nano carbon

8/6/2019 Nano Carbon

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Nanocarbon:

Properties and Applications

Trial lecture1-17-2004

Kai de Lange Kristiansen


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Nano

Size 10-9 m (1 nanometer)

Border to quantum mechanics

Form

Emergent behavior

Introduction

10010-9 10-6 10-3 103 106 109 m


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Carbon

Melting point: ~ 3500oC

Atomic radius: 0.077 nm

Basis in all organic componds

10 mill. carbon componds

Introduction
http://images.google.no/imgres?imgurl=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/snorre/images/snorre7.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.offshore-technology.com/projects/snorre/snorre5.html&h=450&w=550&sz=45&tbnid=IRPPWQRWXG4J:&tbnh=106&tbnw=129&start=1&prev=/images%3Fq%3Doil%2Bsnorre%26hl%3Dnn%26lr%3D


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Nanocarbon

Fullerene

Tubes

Cones Carbon black

Horns

Rods Foams

Nanodiamonds

Introduction


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Nanocarbon

Fullerene

Tubes

Cones Carbon black

Horns

Rods Foams

Nanodiamonds

Introduction


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Nanocarbon

Fullerene

Tubes

Cones Carbon black

Introduction

Properties & Application

Electrical

Mechanical

Thermal

Storage


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Bonding

Properties

Graphite sp2 Diamond sp3


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Nanocarbon

Shenderova et al.

Nanotechnology 12 (2001) 191.

Properties


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Nanocarbon

Properties

12 pentagons

6 + 6 pentagons

1 5 pentagons


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Fullerene

The most symmetrical large molecule

Discovered in 1985

- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley

Properties

Epcot center, Paris

~1 nm

Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller

C60 , also 70, 76 and 84.- 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons)- prototype


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Fullerene

Symmetric shape lubricant

Large surface area catalyst

Properties


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Fullerene



High temperature (~500oC) High pressure

Properties


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Fullerene




Hollow caging particles

Properties


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Fullerene




Hollow caging particles

Ferromagnet?- polymerized C

60

- up to 220oC

Properties


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Fullerene

Chemically stable as graphite- most reactive at pentagons

Crystal by weak van der Waals force

Kittel, Introduction to SolidState Physics, 7the ed. 1996.

Properties

P i


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Fullerene

Chemically stable as graphite- most reactive at pentagons

Crystal by weak van der Waals force

Superconductivity - K

3C

60: 19.2 K

- RbCs2C

60: 33 K

Kittel, Introduction to SolidState Physics, 7the ed. 1996.

Properties

P ti


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Nanotube

Properties

Roll-up vector:

21amanC

h

+=

Discovered 1991, Iijima

P ti


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Nanotube

Properties

Roll-up vector:

21amanC

h

+=

Discovered 1991, Iijima

P ti


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Nanotube

Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

21amanC

h

+=

Properties

If , then metallicelse semiconductor

imn

=+

3

2

P ti


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Nanotube

Electrical conductanse depending on helicity

21amanC

h

+=

Properties

Current capacity

Carbon nanotube 1 GAmps / cm2

Copper wire 1 MAmps / cm2

Heat transmission

Comparable to pure diamond (3320 W / m.K)

Temperature stability Carbon nanotube 750 oC (in air)

Metal wires in microchips 600 1000 oC

Caging

May change electrical properties sensor

imn

=+

3

2If , then metallicelse semiconductor

Properties


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Nanotube

Properties

Diameter:

as low as 1 nm

Length:

typical few m

High aspect ratio:

1000>diameter

length

quasi 1D solid

Properties


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Nanotube

Zheng et al. Nature Materials 3 (2004) 673.

Properties

SWCNT 1.9 nm

Diameter:

as low as 1 nm

Length:

typical few m

High aspect ratio:

1000>diameter

length

quasi 1D solid

Properties


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Nanotubes

Carbon nanotubes are the strongest ever knownmaterial.

Young Modulus (stiffness):Carbon nanotubes 1250 GPa

Carbon fibers 425 GPa (max.)

High strength steel 200 GPa

Tensile strength (breakingstrength)

Carbon nanotubes 11- 63 GPa

Carbon fibers 3.5 - 6 GPa

High strength steel ~ 2 GPaElongation to failure : ~ 20-30 %

Density:

Carbon nanotube (SW) 1.33 1.40 gram / cm3

Aluminium 2.7 gram / cm3

Properties

Properties


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Carbon nanotubes are very flexible

Nanoscience Research GroupUniversity of North Carolina (USA)

http://www.physics.unc.edu/~rsuper/research/

http://www.ipt.arc.nasa.gov/gallery.html

Properties

Mechanical

Properties


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Cones

Scale bar: 200 nm

19.2 o

38.9o

60.0o

84.6o

112.9o

Krishnan, Ebbesen et al. Nature 388 (2001) 241.

