NANOMATERIALS

& its Applications

NANOMATERIALS

& its Applications

B.M. MANOHARA. HOD, Department OF PHYSICS,

Government. First Grade College,

Davangere - 577004, Karnataka, India, Mob: +91- 9632552517 , Email :- manoharabm1@gmail.com

B.M. MANOHARA. HOD, Department OF PHYSICS,

Government. First Grade College,

Davangere - 577004, Karnataka, India, Mob: +91- 9632552517 , Email :- manoharabm1@gmail.com

OUTLINE

HISTORY

INTRODUCTION

PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS

QUNTUM STRUCTURE - Quantum wells, wires &

dots

GRAPHITE

CARBON NANOTUBES – Production & Properties,

uses

APPLICTIONS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

History: Pre-18 Century Roman Period (30BC-640AD)

A famous artifact resides in British Museum in London. Its color appears red in the transmitted light, and green in the reflected light.

The story of the Damascus sword

• Peter Paufler and his colleagues used sample of sword and studies using a electron microscope in 17th century they found that it consists of tiny nanowire and nanotube.

The story the Damascus (18 century) sword is truly remarkable.

It was said that the blade of Damascus sword could cut a piece of silk, stone or metal but it never losses its sharpness.

The world’s first transistor, developed in Bell Labs in 1947. It was a point-contact device roughly one centimeter across.

A Pentium® chip with 3.3

million transistors. Such

microprocessors are at the heart

of today’s personal computers.

Carbon nano tubes in Tippu sultan’s sword

•According to Robert Floyd Curl, Jr., Nobel Prize Winner in Chemistry in 1996, Indian craftsmen used nanotechnology in Wootz steel as well as in paintings.•More specifically carbon nanotubes, first announced by Russian scientists in 1952, was found in the sword of Tipu Sultan as well as in Ajanta paintings. •On Apr 15, 2010 at 04.54pm (IST) Vijay Mallya bought Tippu Sultan’s sword for a whooping 4,00,75,159.61 Rs/.

Nanoparticles in Ayurveda Bhasmas as nanoparticles

Gold in traditional Indian Ayurvedic medicine as Swarna ➢bhasmas(gold ash) has been characterized as globular particles of gold with average size between 56 to 57 nanometre(nm). Also, Swana Bhasma and gold nanoparticles (NPs) prepared by modern method are quite comparable with respect to transmission electronic microscopy(TEM).

Ras-Sindor (sublimed mercury compound) containing ➢mercury sulphide has nanocrystalline size between 25 to 50 nm and is associated with several organic macromolecules derived from plant extract used during processing of drug.

Nanoparticle size of Ayurvedic ‘bhasmas’ has been ➢confirmed in another study where it is proposed that NPs are responsible for its fast and targeted action and subsequent action upon DNA/RNA molecule and protein synthesis within the cell.

Physicochemical characterization of ‘yashada’ (Zinc) ➢bhasma’ using modern are in oxygen deficient state and are in nanometer size range.

living things are made from cells.

Red blood cells(~7-8 mm)

Things Natural Things Manmade

Fly ash~ 10-20 mm

Head of a pin1-2 mm

Quantum corral of 48 iron atoms on copper surface

positioned one at a time with an STM tip

Corral diameter 14 nm

Human hair~ 60-120 mm wide

Ant~ 5 mm

Dust mite

200 mm

ATP synthase

~10 nm diameter Nanotube electrode

Carbon nanotube~1.3 nm diameter

The Challenge

Fabricate and combine nanoscale building blocks to make useful devices, e.g., a photosynthetic reaction center with integral semiconductor storage.

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0.1 nm

1 nanometer (nm)

0.01 mm10 nm

0.1 mm100 nm

1 micrometer (mm)

0.01 mm10 mm

0.1 mm100 mm

1 millimeter (mm)

1 cm10 mm

10-2 m

10-3 m

10-4 m

10-5 m

10-6 m

10-7 m

10-8 m

10-9 m

10-10 m

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1,000 nanometers = In

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1,000,000 nanometers =

Zone plate x-ray “lens”Outer ring spacing ~35 nm

Office of Basic Energy SciencesOffice of Science, U.S. DOE

Version 05-26-06, pmd

The Scale of Things – Nanometers and More

MicroElectroMechanical (MEMS)

devices10 -100 mm wide

Red blood cells

Pollen grain

Carbon buckyb

all~1 nm diamete

r

Self-assembled,Nature-inspired structureMany 10s of nm

Atoms of siliconspacing 0.078 nm

DNA~2-1/2 nm diameter

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Various Nanostructures

Are nano and bulk properties alike?

