Nanostructures: Synthesis, Functional Properties and Applications

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Series II: Mathematics, Physics and Chemistry - Vol. 128

Nanostructures: Synthesis, Functional Properties and Applications

edited by

Thomas Tsakalakos Department of Ceramic & Materials Engineering, Rutgers University, Piscataway, U.S.A.

lIya A. Ovid'ko Institute of Problems for Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, Russia

and

AsuriK.Vasudevan Materials Division, Oftice of Naval Research Arlington, Virginia, U.SA

Springer Science+Business Media, B.v.

Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Synthesis, Functional Properties & Applications of Nanostructures Crete, Greece 29 June-9 July 2001

A C.I. P. Catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.

ISBN 978-1-4020-1753-7 ISBN 978-94-007-1019-1 (eBook)

DOI 10.1007/978-94-007-1019-1

Printed on acid-free paper

AU Rights Reserved CO 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht Originally published by Kluwer Academic Publishers in 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1 st edition 2003 No part of this work may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, microfilming, recording or otherwise, without written permission from the Publisher, with the exception of any material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface

List of NATO ASI Proceedings Contributors

Chapter 1.

Chapter 2.

Chapter 3.

Chapter 4.

Chapter 5.

NANOSTRUCTURES AND NANOTECHNOLOGY Perspectives and New Trends T. Tsakalakos

SYNTHESIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES Engineering ofNanostructured Materials M Muhammed

Size and Shape of Epitaxial Nanostructures R.S. Williams, G.Mederiros-Ribeiro

Molecularly Assembled Interfaces for Nanomachines v. v. Tsukruk

Shape Fabrication of Cotton-Derived Inorganic Hollow Ribbons A.B. Bourlinos, N Boukos and D. Petridis

NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY Nature and Nanotechnology s. C. Goheen, K.A. Gaither and A.R. Rayburn

PROCESSING AND CONSOLIDATION Genesis ofNanosized Particles, Grains and Interfaces in the Rate-Controlled Processes of Synthesis and Sintering of Ceramics A. V. Ragulya and v. v. Skorokhod

MODELLING AND MECHANICAL BEHAVIOUR Impact of Grain Boundaries on Structural and Mechanical Properties H. Van Swygenhoven, P.M Derlet, A. Hasnaoui and M Samaras

Current Status of Grain Growth Modelling With Special Reference to Nanocrystalline Materials c.s. Pande and R.A. Masumura

Discussion About Scaling Effects in Metals With a Continuum Mechanics Approach S. Pommier, A. Phelippeau, and C. Prioul

v

IX

xi

37

81

95

111

117

139

155

169

179

VI

Chapter 6.

Chapter 7.

MECHANICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS Defects and Deformation Mechanisms in Nanocrystalline Materials Ilya. Ovid'ko

Scale Dependent Anelasticity and Mechanical Behavior: The Case ofNanocrystalline Metals E. Bonetti, L. Pasquini, and L. Savini

Bulk. Nanostructured SPD Materials With Advanced Properties R.Z. Valiev and 1. V. Alexandrov

Heavily Drawn Eutectoid Steel: A Nanostructured Material A. Phelippeau, S. Pommier, C. Prioul, and M Clave!

205

217

239

251

NANOCRYSTALLIZATION AND PHASE TRANSFORMATIONS IN NANOSTRUCTURED MATERIALS

Cluster Structure of the Amorphous State 271 And (Nano)Crystallization of Rapidly Quenched Iron and Cobalt Based Systems P. Svec, K. Kristiakova, and M Deanko

The Influence of the Grain Boundary Phase 295 Transitions on the Properties ofNanostructured Materials B.B. Straumal

Atomic Ordering as a New Method of Producing 313 a Nanostructure A.I. Gusev and A.A. Rempel

