nanjing, march 2003 using the sunyaev-zeldovich effect to probe the gas in clusters mark birkinshaw...
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Nanjing, March 2003
Using the Sunyaev-Zel’dovich effect to probe the gas in clusters
Mark Birkinshaw
University of Bristol
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 2
Nanjing, March 2003
Outline
1. The origin of the effect
2. SZ effect observations
3. SZ effect science: clusters
4. SZ effect science: cosmology
5. The future: dedicated SZ instruments
6. Summary
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 3
Nanjing, March 2003
1. The origin of the effect
Clusters of galaxies contain extensive hot atmospheres
Te 6 keV
np 103 protons m-3
L 1 Mpc
2 Mpc
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 4
Nanjing, March 2003
Inverse-Compton scatterings
• Cluster atmospheres scatter photons passing through them. Central iC optical depth
enpT L
• Scatterings changes the average photon frequency by a fraction
kBTe/mec2
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 5
Nanjing, March 2003
Microwave background spectrum
I
Fractional intensity change I/I = -2 (/ e 10-4
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 6
Nanjing, March 2003
Thermal SZ effect• Fractional intensity change in the CMB
I/I = -2 (/ e 10-4
• Effect in brightness temperature terms
TRJ = -2 Tr (/ e -300 K
• Brightness temperature effect, TRJ, is independent of redshift
• Flux density effect, S, decreases as DA-2, not DL
-
2, and depends on redshift
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 7
Nanjing, March 2003
Spectrum of thermal effect
• spectrum related to gradient of CMB spectrum
• zero at peak of CMB spectrum (about 220 GHz)
• weak dependence on Te
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 8
Nanjing, March 2003
SZ sky predicted using structure formation code (few deg2, y = 0 – 10-4)
CMB primordial fluctuations ignored
da Silva et al.
Predicted SZ effect sky
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 9
Nanjing, March 2003
SZ effect and CMB power spectrum
Figure from Molnar & Birkinshaw 2000
thermal SZ
kinematic SZ
RS effect
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 10
Nanjing, March 2003
Attributes of SZ effect
TRJ is a redshift-independent function of cluster thermal energy, it is a calorimeter
TRJ has a strong association with rich clusters of galaxies, it is a mass finder
TRJ contains a weak redshift-independent kinematic effect, it is a radial speedometer
TRJ has polarization with potentially more uses, but signal is tiny
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 11
Nanjing, March 2003
2. SZ effect observations• Interferometers: e.g., Ryle, BIMA, OVRO
– structural information– baseline range
• Single-dish radiometers: e.g., OVRO 40-m, OCRA – speed– systematic errors from spillover
• Bolometers: e.g., SuZIE, SCUBA, ACBAR– speed– structural and spectral information– weather
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 12
Nanjing, March 2003
Ryle telescope
• first interferometric map• Abell 2218• brightness agrees with
single-dish data• limited angular dynamic
range
Figure from Jones et al. 1993
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 13
Nanjing, March 2003
Interferometers
• restricted angular dynamic range
• high signal/noise (long integration possible)
• clusters easily detectable to z 1
Figure from Carlstrom et al. 1999
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 14
Nanjing, March 2003
Interferometers
• restricted angular dynamic range set by baseline and antenna size
• good rejection of confusing radio sources
Abell 665 model, VLA observation
available baselines
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 15
Nanjing, March 2003
Interferometers
• Good sky and ground noise rejection because of phase data
• Long integrations and high signal/noise possible
• 10 years of data, tens of cluster maps• SZ detected for cluster redshifts from 0.02
(VSA) to 1.0 (BIMA)• Could be designed with better baseline range
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 16
Nanjing, March 2003
Single-dish radiometers
• Potentially fast way to measure SZ effects of particular clusters
• Multi-beams better than single beams at subtracting atmosphere, limit cluster choice
• Less fashionable now than formerly: other techniques have improved faster
• New opportunities: e.g., GBT
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 17
Nanjing, March 2003
Single-dish radiometers• fast at measuring integrated
SZ effect of given cluster• multi-beam limits choice of
cluster, but subtracts sky well• radio source worries• less used since early 1990s• new opportunities, e.g. GBT
Figure from Birkinshaw 1999
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 18
Nanjing, March 2003
Distribution of central SZ effects
• Mixed sample of 37 clusters
• OVRO 40-m data, 18.5 GHz
• No radio source corrections
• 40% of clusters have observable T < -100 K
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 19
Nanjing, March 2003
Bolometers
• Should be fast way to survey for SZ effects
• Wide frequency range possible on single telescope, allowing subtraction of primary CMB structures
• Atmosphere a problem at every ground site
• Several experiments continuing, SuZIE, MITO, ACBAR, BOLOCAM, etc.