INTRODUCTION

Nanotechnology, in its traditional sense, means building things from the bottom up, with atomic precision. This theoretical capability was envisioned as early as 1959 by the renowned physicist Richard Feynman.

“There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom”

An Invitation to Enter a New Field of PhysicsA talk gave on December 29th 1959 at the annual meeting of the American Physical Society at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech)

1918-1988

I want to build a billion tiny factories, models of each other, which are manufacturing simultaneously. . . The principles of physics, as far as I can see, do not speak against the possibility of maneuvering things atom by atom. It is not an attempt to violate any laws; it is something, in principle, that can be done; but in practice, it has not been done because we are too big. — Nobel Prize winner in physics in 1965

He Predicted that 24 volumes of Encyclopedia Britannica can be written on the head of a pin He talked about the miniaturizing the computer He Predicted the need for electron microscopes Also Predicted evaporation as a means of miniaturizing

BEGINNING OF NANOSCIENCE In 1965 Gordon Moore observed that the number

of transistors per circuit would double every two years, through the decade following that year

It is the name given to everything that changes exponentially

The term "nanotechnology“ was originally coined by Norio Taniguchi in 1974

K. Eric Drexler developed and popularized the concept of nanotechnology and founded the field of molecular nanotechnology

In the years to come Nanotechnology will witness the same type of exponential growth as that of Information technology in 1960s and Biotechnology in 1980s

STM and AFM were invented by Binnig and Rohrer in 1980’s

1985 The “Bucky ball”C60 – Buckminster Fullerene – Bucky

balls were discovered in 1985. Stable molecule entirely made of carbon. This molecule is extremely rugged, capable of surviving collisions with metals and other materials at speeds higher than 20 000 miles per hour.

Harry Kroto, Richard Smalley, and Robert Curl

Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo Science University used first time the term “nanotechnology”.He used the word to refer to “production technology to get the the extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the preciseness and fitness on the order of 1 nanometer.

1974 Term “NANOTECHNOLOGY” First Used

1986 First Book Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology by Eric Drexler.

Nano Nano Nano Nano Nano

milli 10-3 Latin micros thousandmicro 10-6 Greek micros smallnano 10-9 Greek nanos dwarfpico 10-12 Spanish pico small quantityfemto 10-15 Danish/Norwegian femten fifteenatto 10-18 Danish/Norwegian atten eighteen

How small are nanostructures?

Single Hair

Width = 0.1 mm

= 100 micrometers

= 100,000 nanometers !

1 nanometer = one billionth (10-9) meter

Human hair which is about 80,000 nm wide.

Nanoscale = billionths (10-9)

6 billion people8000 mile diameter

10 billion components8 inch diameter

To put that scale in another context, the comparative size of a nanometer to a meter is the same as that of a marble to the size of the earth

Effects of Nanoscale

Structural differences:Bulk Carbon

Nanoscale Carbon

Carbon Nanotubes Sumio Iijima - 1991

C60 (Buckeyball)Smalley, Curl,

Kroto 1996 Nobel Prize

Graphite

Diamond

Nano materials – a new range of materials

• Are they really new???

• Absolutely not !!!

Nano Science Nano means 10-9. ( Nanometer is one thousand

Billionth of a Meter) Nano Science can be defined as the study of phenomena and

manipulation of materials at Atomic, Molecular and Macromolecular scales where properties differ significantly from those at a larger scale.

Nano Science is the study and understanding of properties of Nano Particles

Nano Technology Technology – building things. Nanotechnology – building things from very

tiny parts. Nanotechnology can be defined as the design, characterization,

production and application of structures devices and systems by controlling shape and size at a Nano meter Scale.

National Nanotechnology InitiativeDefinition of Nanotechnology

While many definitions for nanotechnology exist, the NNI calls it "nanotechnology" only if it involves all of the following:

1. Research and technology development at the atomic, molecular or macromolecular levels, in the length scale of approximately (1 – 100) nanometer range.

2. Creating and using structures, devices and systems that have novel properties and functions because of their small and/or intermediate size.

