Nano Science and its Applications

By

Dr.Syed Khasim

Dept. of Physics, University of Tabuk

syed.pes@gmail.com

Content

• Introduction to Nanoscience

• Introduction to Nanotechnology

• Nanomaterials

• Applications of Nanotechnology

• Nano Research at University of Tabuk

Father of Nanotechnology ---- Richard Feynman

Dec-29-1959 Historic Lecture in Royal Society

There is Plenty room at the bottom

What is Nano ?

Nano- a prefix that means very, very, small !

• Question : How small is ‘Nano’ ?

Answer: “One billionth" of something, or 0.000000001.

1 1000000000

=10−9

‘Nano’ length scale

Compared to Human Hair

A Human Hair is about 100,000µm wide

What is Nanoscale?

1.27 × 107 m 0.22 m 0.7 × 10-9 m

Fullerenes C60

12,756 Km 22 cm 0.7 nm

10 millions times smaller

1 billion times smaller

• Bohr radius = 0.5292Å ≈ 0.05 nm

• C atom (radius)=0.17 nm

• In a 1nm line: 3C atoms

• In a 1nm x 1nm surface: 9C atoms

• In a 1nm x 1nm x 1nm cube: 27 C

atoms

• In a 100 nm x 100 nm x 100 nm cube:

2.7 x 107 C atoms

• In a 1m x 1m x 1m cube: 2.7 x 1028 C atoms

Typical nanosystems may contain from hundreds to tens of thousands of atoms.

Length Scale

WHAT IS NANO-SCIENCE?

Science of matter at the nano scale

0.1nm 1nm 10nm 100nm 1m 10 m

Nanoscience

Size and shape dependent

properties bottom-up Organic synthesis Self-assembly

top-down Photolitography Microprinting

Nanosystems: % of Surface atoms

Example of Gold Nano particle:

Sphere of radius 12.5 nm contains total approx. 480,000 atoms.

surface contains approx. 48,000 atoms.

So, approx. 10% atoms are on the surface.

Sphere of radius 5 nm contains total approx. 32,000 atoms.

surface contains approx. 8000 atoms.

So, approx. 25% atoms are on the surface.

Surface atoms have unused electrons – so very reactive

(can be used for catalysis)

• Nano sized particles exhibit different properties than larger

particles of the same substance. • Nano sized particle exhibit size & shape dependent

properties.

What’s interesting about the nanoscale?

How do properties

change at the

Nanoscale ?

Length Scale - Changes Everything

Three important ways in which Nanoscale materials may

differ from macro scale materials

1. Gravitational forces become negligible and electromagnetic

forces dominate.

2. Quantum mechanics is the model used to describe motion and

energy instead of the classical mechanics model.

3. Greater surface to volume ratios.

Dominance of Electromagnetic Forces

Gravitational force

is a function of mass and distance and is

weak between (low-mass) Nano sized

particles.

As things get smaller, gravity would become less important, surface tension molecule attraction would become more important.

Electromagnetic force

is a function of charge and distance is

not affected by mass, so it can be very

strong even when we have Nano sized

particles.

Quantum Effects

Classical mechanical models that we use to understand matter at

the macro scale break down for…

• The very small (Nanoscale) systems.

Quantum mechanics better describes phenomena that classical

physics cannot, like…

• .The probability (instead of certainty) of where an electron will

be found.

• Below a certain length scale (that depends on interaction

strengths) systems must be described using quantum mechanics.

Surface to Volume Ratio Increases

As surface to volume ratio

increases

• A greater amount of a substance

comes in contact with

surrounding material.

• This results in better catalysts,

since a greater proportion of the

material is exposed for potential

reaction.

Properties change at nano scale

• Physical

• Chemical

• Optical

• Electrical and

• Magnetic

At the macro scale At the Nanoscale

The majority

of the atoms

are…

…almost all on the

inside of the object

…split between the inside

and the surface of the

object

Changing an

object’s size…

…has a very small

effect on the percentage

of atoms on the surface

…has a big effect on the

percentage of atoms on

the surface

The melting

point…

…doesn’t depend on

size

… is lower for smaller

particles

Understanding Melting Point: macro vs. nano

Chemical Property: Reaction Rate

• Nano particles are very small in size.

• Very high surface area to volume ratio.

• Reactions are very quick.