Properties

Discovered 1994 (closed form) Ge & Sattler

1997 (open form) Ebbesen et al.

Closed: same shape as HIV capsid

Possible scale-up production (open form)

Storage?

HydrogenLietal.N

ature

40

7

(2000)

409.

Properties


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Carbon black

Properties

Large industry

- mill. tons each year

Tires, black pigments, plastics,

dry-cell batteries, UV-protectionetc.

Size: 10 400 nm

Application


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Writing

Carbon graphite C60 : 1000x better resolutionthan ink (Xerox)

Application

Application
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CNT / polymer composite

Current technology

- carbon black- 10 15 wt% loading

- loss of mechanical properties

CNT composites

- 0.1 1 wt% loading- low perculation treshold

Application

Application


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CNT / polymer composite

Application

Wu et al. Science

305 (2004) 1273.

Transparent electrical conductor

- Thickness: 50 150 nm

- High flexibility

Application


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Electric devices

Application

Application


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Transistor

Vacuum tubes- Nobel prize 1906, Thomson.

IBM, 1952.

Semiconductor, Si-based- Nobel prize 1956, Shockley, Bardeen,

and Brattain.

- 2000, Kilby.

Application

Application


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Transistor

SWCNT- 2.6 GHz, T = 4 K

- Logical gates

Application

Li et al. Nano Lett. 4 (2004) 753.Bachtold, Dekkeret al.Science 294 (2001) 1317.

Base

CollectorEmitter

Application


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Antenna

Application


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Application


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Antenna

Dipole~ 3/4 m

Dekker, Phys. Today May(1999) 22

Nanotube

pp

MHz

m

s

mc

f 100~3

1038

==

Radio wave:

Optical wave:L

nmL 500~2/~

Application


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Flat screen displays

pp

Plasma TV

Application


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Flat screen displays

Saito et al., Jpn. J. Appl. Phys. 37 (1998) L346.

pp

Field emission

Application


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Atomic Force Microscopy

pp

Application


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Atomic Force Microscopy

pp

EldridS

vsand,IFE,K

jeller

Application


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Atomic force microscopy

Wong, Lieberet al.

Nature 394 (1998) 52.

Tube or cone

Chemical probe

Application


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Yarn

Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,

Science 306 (2004) 1358.

Application


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Yarn

Zhang, Atkinson and Baughman,

Science 306 (2004) 1358.

MWCNT

Operational -196oC < T < 450oC

Electrical conducting

Toughness comparable to Kevlar

No rapture in knot

Application


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Hydrogen storage

2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O (l) + energy

H2 (200 bar)

Schlapbach & Zttel, Nature 414 (2001) 353

H2 (liquid)LaNi5H6Mg2NiH

3.16 wt% 1.37 wt%

Application


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Hydrogen storage

Aim: 5 - 7 wt% H2

SWCNT- Dillon et al. (1997) : 8 wt%(questionable)- Tarasov et al. (2003): 2.4 wt% reversible, 25 bar H

2,

-150oC.

Cones- Mealand & Skjeltorp,

(2001) US Patent 6,290,753

Eldrid Svsand, IFE Kjeller

Conclusion


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Warnings

Environment and health

No scale-up production of fullerenes and tubes

No scale-up design, yet.

Conclusion


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Conclusion

Nanocarbon- fullerene - most symmetrical

- tubes - strongest- cones - one of the sharpest

- carbon black - large production

Properties

- electrical, mechanical, thermal, storage, caging

Applications - antenna, composite, writing, field emission,

transistor, yarn, microscopy, storage


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Commercial

Companies: ~ 20 worldwide- Carbon Nanotechnologies Inc. (CNI)

- SES Research

- n-Tec

Prices: - Tubes: pure SWCNT $500 / gram (CNI)

MWCNT 20-50 / gram (n-Tec)

- C60

: pure $100-200 / gram (SES Research)

- Cones: Multi 1 / gram (n-Tec)

- Gold : $10 / gram


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Acknowledgements

Foothill College gratefully acknowledges thegenerous contribution of this lecture to ourcourse by Kai de Lange Kristiansen, Physics

Department, the University of Oslo Norway This lecture may be viewed by students of

ENGR76, but may not be distributed further

http://www.fys.uio.no/~kaidk/

[email protected]
http://www.fys.uio.no/~kaidk/mailto:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]:[email protected]://www.fys.uio.no/~kaidk/

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