3. Ability to control or manipulate on the atomic scale.

COMPARISON OF NANO OBJECTS One nanometer (nm) is one billionth, or 10−9, of a meter :

roughly the size of 10 hydrogen atoms lined up or the width of DNA. A DNA double-helix has a diameter around 2 nm

Atoms, are in the range 0.12–0.15 nmBacteria is around 200 nm in lengthA water molecule is almost 0.3nm acrossA red blood cell is approximately 7,000 nm wide a nanometer can also be thought of as, the amount an

average man's beard grows in the time it takes him to raise the razor to his face

Nanoscience refers to the world as it works on the atomic or molecular scale, from one to hundred nanometers

Why properties of Nano Materials are different ?

The properties of Nano Materials are very

much different from those at a larger scale. Two principal factors cause the properties of Nano Materials to differ significantly from other materials.1. Increased relative surface area.2. Quantum confinement effect - Confinement

of electron-

hole pairs

These factors can charge or enhance the properties such as reactivity, strength and electrical characteristics. Physical, Chemical, Biological .........properties drastically change

Clusters and surface atoms

Nano Materials have a relatively larger Surface area when compared to the same volume or mass of the material produced in a larger form.Let us consider a Sphere of radius “r”.Its Surface Area =4πr2.

Its volume= 4/3πr3

Surface Area to Volume Ratio = 3/r.Thus when the radius of the Sphere decreases , its Surface to Volume ratio increases.

1 Rupee coin, Approximate weight ~ 10 g, Approximate surface area ~ 12 cm2

Divide it in to nanoparticles ~ 1 nm in diameter The surface are will be increased ~ million times

New surface area ~ Chinnaswamy stadium ground !!

Increase in a Surface Area to Volume ratio

Increased Surface Area

Take

The total surface area (or) the number of surface atom increases with reducing size of the particles

Electronic structure

Calculated & experimental optical band gap energies for various silicon crystallites and wires Furukawa E, Miyasato T. Phys Rev B 1988;38:5726; Delure C, Lannoo M, Allan G, Martin E. Thin Solid Films 1995;255:27. J. Dutta, W. Bacsa and Ch. Hollenstein, J. Applied Physics 77 (1995) 3729.

Quantum nanostructuresQuantum nanostructures

• Quantum dots -------- 0D• Quantum wires -------- 1D• Quantum wells -------- 2D• Nanoparticle, nanowires, -------- 3D

nanofilms, nanocubes etc.example Category of nanomaterials

layers, multi-layers, thin films, platelets and surface coatings. They have been developed and used for decades, particularly in the electronics industry.

One-dimensional nanomaterials

nanowires, nanofibres made from a variety of elements other than carbon, nanotubes and, a subset of this group, carbon nanotubes.

Two-dimensional nanomaterials

are known as nanoparticles and include precipitates, colloids and quantum dots (tiny particles of semiconductor materials), and Nanocrystalline materials

Three-dimensional nanomaterials

Two Different Approaches to Nanofabrication

• Top Down:⇨ Start with the big chunk and cut away material to make the what you want.

• Bottom Up:⇨ Building what you want by assembling it from small prefabricated units such as atoms and molecules.

Several synthetic routes are practiced that either break larger particles to nanosize or employ nucleation and growth.

Solid State method --- Conventional method

Chemist route Physicist route(Building-up process) (Breaking-down process) Hydrothermal Inert gas condensation Sol-gel method Ion beam technique Co-precipitation Laser ablation Combustion synthesis Lithography Mechanical attrition Plasma pyrolysis Sputtering

Synthesis of nanomaterials

Research work

Synthesis

(wet chemical) Characterization

• Hydrothermal• Co-precipitation• Sol-Gel• Solution

combustion

Investigations /Studies/Applications

• PXRD• SEM /Tem• FTIR• TSM/AFM

• Optical-Luminescence• Adsorption• Photocatalytic• Sensor• Magnetic• Transport• EPR•Antibacterial• Nano-metal and Nano-polymer matrix

Advanced nanomaterialsAdvanced nanomaterials

Why do we want to make things small?

• To make products smaller, cheaper, faster and better by "scaling" them down. (Electronics, catalysts, water purification, solar cells, coatings, life-science, etc)

• To introduce new physical phenomena for science and technology. (Quantum behavior and other effects.)

• Through science we understand much about how tiny objects ‘work’: about atoms & molecules and cells.

• Now we can start to copy what happens in nature and to make new things using these methods.

What’s new is the technology part.

In nature objects of tiny size are formed all the time. Tiny objects, atoms, molecules, cells, join together to make

larger and more complex things. The natural world around us is made of a vast number of

interacting parts, building up in size from very tiny to very large.