Tunable properties at nano scale Size dependent tunable properties of ZnS capped CdSe QD’s

Gold:

Bulk Nano

Electrical and Magnetic Properties

• Tremendous change in Electrical Properties

Semiconductor Conductors

• Magnetic Properties are greatly Influenced

Paramagnetic Ferromagnetic

Nature uses Light on the Nanoscale

Lots of nano-toes!

• Beetles and flies also have nanostructures that help them stick to walls, ceilings and what appear to be smooth

Nanoscience is not physics, chemistry, engineering

or biology,It is all of them

Nanotechnology?

1974: The term was first used by Taniguchi

Nanotechnology is the manipulation of matter at the atomic and molecular scale to create materials with new and advanced properties.

Nano Materials- Bottom-up or top-down?

Different types of Nano materials

• Nano particles (3D)

• Nano clusters (3D)

• Nano wires/Nano rods (1D)

• Quantum dots (0D)

• Nano Films (2D)

• Nano composites (3D)

Material with wide applications

Almost 90% of applications in Nanotechnology

NANO-CARBON

Some Nano-Carbons

• Carbon black

• Fullerenes

• Carbon Nano tubes

• Graphene

Allotropes of (sp2) Carbon Each discovery brought a revolution in nanoscience /nanotechnology!

Discovery of C60 – starting of a revolution

Sir Harold Kroto (UK) Rich Smalley (USA) Bob Curl (USA)

Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1996

Fullerene

”The most symmetrical large molecule”

• Discovered in 1985

- Nobel prize Chemistry 1996, Curl, Kroto, and Smalley

Properties

Epcot center, Paris

~1 nm

Architect: R. Buckminster Fuller

• C60, also 70, 76 and 84. - 32 facets (12 pentagons and 20 hexagons) - prototype

Carbon Nanotubes

• Discovered 1991, Iijima

Properties of Nano Tubes

•Strength :- Carbon nanotubes are the strongest and stiffest

materials yet discovered in terms of tensile strength and elastic modulus respectively.

•Hardness:- The hardness of compressed SWNTs is 462–546 GPa,

surpassing the value of 420 GPa for diamond

•Electrical:- In theory, metallic nanotubes can carry an electrical

current density of 4 × 109 A/cm2 which is more than 1,000 times greater than metals such as copper.

•Thermal:- All nanotubes are expected to be very good thermal

conductors along the tube, the temperature stability of carbon nanotubes is estimated to be up to 2800 °C in vacuum and about 750 °C in air.

The Nobel Prize in Physics for 2010 was awarded to Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov at the University of Manchester

Ground Striking Experiments with GRAPHENE

NANO TECHNOLOGY

Some Applications

Nanotechnology spans many Areas

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Information Technology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Biotechnology

Transportation

National Security & Defense

Food and Agriculture

Energy & Environment

Aerospace

Advance Materials &

Textiles

Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Information Technology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Biotechnology

Food and Agriculture Aerospace

Advance Materials &

Textiles

Medicine /

Health

Energy & Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Information Technology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Biotechnology

Food and Agriculture Aerospace

Advance Materials &

Textiles

Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense

Food and Agriculture

Energy & Environment

Aerospace

Advance Materials &

Textiles

Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food and Agriculture Aerospace

Advance Materials &

Textiles

Medicine /

Health

Energy & Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Information Technology

Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine

/ Health

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense

Food and Agriculture

Energy & Environment

Aerospace Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine

/ Health

Energy & Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Information Technology

Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine

/ Health

Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense

Food and Agriculture

Energy & Environment

Aerospace Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine

/ Health

Energy & Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Information Technology

Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine

/ Health

Transportation

Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

NANOTECHNOLOGY National Security & Defense

Food and Agriculture

Energy & Environment

Aerospace Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine

/ Health

Information Technology

Food and Agriculture Aerospace Medicine

/ Health

Information Technology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Information Technology

Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Information Technology

Transportation

Biotechnology Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Information Technology

National Security & Defense

Transportation

Biotechnology Mechanical Engineering /

Robotics

Information Technology

Imaging Using Nanotechnology

• SEM

• STM

• AFM

• MFM

Electronics and Computers Nanotechnology Makes:

Smaller Transistors

Smaller Memory

Smaller Circuitry

Nanotechnology

in Computer Processing

Moore’s Law

Moore’s Law

describes a trend

of technology. It

states that the

number of

transistors that

can be put on a

single chip will

double every two

years.