Particularities ofMartensitic Transformations in 329 Nanostructured Fe-MN System Obtained by Mechanical Alloying L. Yu. Pustov, S.D. Kaloshkin, E.!. Estrin, G. Principi, V. V. Tcherdyntsev, and E. V. Shelekhov

VB

Chapter 8. NANOSTRUCTURED FILMS AND COATINGS Misfit Defects in Nanostructured Films 339 A.E. Romanov

Microstructural Development of Ti-AI Thin Films 353 During Annealing S.E. Romankov and B.N Mukashev

Nano Structured Metal Oxide Films With Room 363 Temperature Gas Sensing Properties G. Kiriakidis. H. Ouacha. and N Katsarakis

Achievement of Nanocrystalline Structures After 383 Thermal Annealing Amorphous W-SI-N Sputtered Films A. Cavaleiro and P. Marques

Microwave Joining of zrOz and Al2 03 Ceramics Via 413 N anostructured Interlayers Yu. v: Bykov. S. v: Egorov. A. G. Eremeev. K.I. Rybakov. NA. Zharova. MA. Lobaev. A. W.Fliflet. D. Lewis. MA. Imam. and A.I. Rachkovskii

Chapter 9. CHARACTERIZATION OF FUNCTIONALIZED NANOSTRUCTURES

Surface Chemistry and Functionalization of 427 Semiconducting Nanosized Particles MI. Baraton

Spectroscopic Characterization ofNanocrystalline 441 VICe Oxides for Novel Counter Electrodes z. C. Orel and A. Turkovic

Charaterization ofNanocrystalline Alloys by 449 Mossbauer Effect Techniques M Miglierini

Nano-Structured Magnetic Films Investigated With 463 Lorentz Transmission Electron Microscopy and Electron Holography J.M DeHosson. NG. Chechenin. and T. Vystavel

Chapter 10. MAGNETIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES Phase Separation in CMR Materials: the Role of Spin 481 Nanoclusters A. Simopoulos. M Pissas. G. Kallias and E. Devlin

Effects of Interfaces on the Properties of 501 Nanostructured Ni-[Cu(II)-C-O] and CoCrPt Films G.M Chow

Electroplating and Electroless Deposition 511 ofNanostructured Magnetic Thin Films N Sulitanu

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Chapter 11.

Chapter 12.

Chapter 13.

Chapter 14.

Chapter 15.

Chapter 16.

TEM CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES

Disclinations in Severe Deformed Materials: A Case for TEM Characterization A. Kolesnikova, V Klemm, P Klimanek and A.E. Romanov

QUANTUM DOTS Quantum Dot Semiconductor Lasers VM Ustinov

NANOWIRES Nanoc1ustered Films and Nanowires VM Fedosyuk

FERROELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF NANOMATERIALS N ano-F erroelectrics J.F. Scott

OPTICAL AND ELECTRONIC PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES

Optical Characterization of Mechanical Properties of Thin Films and Structures s. TamuleviCius and L. Augulis

Optically Active Silicon Nanostructures Prepared From Implanted Si by Annealing at High Hydrostatic Pressure A. Misiuk and I.E. Tyschenko

Nanoe1ectrodes on Silicon for Electrochemical Applications A.l. Kleps, A. Angelescu, M Miu, M Simian, A. Bragaru, and M Avram

Effect of Gas Environment on the Recombination Properties of Nanostructured Layer-Silicon Interface S. Litvinenko, A. Kozinetz, V. Skryshevsky, and O. Tretyak

APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES

533

543

561

583

601

619

639

649

Synthesis and Novel Application of Nan om ate rials in 655 Tungstate, Titania and Silicon Nitride Systems c. Balazsi

Applications of Functional Nanocomposites 675 T. Tsakalakas, R. L. Lehman,. N. Nosker, J. D. Idol, R. Renfree, J. Lynch, K. E. Van Ness, M DaSilva, S. Wolbach, and E. Lee