Though science & technology humans now have the ability to manipulate tiny sized objects – smaller than the parts in a living cell. Even as small as individual atoms.

Nanotechnology is the ability to work with objects on the Nano scale.

We can work with these tiny objects in many different ways. Before looking at these in more detail we will try to get an

idea of the size of the objects which exist in the nano-world.

Nanotechnology also means working in many ways:

• reshaping materials

• carving smaller parts from larger ones

• combining different materials

• building large objects from smaller units

All at the nano scale – with things about a thousand millionth of a metre in size.

MechanicalProperties

MechanicalProperties

• Crystal structure of Nano particles is same as bulk structure with different lattice parameters.

• The inter atomic spacing decreases with size and this is due to long range electrostatic forces and the short range core-core repulsion.

• The Melting point of Nanoparticles decreases with size.

Physical Properties of Nano Particles

The melting point decreases dramatically as the particle size gets below 5 nm size gets

below 5 nm

Gold - Melting point vs

Particle size

Chemical Properties

• The Electronic structure of Nanoparticles is dependent on its size and the ability of Nano cluster to react, depends on cluster size.

• The large Surface area to volume ratio the variations in geometry and the electronic structure of Nano particles have a strong effect on catalytic properties.

ElectricalPropertiesElectricalProperties

The electronic structure of Nano materials is different from its bulk material.

• The density of the energy states in the conduction band changes.

• Nano clusters of different sizes will have different electronic structures and different energy level separations.

• The Ionization potential at Nano sizes are higher than that for the bulk materials

Electrical properties

Magnetic PropertiesMagnetic Properties

• The Magnetic Moment of Nano particles is found to be very less when compared them with its bulk size.

• Nanoparticles made of semiconducting materials - Germanium , Silicon and Cadmium are not Semiconductors.

Magnetic Properties

OpticalProperties

OpticalProperties

Nanotechnology Applications

Nanotechnology spans many Areas

NANOTECHNOLOGY

InformationTechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Biotechnology

Transportation

NationalSecurity &Defense

Food andAgriculture

Energy &Environment

Aerospace

AdvanceMaterials & Textiles NANOTECHNOLOGY

InformationTechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Biotechnology

Food andAgricultureAerospac

e

AdvanceMaterials & Textiles

Medicine /

Health

Energy &Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

InformationTechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

Biotechnology

Food andAgricultureAerospac

e

AdvanceMaterials & Textiles

Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY NationalSecurity &Defense

Food andAgriculture

Energy &Environment

Aerospace

AdvanceMaterials & Textiles

Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food andAgricultureAerospac

e

AdvanceMaterials & Textiles

Medicine /

Health

Energy &Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

InformationTechnology

Food andAgricultureAerospac

eMedicin

e /Health

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

NANOTECHNOLOGY NationalSecurity &Defense

Food andAgriculture

Energy &Environment

Aerospace

Medicine /

Health

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food andAgricultureAerospac

eMedicin

e /Health

Energy &Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

InformationTechnology

Food andAgricultureAerospac

eMedicin

e /Health

Biotechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

NANOTECHNOLOGY NationalSecurity &Defense

Food andAgriculture

Energy &Environment

Aerospace

Medici

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food andAgricultureAerospac

e

Energy &Environment

NANOTECHNOLOGY

InformationTechnology

Food andAgricultureAerospac

eMedicin

e

Transportation

Biotechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

NANOTECHNOLOGY NationalSecurity &Defense

Food andAgriculture

Energy &Environment

Aerospace

NANOTECHNOLOGY

Food andAgricultureAerospac

e

InformationTechnology

Food andAgricultureAerospac

eMedicine/Health

InformationTechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

InformationTechnology

Biotechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

InformationTechnology

Transportation

Biotechnology

Mechanical Eng. &

Robotics

InformationTechnology

NationalSecurity &Defense

Transportation

Biotechnology

Mechanical Engineering

/Robotics

InformationTechnology

General Applications

Examples ApplicationDiagnostics, Drug delivery, Tissue engineering, Cryonics

Medicine

Memory storage, Novel semiconductor devices, Novel optoelectronic devices, Displays, Quantum computers

Information and communication

Aerospace, Catalysis, Catalysis, Construction Vehicle manufacturers

Heavy Industry

Foods, Household, Optics, Textiles, Cosmetics, Sports

Consumer goods

MedicineMedicine

Nanoparticles to deliver drugs, heat, light or other substances to specific types of cells

Aluminosilicate nanoparticles can more quickly reduce bleeding in trauma patients by absorbing.