Wgsimon

Because of nanotechnology,

the speed of computers has

increased while the price of

computing has decreased.

2014- Single nanowire Transistor

World’s Fastest Processor

• Intel i-7

• ONLY 2.5 billion Transistors in a area of 265 mm2

Computing Machines - Where we are heading?

2 GB in 1970s $80,000

2 GB in 1990s $200

2 GB in 2010 $10

Less than $5 in 2014

Current research shows that 1000 GB of memory can fit on the head of this pin. 1000

GB is 1 Terabyte.

Spintronics

• “We could use, not just circuits, but some systems involving quantized energy levels, or the interaction

of quantized spins.”

Electron spin valves have

become the dominant

readout device in the disk

drives.

Display systems – Where we are?

Monitors can be of few

mm thick like thin sheet of plastic

N-OLED’s

Battery Technology – where we are?

Flexible, light weight paper batteries

Long Life and High Efficiency

48

Environment: Nano Solar Cells

• Nano solar cells mixed in plastic could be painted on buses, roofs, clothing

• Solar becomes a cheap energy alternative!

Nano solar cell: Inorganic nanorods embedded in semiconducting polymer, sandwiched between two electrodes

] 200 nm

Environment: Exhaust control

• Cerium oxide nanoparticles mixed in fuel, controls the exhaust

• Protect from toxic gas emission

• Saves the fuel consumption

• Increase the engine life time

Electronic Papers

eRoll- News paper like a roll of plastic

Smart Paints

• Scratch Prof

• Can adjust the color according to climate

52

Environment: Paint That Cleans Air

• Nanopaint on buildings could reduce pollution

• When exposed to ultraviolet light, titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles in paint break down organic and inorganic pollutants that wash off in the rain

• Decompose air pollution particles like formaldehyde

Buildings as air purifiers?

Smart Cosmetics

Can we have cosmetics that can adjust the skin complexion according to lighting effects?

YES !!!!

54

Fabrics : Stain Resistant Clothes

• Nanofibers create cushion of air around fabric

• 10 nm carbon whiskers bond with cotton

• Acts like peach fuzz; many liquids roll off

Nano pants that refuse to stain; Liquids bead up and roll off

Nano-Care fabrics with water, cranberry juice, vegetable oil, and mustard after 30 minutes (left)

and wiped off with wet paper towel (right)

Smart Clothes

• Can we have clothes that act as Air conditioners?

YES !!!!

Medicine : Can we deliver DRUG to a specific target?

YES !!!!

Through DDS

Nano Robots

Drugs can be delivered to specific targets without affecting other parts of body

• Gold nanoparticles are emerging as promising agents for cancer therapy and are being investigated as drug carriers, photothermal agents, contrast agents and radiosensitisers.

Cancer Therapy

Medical ……..

• Artificial Muscles

• Tissue Repairing

Biotechnology : Can we do DNA sequencing more

precisely?

YES !!!

Biotechnology ………

• High Performance Biosensors

• Bio Chips

• Molecular switch

• Molecular Imaging

Smart Vehicles

• Dent Free

• Scratch Free

• Unbreakable window glasses

• High Engine performance

• OIL- Auto temperature maintenance

Is there any end for our thinking?

NO

As long as we discover new materials, no end for technology

growth !!!!!

Nanoscience will change the nature of almost every human-made object in the coming decades.

Where does your imagination take you?

Conclusions

Is Nanotechnology the gateway to the future for human beings on Earth?

If it falls into the wrong hands

Nano Research @ UT

Nano Research Laboratory

(NRL) @ College of Science

Newly established laboratory with some facilities

Members

• Dr. Omar Al Hartomy - Dean • Dr. Said Al Said – Vice Dean • Dr. Khalid Mutairi – Vice Dean • Dr. Nacer Badi - President • Dr. Syed Khasim • Dr. Taha Hanafy • Dr. Ahmad Darwish • Dr. Ziad Khattari • Dr. Mohammad Rashad • Dr. Muhammad Mujahid

Startup Research Projects

• Nanodielectric Materials and Devices

• Nanostructured Hybrid Carbon-Silicon Materials for LIBs

• Conducting polymer Nanocomposites for EMI Shielding, Humidity Sensors and Gas Sensors

• Organic Photovoltaic Devices

• Semiconductor Quantum dots

• Biomaterials and Devices

• Multiphysics Simulation using COMSOL

Thank You