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 20
Nanjing, March 2003
SCUBA
850 µm images: SZ effect measured in one; field too small
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 21
Nanjing, March 2003
MITO
• MITO experiment at Testagrigia
• 4-channel photometer: separate components
• 17 arcmin FWHM
• Coma cluster detection
Figure from De Petris et al. 2002
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 22
Nanjing, March 2003
Viper + ACBAR
• Since 2001: 16-pixel bolometer (ACBAR); 150, 220, 280 GHz (+350 GHz in 2001)
• Dry air, 3º chopping tertiary, large ground shield
• 4 – 5 arcmin FWHM• Excellent for SZ work
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 23
Nanjing, March 2003
ACBAR cluster observations
2002 cluster observations: three of nine objects detected?
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 24
Nanjing, March 2003
SZ effect status• About 100 cluster detections
– high significance (> 10) measurements– multi-telescope confirmations– interferometer maps, structures usually from X-rays
• Spectral measurements improving but still rudimentary – no kinematic effect detections
• Preliminary blind and semi-blind surveys
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 25
Nanjing, March 2003
3. SZ effect science: clusters• Integrated SZ effects
– total thermal energy content– total hot electron content
• SZ structures– not as sensitive as X-ray data– need for gas temperature
• Mass structures and relationship to lensing
• Radial peculiar velocity via kinematic effect
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 26
Nanjing, March 2003
Integrated SZ effects• Total SZ flux density
thermaleeRJ UdzTndS Thermal energy content immediately measured in redshift-independent wayVirial theorem then suggests SZ flux density is direct measure of gravitational potential energy
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 27
Nanjing, March 2003
Integrated SZ effects• Total SZ flux density
eeeeRJ TNdzTndS If have X-ray temperature, then SZ flux density measures electron count, Ne (and hence baryon count)Combine with X-ray derived mass to get fb
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 28
Nanjing, March 2003
SZ effect structures
• Currently only crudely measured by SZ methods (restricted angular dynamic range)
• X-ray based structures superior
• Structure more extended in SZ than X-ray: ne rather than ne
2 dependence. SZ should show more about outer gas envelope, but need better sensitivity
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 29
Nanjing, March 2003
SZ effects and lensingWeak lensing measures ellipticity field e, and so
)(),(1 2
crit θθθθ ii ed
Surface mass density as a function of position can be combined with SZ effect map to give a map of fb SRJ/
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 30
Nanjing, March 2003
Total and gas massesInside 250 kpc:
XMM +SZ
Mtot = (2.0 0.1)1014 M
Lensing
Mtot = (2.7 0.9)1014 M
XMM+SZ
Mgas = (2.6 0.2) 1013 M
CL 0016+16 with XMMWorrall & Birkinshaw 2002
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 31
Nanjing, March 2003
Cluster radial peculiar velocity
• Kinematic effect separable from thermal SZ effect because of different spectrum
• Confusion with primary CMB fluctuations limits velocity accuracy to about 150 km s-1
• Velocity substructure in atmospheres will reduce accuracy further
• Statistical measure of velocity distribution of clusters as a function of redshift in samples
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 32
Nanjing, March 2003
Cluster radial peculiar velocityNeed• good SZ spectrum• X-ray temperature
Confused by CMB structure
Sample vz2
Three clusters so far, vz 1000 km s
A 2163; figure from LaRoque et al. 2002.
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 33
Nanjing, March 2003
4. SZ effect science: cosmology• Cosmological parameters
– cluster-based Hubble diagram– cluster counts as function of redshift
• Cluster evolution physics– evolution of cluster atmospheres via cluster counts – evolution of radial velocity distribution– evolution of baryon fraction
• Microwave background temperature elsewhere in Universe
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 34
Nanjing, March 2003
Cluster Hubble diagram
X-ray surface brightness
X ne2 Te
½ L SZ effect intensity change
I ne Te L
Eliminate unknown ne
L I2 X1 Te
3/2
H0 X I2 Te
3/2
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 35
Nanjing, March 2003
Cluster distances and massesCL 0016+16
DA = 1.36 0.15 Gpc
H0 = 68 8 18 km s-1 Mpc-1
Worrall & Birkinshaw 2002
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 36
Nanjing, March 2003
Hubble diagram
• poor leverage for other parameters
• need many clusters at z > 0.5
• need reduced random errors
• ad hoc sample • systematic errors
From Carlstrom, Holder & Reese 2002
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 37
Nanjing, March 2003
Critical assumptions
• spherical cluster (or randomly-oriented sample)
• knowledge of density and temperature structure to get form factors
• clumping negligible
• selection effects understood
need orientation-independent sample
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 38
Nanjing, March 2003
Blind surveys• SZ-selected samples
– almost mass limited and orientation independent
• Large area surveys– 1-D interferometer surveys slow, 2-D arrays better– radiometer arrays fast, but radio source issues– bolometer arrays fast, good for multi-band work
• Survey in regions of existing surveys– XMM-LSS survey region ideal, many deg2
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 39
Nanjing, March 2003
Cluster counts and cosmologyCluster counts and redshift distribution provide strong constraints on 8, m, and cluster heating.
z
dN/dzm=1.0
m=0.3
m=0.3
Figure from Fan & Chiueh 2000
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 40
Nanjing, March 2003
ACBAR blind survey
CMB5 field, filtered, pointing source blanked. Features at s/n > 4.