Nanofibers can stimulate the production of cartilage in damaged joints.

Used, when inhaled, to stimulate an immune response to fight respiratory viruses.

Electronics

Using electrodes made from nanowires that would enable flat panel displays to be flexible as well as thinner than current flat panel displays

producing memory chips with a density of one terabyte per square inch or greater

Transistors built in single atom thick graphene film to enable very high speed transistors.

Using quantum dots to replace the fluorescent dots used in current displays

Environmental

Producing solar cells that generate electricity at a competitive cost

Increasing the electricity generated by windmills.

Cleaning up organic chemicals polluting groundwater

Capturing carbon dioxide in power plant exhaust

Environmental Applications

Environmental Applications

Examples Application

Photocatalyst consisting of silica Nanosprings coated with a combination of titanium dioxide

Carbon capture

Pollutants sensors that able to detect lower limits with low cost

Sensors

Heavy metal decontaminant removes heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, nickel, zinc, copper, manganese and cobalt in a neutral pH environment without using any form of sulphur.

Remediation (decontamination, oil spill management)

Veolia Water Solutions & Technologies' ceramic membrane modules, utilizing the CeraMem technology platform, can be supplied with a variety of inorganic microfiltration and ultrafiltration membranes.

Wastewater treatment

Heat distribution e.g. ceramic-like materials that provide sufficient reliability and durability of the entire structure

Energy

EnergyEnergy

Reducing power loss in electric transmission wires.

Reducing friction to reduce the energy consumption

Clothing that generates electricity Storing hydrogen for fuel cell powered

cars Generating electricity from waste heat

FoodFood

Zinc oxide nanoparticles can be incorporated into plastic packaging to block UV rays and provide anti bacterial protection

Nanocapsules containing nutrients that would be released when nanosensors detect a vitamin deficiency in your body

Pesticides encapsulated in nanoparticles; that only release pesticide within an insect's stomach

Network of nanosensors and dispensers used throughout a farm field

Consumer ProductsConsumer Products

Flame retardant formed by coating the foam used in furniture with carbon nanofibers

Piezoelectric fibers that could allow clothing to generate electricity through normal motions

Titanium oxide nanoparticles as part of a film that uses the energy in light to kill bacteria on surfaces

Fishing rods that use silica nanoparticles to fill spaces between carbon fibers, strengthening the rod without increasing the weight

AgricultureAgriculture Food industry chain from production to

conservation, processing, packaging, transportation and waste treatment.

Potential to redesign the production cycle Restructure the processing and

conservation processes Major Challenges related to agriculture

like Low productivity in cultivable areas, Large uncultivable areas, shrinkage of cultivable lands, wastage of inputs like water, fertilizers, pesticides, wastage of products

HouseholdHousehold

Self-cleaning or “easy-to-clean” surfaces on ceramics or glasses.

Improved smoothness and heat resistance of common household equipment such as the flat iron.

Textiles that can be washed less frequently and at lower temperatures.

Titanium oxide nanoparticles have a comparable UV protection property as the bulk material, but lose the cosmetically undesirable whitening as the particle size is decreased.

DefenceDefence

Nanomite war heads which can cause a controlled destruction which will destroy any matter in it’s path.

Nanoexplosionboosters which would increase explosion capacity about 400%

Stronger armours implanted under the warrior’s skin.

More efficient fuels for army vehicles and propelled weapons.

DietDiet

Bacteria identification and food quality monitoring using biosensors

Nanoencapsulation of bioactive food compounds.

To improve food packaging by placing anti-microbial agents directly on the surface of the coated film.

Nanocomposites could increase or decrease gas permeability of different fillers as is needed for different products.

Current ApplicationsCurrent Applications

• Scratch resistant plastic lens• Dirt repellent trains• Ceramic motor vehicle engines • Hyperthermia: A treatment for cancer

Silver-ion Technology by SamsungSilver-ion Technology by Samsung

Refrigerator or air conditioner with silver nano coating to their inner surfaces for an overall anti-bacterial and anti-fungal effect.

Sterilizes over 650 types of bacteria and a "Samsung WM1245A Washing Machine releases over 400 billion silver ions which penetrate deeply into fabrics of any kind

Only an accumulated amount of 0.05 grams of silver is released per machine, per year

The released silver-ions quickly bind to non-nano-sized structures in the water.

Nano Refrigerator• A fridge with superb bacteria

killing capabilities• Food always fresh & Ready

Nanotechnology is already in our lives

When particles are nanoscale, they become invisible to the human eye, but still reflect UV light.

