Private infrastruc-ture

Public infrastruc-ture

DensityTo boost the supply of housing, local planning authorities should...set out their own approach to housing density to reflect local circumstanceLocal Planning AuthorityInternal space

Environmental assessment34.Planning policies and decisions should be based on up-to-date information about the natural environment and other characteristics of the area. A sustainability appraisal should be an integrated part of the plan preparation process, and should consider all the likely significant effects on the environment, economic and social factors.35.Local Plans may require a variety of other environmental assessments, including under the Habitats Regulations where there is a likely significant effect on a European wildlife site (which may not necessarily be within the same local authority area) and Strategic Flood Risk Assessment. Wherever possible, assessments should share the same evidence base and be conducted over similar timescales, but local authorities should take care to ensure that the purposes and statutory requirements of different assessment processes are respected.36.Assessments should be proportionate to the plan. They should not repeat the assessment of higher level policy. Wherever possible the local planning authority should consider how the preparation of any assessment will contribute to the plans evidence base. The process should be started early in the plan-making process and key stakeholders should be consulted in identifying the issues that the assessment must cover.

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Empirical work ManchesterCity + developer interest boosterismEconomic context of cityPreference for negotiation, soft policy

Developers lack of LA experience handling density

Uncertain claimsCheshire (2006)mixed communities Neuman (2005) density/transport

10City fix in country that doesnt like cities?Lowest level of internal spaceLow satisfaction with homesAllen & Blandy; Hebbert; Eldridge and Roberts

Failure to fix the city?Depending on criteria, physical change (yes), balanced community (no)

City fixAllen, Chris, and Sarah Blandy. 2004. The Future of City Living: Implications for Urban Policy. http://www.rmd.communities.gov.uk/project.asp?intProjectID=11638.Cheshire, Paul, Steve Gibbons, and Ian Gordon. 2008. Policies for Mixed Communities: A Critical Evaluation. Spatial Economics Research Centre (SERC) Policy Paper. http://www.spatialeconomics.ac.uk/textonly/SERC/publications/download/sercpp002.pdf.Cheshire. 2006. Resurgent Cities, Urban Myths and Policy Hubris: What We Need to Know. Urban Studies 43 (8) (July): 12311246Colomb, Claire. 2007. Unpacking New Labours Urban Renaissance Agenda. Towards a Socially Sustainable Reurbanization of British Cities? Planning Practice and Research 22 (1): 124.David Harvey. 1989. From Managerialism to Entrepreneurialism: The Transformation in Urban Governance in Late Capitalism. Geografiska Annaler. Series B, Human Geograph 71 (1): 317.Eldridge, Adam, and Marion Roberts. 2008. A Comfortable Night Out? Alcohol, Drunkenness and Inclusive Town Centres. Area 40 (3) (September 1): 365374. doi:10.1111/j.1475-4762.2008.00813.x.Hebbert, Michael. 2009. Manchester - Making It Happen. In John Punter (ed) Urban Design and the British Urban Renaissance, 5167. Routledge.Kitchen, Ted. 1997. People, Politics, Policies and Plans: The City Planning Process in Contemporary Britain. SAGE.MCC, Manchester City Council. 2007. Guide to Development in Manchester: Supplementary Planning Document and Planning Guidance. Manchester City Council.Neuman, Michael. 2005. The Compact City Fallacy. Journal of Planning Education and Research 25 (1) (September 1): 1126. doi:10.1177/0739456X04270466.Robson, Brian. 2002. Mancunian Ways: The Politics of Regeneration. In J. Peck & K. Ward City of Revolution: Restructuring Manchester, 3449.Swenarton, Mark. 2002. Tudor Walters and Tudorbethan: Reassessing Britains Inter-war Suburbs. Planning Perspectives 17 (3): 267286.UTF, (Urban Task Force the). 1999. Towards an Urban Renaissance. 1st ed. London: Routledge.Whitehead, Christine. 2008. The Density Debate: A Personal View. East Thames Housing Group, London.

Questions, commentsRequirement to create a planConsultation Drafting Consult on SA procedureSA review of draftSA review of draftSA review of draftConsultationConsultation Government Voluntary Private CommunityConsultationTitleIn practiceDEMOSREG IISUSPLANHandling goal-conflicts in compact city/centre development: how is local sustainable planning managed through new planning tools and practices?Plan making2001 42 EC SEA directive interpreted through xx SA emphasising balance. In planning SA as iterative process informing plan making. Although plan making is undergoing some change in UK we can reasonably assume that it will continue to be subject to consultation. How does the more open process of consultation sit alongside the more technical SA process?13