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Nanoparticles in the Environment:The Measurement Challenge

Richard C. FlaganChemical Engineering

andEnvironmental Science and Engineering

California Institute of TechnologyPasadena, CA

USA

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Is Nanotechnology a Hazard to the Environment?

Entry into the environment

Nanoparticles Nanotubes

......

Transport Transformations

Dissolution

Agglomeration Exposure

Response

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Present day nanoparticles in theenvironment

Airborne nanoparticles

Emissions from high temperature sources

Atmospheric nucleation

Waterborne

Colloidal & dissolved particles

Mineral

Asbestos

Nanocrystals

Biological

Virus

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Exposure assessment

Instruments exist for aerosol nanoparticlemeasurements

Size distribution

Number concentration Measurements of particles in liquids or on

surfaces

Dynamic light scattering Electron or scanning probe microscopy

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Nanoparticles translocateinto cells and throughoutthe body

Mechanisms not fullyunderstood

Stealth entry of toxicmaterials into cells

Nanoparticlesdissolve after entryinto cell

Nanoparticle therapeutics

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K.F. Soto, A. Carrasco, T.G. Powell, K.M. Garza and L.E. Murr. J. Nanoparticle Res. (2005) 7: 145169

Cytotoxicity (murine macrophage cell viability) versus concentration

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What evidence is there for direct

effects of inhaled nanoparticles onhuman health?

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What evidence is there for direct

effects of inhaled nanoparticles onhuman health?

Ambient air pollution exposures

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30 d i d 150 d i d

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30 m downwind 150 m downwind

90 m downwind

60 m downwind

300 m upwind

300 m downwind

Zhu, Hinds, Kim and Sioutas J. Air & Waste Manage. Assoc. 52 :1032-1042

Present-DayNanoparticle

Exposure

Combustion Diesel engines

Power plants

High temperature

processes

Metallurgical

Welding

Grinding

Ski waxing

Rapid decay withdistance fromsource

1 10 100 nm

1 10 100 nm

1 10 100 nm

1 10 100 nm

1 10 100 nm

1 10 100 nm

2e5

dNdlogD

0

6e4

dNdlogD

0

1.2e5

dNdlogD

0

1.2e5

dNdlogD

0

1e4

dNdlogD

0

1e4

dNdlogD

0

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Wind Direction

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Homogeneous Nucleation in the Atmosphere

Boy and Kulmala,Atmos. Chem. Phys.2: 1-16 (2002)

Nanoparticles

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Nanoparticles Adverse health effects

Cardiovascular effects Translocate across cell membranes

Bypass blood-brain barrier

Produced by homogeneous nucleation from thevapor phase

Combustion systems, high temperature processes

Photochemical smog

Nanotechnology

Limited data on environmental/healthimplications of nanotechnology

Toxicity

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Flagan, RC. 2004. Opposed Migration Aerosol Classifier (OMAC). Aerosol Sci. Technol. 38 (9): 890-899.

Opposed Migration Aerosol Classifier

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Can we extend these

measurements to particles in water?

Radial-Symmetric FFE

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Radial-Symmetric FFE

Double Layer

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Double Layer

+ + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-

-

--

-

-

-

-

--

-

-

---

-

+

+

+

+

+

+

++

+

+

+

+

+++++

V

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Differential mobility analyzer

will not work in water,but there are other approaches that do.

Free Flow

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Free FlowElectrophoresis

Peterson and Cliffel (2005)

Analytical Chemistry.77: 4378.

Electrophoretic Separations of Nanoparticles

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p p pin Water are Possible,

but

Charge depends on particle and solution

chemistry Single particle detection is not available

Optical detection of ensemble is strongly

size dependent New methods are needed to enable

nanoparticle measurements in the

aqueous environment

Conclusions

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Conclusions

Nanoparticles can cause health problems

but

We don't know the risks of engineerednanomaterials

Risks may depend on

Composition

Size

Morphology

State of aggregation

Data are needed to assess risks

Conclusions

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Conclusions

Most risks of nanotechnology should be

manageablebut

The cost of not identifying potential risks may

be high Will nanotechnology become the next

genetically modified crop?

Conclusions

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Conclusions Real-time measurements of airborne nanoparticles are now

possible

Size distribution

Chemical composition as a function of particle size

Expensive and complex

New instruments should soon become

Measurements of nanoparticles in water or on surfaces are notwell developed

Dynamic light scattering

Electron microscopy

Electrophoretic separations

Need detection technology

Charge???

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Capillary Electrophoresis

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p y p

-------- ----- -

-------- ----- -

-

--

-

-

-

--

--

-- +

+

+

+++

+

++

+

+

+ +

++

+

++ +

+

+++

CapillarySurface

Power Supply

Electrode Electrode

-+