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 41
Nanjing, March 2003
Baryon mass fraction
SRJ Ne Te
Total SZ flux total electron count total baryon content.
Compare with total mass (from X-ray or gravitational lensing) baryon fraction
Figure from Carlstrom et al. 1999.
b/m
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 42
Nanjing, March 2003
Microwave background temperature
• Ratio of SZ effects at two different frequencies is a function of CMB temperature (with slight dependence on Te and cluster velocity)
• So can use SZ effect spectrum to measure CMB temperature at distant locations and over range of redshifts
• Test T (1 + z)
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 43
Nanjing, March 2003
Microwave background temperature• Test T (1 + z)
• SZ results for two clusters plus results from molecular excitation
Battistelli et al. (2002)
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 44
Nanjing, March 2003
5. The future: dedicated SZ instruments
Today Future
CBI MITO/MAD AMiBA APEX
OVRO 40-m Ryle OCRA ALMA
VSA ACBAR AMI etc.
MAP BOLOCAM Planck
SuZIE etc. SZA
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 45
Nanjing, March 2003
Survey speeds
• OCRA will be fastest survey radiometer
• AMiBA will be fastest survey interferometer
• Frequencies complementary
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 46
Nanjing, March 2003
New SZ interferometers
AMiBA
SZA
AMI
solid nearby high-M clusterdashed high-z low-M cluster
AMIBA 90 GHzSZA 30 GHzAMI 15 GHz
Complementary spectral coverage
Short baselines crucial for SZ detection
Long baselines for radio sources
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 47
Nanjing, March 2003
AMiBA
• ASIAA/NTU project• Operational in 2004, prototype
2002• 19(?) dishes, 1.2/0.3 m
diameters, 1.2 – 6 m baselines = 95 GHz, = 20 GHz• Dual polarization• 1.3 mJy/beam in 1 hr
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 48
Nanjing, March 2003
XMM-LSS survey SZ follow-up
• XMM survey of 64 deg2 to 5 10-15 erg cm-2 s-1 (0.5 – 2.0 keV)
• Expect 300 sources deg-2, 12% clusters 2000 clusters
• SZ imaging will give Hubble diagram to z = 1
• Combining X-ray, SZ, shear mapping at z < 0.5 will give baryon fraction and total masses
• possible SZ detection of IGM filaments?
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 49
Nanjing, March 2003
Cluster finding: X-ray vs SZ
• AMiBA is better than XMM for clusters at z > 0.7
• interferometers provide almost mass limited catalogues
• may find X-ray dark clusters
LX(5)
z
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 50
Nanjing, March 2003
OCRA
Torun Observatory, Jodrell Bank, Bristol, Bologna
OCRA-p
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 51
Nanjing, March 2003
OCRA
• 30 GHz• Tsys = 40 K• 1 arcmin FWHM
beam• 5 mJy sensitivity in
10 sec• now on telescope• OCRA-F in progress
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 52
Nanjing, March 2003
APEXMPI project at
Chajnantor
300-element bolometer array at 870 m ideal for SZ
(117-element prototype shown)
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 53
Nanjing, March 2003
6. Summary (1)
• SZ effect is a major cluster and cosmological probe
• SZ maps dominated by massive objects at z 0.5, filaments and groups tend to average out
• SZ effect easily detectable to z > 1
• SZ effects appear on lumpy background, adds noise
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 54
Nanjing, March 2003
Summary (2)
• Individual cluster SZ effects give– total thermal energy contents– total electron contents– structural information (especially on large scales)– cluster masses– microwave background temperature at distant points
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 55
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Summary (3)
• Sample studies give– Hubble diagram and cosmological parameters– cluster number counts and cosmological parameters– baryon mass fraction– evolution of cluster atmospheres– evolution of radial velocities– redshift-dependence of microwave background
temperature
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 56
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Summary (4)
• Improved SZ data could give– radio source energetics (non-thermal SZ effect)– radial velocities of clusters (kinematic effect)– transverse velocities of clusters (polarization effect)– detections of gas in in-falling filaments
• Many new SZ facilities will come on-line in the next 5 – 10 years
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Mark Birkinshaw, U. Bristol 57
Nanjing, March 2003
Attributes of SZ effect
TRJ is a redshift-independent function of cluster thermal energy, it is a calorimeter
TRJ has a strong association with rich clusters of galaxies, it is a mass finder
TRJ contains a weak redshift-independent kinematic effect, it is a radial speedometer
TRJ has polarization with potentially more uses, but signal is tiny