Subject Index 691

Author Index 693

IX

Preface

The Advanced Study Institute on Synthesis, Functional Properties and Applications of Nanostructures, held at the Knossos Royal Village, Heraklion, Crete, Greece, July 26, 2002 - August 4, 2002, successfully reviewed the state-of-the-art of nanostructures and nanotechnology. It was concluded that Nanotechnology is widely agreed to be the research focus that will lead to the next generation of breakthroughs in science and engineering. There are three cornerstones to the expectation that Nanotechnology will yield revolutionary advances in understanding and application: • Breakthroughs in properties that arise from materials fabricated from the nanoscale. • Synergistic behavior that arise from the combination of disparate types of materials

(soft vs. hard, organic vs. inorganic, chemical vs. biological vs. solid state) at the nanoscale.

• Exploitation of natural (e.g. chemical and biological) assembly mechanisms that can accomplish structural control at the nanoscale.

It is expected that this will lead to paradigms for assembling bio-inspired functional systems that accomplish desirable properties that are either unavailable or prohibitively expensive using top-down approaches.

While the general principles are clear, systematic and comprehensive studies of the effects of processing and the resultant evolution of structure on the overall mechanical properties, performance, and thermal stability, under complex loading conditions, have thus far not been performed in sufficient depth. This situation is further compounded by the fact that standardized procedures do not exist for the testing and analysis of size­dependent mechanical and functional properties at the nanoscale which are essential for the design, modeling, and life assessment of nanomaterials for biological and biomedical applications.

The NATO ASI on Synthesis, Functional Properties and Applications of Nanostructures emphasized the development of useful implementations and applications of nanotechnology. One key issue in nanotechnology is how to access, from the macroscopic world, the extremely high information density of nanostructured systems. The lecturers addressed this question by using bio-inspiration - techniques where they applied lessons learned from living systems to design new materials with localized feedback mechanisms. The meeting focused on multifunctional nanomaterials for use in biomedical and information technology applications. Lectures and discussions included embedded, or natural sensing, information processing and actuation of responses to the physical environment. The scientific program was structured with the following:

SYNTHESIS AND SELF-ASSEMBLY OF NANOSTRUCTURES DEFORMATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES FUNCTIONAL NANOSTRUCTURES APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES NANOCLUSTERS AND NANOWIRES MAGNETIC CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES PROCESSING OF NANOSTRUCTURES OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF NANOSTRUCTURES

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QUANTUM DOTS CHARACTERIZATION OF NANOSTRUCTURES NANOSTRUCTURED FILMS AND COATINGS CARBON NANOTUBES DEFORMATION AND MODELLING OF NANOSTRUCTURES MECHANICAL BEHAVIOR OF NANOSTRUCTURES FUNCTIONAL APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES

There was a general consensus, that the NATO ASI on Nanostructures was one of the most successful meetings in the field and served admirably, the scientific community and society at large. The lectures, invited talks, and discussions were outstanding both in breadth and depth.

We would like to acknowledge the significant contribution of the following organizers : • Dr. Gan-Moog Chow, Professor, Materials Sci Dept, Univ of Singapore, Singapore. • Dr. Lawrence Kabacoff, Office of Naval Research, USA. • Prof. R.A. Andrievski, Russian Acad of Science, Moscow, 142432 Russia

• Prof. A. Misiuk, Institute of Electronic Technology, Warsaw, Poland.

• Dr. D. Niarchos, Local Organizer, Inst of Matls Sci NRC Demokritos, Greece We gratefully acknowledge the major financial support of this ASI by: NATO

Physical and Engineering Science and Technology (PST) We also like to express our gratidute to the Co-Sponsors: • Office of Naval Research (USA) • Office of Naval Research International Field Office • US Army Research Laboratory - European Research Office • USAF, European Office of Aerospace Research and Development We would like to thank Mr. Panos Prodromitis and Mrs Maria Prodromitis, the

group of Select Holidays, and Knossos Royal Village administration and staff for their invaluable assistant with the travel and lodging for the participants. They showed the highest degree of professionalism and hospitality. We also thank Ms. Ioanna Tsakalakos, secretariat of the NATO ASI, for her outstanding work not only during the preparation but also during the conduction of the meeting. Finally we thank Ms Kathleen Paige for the outstanding editorial assistance with the proceedings.