Sunscreen which is invisible but it more effective at blocking uv than regular sunscreen.

• Electronics/computers – New scale of carbon based nanoelectronics

will replace silicon based electronics• Higher speeds (1,000,000X or more), much smaller size

(1/1000), low power consumptionQuantum processors – using quantum- dots/wires/

wells

Cleaning robots !!!

Teeth cleaning robots collect harmful bacteria from the mouth

Similar cleaning robots can be used in lungs. We have natural macrophages in alveoli, but they are not able to metabolize foreign particles like fibers of asbestos and toxic effects of smoking from the lungs

Extra fat can be removed from the arteries with cleaning robots.

Modern Nanotechnology – Antimicrobial Fabric

Nanohorizons, a company in the Pennsylvania, has started producing a silver nanoparticle material as both a dye and in polyester and nylon.

The silver nanoparticles are toxic to microbes, and so colonies will never form, and clothes using this material will not have odours.

• More efficient catalytic converters

• Thermal barrier and wear resistant coatings

• Battery, fuel cell technology.

• Improved displays.

• High temperature sensors for ‘under the hood’;

novel sensors for “all-electric” vehicles

• High strength, light weight composites for increasing fuel efficiency.

Real “Nanomotors”

“machine-like” nanoscale behaviour

A tiny blade of gold attached to a carbon “nanotube”, and an electrical current allows it to spin.

Nature 2003 424, 408.

Moore's Law

Gordon Moore

In 1965, Intel co-founder Gordon Moore saw the future. His prediction, now popularly known as Moore's Law, states that the number of transistors on a chip doubles about every two years.

Today, Intel leads the industry with: A worldwide silicon fab network with six

high volume 300mm fabs-one fab now producing 45nm processors. 2nm silicon on-target for delivery in 2009

Advanced technologies, such as strained hafnium-infused high-k (Hi-k) and metal gates in production today.

Research into new technologies such as tri-gate transistors and silicon nanotechnology that will enable Intel to continue the 2-year cycle of Moore's Law for the foreseeable future

Self cleaning glass has a nanolayer of titanium dioxide coating on the surface. This acts in two ways: First, it is photo catalytic: UV rays,

abundant on even the cloudiest of days, cause the glass to react chemically with dirt and organic deposits, breaking them down and loosening them from the surface of the glass.

Secondly, it is hydrophilic: it attracts water, which slides down and off the surface of the glass without forming into separate droplets. This ensures that loose particles of dust and dirt are easily washed off during normal rainy weather.

Self cleaning glass

Nano shells

Nanoshells that imbed only with tumors and can be heated by infrared radiation to destroy the cancer and leave the healthy cells unharmed. Nanospectra Biosciences, Inc.

Hydrophobic surfaces – “Lotus leaf principle”

Some existing applications of lotus effect surface treatment.

Stain resistant clothing from “NanoTex” fabrics

Oxide materials & their Technological Applications

· Superconductors Magnetic Sensing, MRI’s

· Magnetic Materials Data Storage, Power Conversion· Semiconductors Computers, Electronics · Dielectric Materials Non-volatile Computer Memory, Cellular Phones, Radar and Telecommunications · Piezoelectric Materials Actuators, Microphones· Luminescent Materials Flat Panel Displays· 2nd Harmonic Generation Lasers · Phosphors Imaging Devices used in Science & Medicine · Thermoelectric Materials Remote Energy Conversion· Catalysts Chemical Production, Power plants· Alloys Automobiles, Bicycles, Spacecrafts · Ionic Conductors Fuel Cells, Batteries, Gas Sensors

DE-MERITS OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

Nanoparticles have the possibility of breaking into blood-brain barrier-a membrane to protect brain from harmful chemicals in blood stream

Creation of powerful weapons- lethal & non-lethalNano-divide (Technological & Economical differences

between rich and poor)Loss of traditional methodsIncrease in aristocracies and reduced democraciesBrain drain and trade barriersBlack market in nanotech

Sophia the robot is now a citizen of Saudi Arabia

Sophia: The first Humanoid getting a citizenshipComputer Science and Artificial Intelligence marvel

‘Cooking‘ This is the material scientist’s kitchen cup board

Tom Lehrer's -The Elements- animated.flv

Thank You

No one knows how much of nanotechnology’s promise will prove out. Technology prediction has never been too reliable.

But……

There is plenty of room at the bottom.