Thomas Tsakalakos ASI Director Rutgers University

Ilya A. Ovid'ko ASI co-Director Russian Academy of Sciences

A.K. Vasudevan ASI Chair, Publication Committee Office of Naval Research, USA

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"Synthesis, Functional Properties & Applications of Nanostructures"

List of NATO ASI Participants

Tarek Abdel-Fattah (USA) Dept of Bio, Chemical and Environ Science, Christopher Newport University, I University Place, Newport News, Virginia, USA 23606 Tel: (757) 594-7606, Fax: (757)594-7209, E-mail: fattah@cnu.edu

Pulickel Ajayan (USA) MRC 112, Dept of Materials Science and Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York, USA 12180-3590 Tel: 5182762322, Fax: 518 276 8554, E-mail: ajayan@mi.edu

R.A. Andrievski (Russia) Institute of Chemical Physics Problems, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), Chernogolovka, Moscow Region, 142432, Russia TeV Fax: (7-096)522-3577, E-mail: ara@icp.ac.ru

Demetrios Bakoyannakis (Greece) Lab of General and Inorganic Chemical Tech, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, 54006 Greece Tel: +0310997766, Fax: +0310997759, E-mail: Elndbak@chem.auth.gr

Csaba Balazsi (Hungary) Research Institute for Technical Physics and Materials Science, Ceramics and Refractory Metals Dept, Hungarian Academy of Sciences 1121 Budapest XII., H-1525 Budapest, P.O.Box 49, Konkoly-Thege u. 29-33. Hungary Tel: +36-1-3922222 (3817) Fax: +36-1-3922226, E-mail: balazsi@mfa.ktki.hu Web Site: http://www.mfa.ktki.hu

Marie Isabelle Baraton (France) Faculty of Sciences, SPCTS - UMR 6638 CNRS,123 Avenue Albert Thomas, F-87060 Limoges (France) Tel: + 33555457348, Fax: + 3355577 8100, E-mail: baraton@unilim.fr

Nathalie Le Bars (France) CEAlDRT/DECS/SE2M Bat 451, CEN Saclay Gifsur Yvette 91191 France Tel: 331 6908 2962, Fax: 3316908 9175. E-mail: nathalie.lebars@cea.fr

Chris Binns (United Kingdom) Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Leicester University of Leicester, LEI 7RH, United Kingdom Tel: +441162523585, Fax: +441162522770, E-mail: cbI2@le.ac.uk

Ennio Bonetti (Italy) Dept of Physics, University of Bologna and INFM v.le Berti Plchat 6/2, Bologna 40127 IT Tel: +390512095107, Fax: +39 0512095153, E-mail: bonetti@df.unibo.it

Roberto Buzzoni (Italy) Catalytic Process Department, POLIMERI EUROPA SpA, "Istituto Guido Donegani" Via G. FAUSER 4,1-28100, NOVARA (ITALY) Tel.: +39-0321-447534, Fax: +39-0321-447506, E-mail: roberto.buzzoni@polimerieuropa.com

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Albano Cavaleiro (Portugal) Departamento de Engenharia Mecanica, FCTUC - Universidade de Coimbra,Pinhal de Marrocos, 3030 Coimbra, Portugal Tel: 351 239790794 I 00, Fax: 351 239 790701, E-mail- albano.cavaleiro@dem.uc.pt

Moog Chow (Singapore) Dept of Matls Science, National University of Singapore, Kent Ridge, Singapore 119260, Republic of Singapore Tel: +65 6 874 3325, Fax: +65 6 776 3604, E-mail: mascgm@nus.edu.sg

Joseph Christodoulides (USA) Naval Research Laboratory, 4555 Overlook Ave, SW, Building 3, Room 106, Washington, DC 20375, USA Tel: 2027674393, Fax: 2024048849, E-mail: joec@anvil.nrl.navy.mil

Zorica Crnjak Orel (Slovenia) National Institute of Chemistry, Hajdrihova 19, Ljublijana, Slovenia Tel: ++386 1 4760236, Fax: ++386 I 4760300, E-mail: zorica.crnjak.orel@ki.si

Marian Deanko (Slovakia) Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy ofSciences,84228 Bratislava, Slovakia Tel: +421259410570, Fax: ++421254776085, E-mail: JYzidean@savba.sk Web Site: www.savba.sklrq

Jeffrey A. Eastman (USA) Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 S. Cass Ave., Bldg. 212, Argonne, IL 60439, USA Tel: 630-252-5141, Fax: 630-252-4289, E-mail: jeastman@anl.gov Web Site: www.msd.anl.gov/groups/im

Sergey Vasilievich Egorov (Russia) Institute Applied Physics Russian Academy Sciences, Ulyanova 46, Nizhny, Novgorod, Golybera Str. 8-72, 603600, Russia Tel: 831238-43-00, E-mail: egr@appl.sci-nnov.ru

Valery Fedosyuk (Belorus) Institute of Solid State Physics and Semiconductors, Belorussian Academy of Sciences, P .Brovki 17, Minsk 220072, Belorus; Tel: +375-17-2842791, Fax: +375-17-2840888, E-mail: fedosyuk@ifttp.bas-net.by

Janos Fendler (USA) Distinguished CAMP, Clarkson University, CAMP - Box 5814, Potsdam, New York 13699-5814 USA Tel: 315-268-7113, Fax:315-268-4416, E-mail: fendler@clarkson.edu

Emmanuel Giarmelis (USA) Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Cornell University,247 Bard Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 USA Fax: (607) 255-2365 ,E-mail: emmanuel@msc.comell.edu

Prof. A. Glezer (Russia) Kurdyumov Institute of Metal Physics & Functional Materials, Bardin State Science Center for Ferrous Metallurgy, 2-nd Baumanskaya st. 9/23, Moscow 105005, Russia; TellFax: (7-095) 777-9350, E-mail: glezer@imph.msk.ru

Maria de Jesus Gomes (Portugal) Dept. Fisica, Universidade do Minho. University of Minh a, Portugal Tel: +351-253-604327/0, Fax: +351253-6778981, E-mail: mjesus@fisica.uminho.pt

Steve Goheen (USA) Pacific Northwest National Lab. (P8-08) PO Box 999, Richland, WA 99352, USA Tel: 509 376 3286, Fax: 5093762329, E-mail: Steve.goheen@pnl.gov

Prof. A.I.Gusev (Russia) Institute of Solid State Chemistry, RAS, Ekaterinburg, Russia Tel: 7 3432 747306, Fax: 7 3432 744495, E-mail: gusev@ihim.uran.ru

George Hadjipanayis (USA) Dept. of Physics, University of Delaware, 223 Sharp Laboratory, Newark, DE 19716 USA Tel: (302) 8312736, Fax: (302) 831-1637, E-mail: hadji@udel.edu

RolfHempelmann (Germany)

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Physikalische Chemie, Universitat des Saarlandes, 1m Stadtwald, Bau 9.2 D-66123 Saarbrucken, Germany Tel: 0681/302-4750, Fax: 0681/302-4759, E-mail: hempelmann@mx.uni-saarland.de Web Site: www.uni-saarland.de/fak8/hempelmann

leffDe Hosson (Netherlands) University of Groningen, Applied Physics, Nijenborgh 4,9747 AG, The Netherlands Tel: +31503634898, Fax: +31503634881, Email: hossonj@phys.rug.nl

Eliza Hutter (USA) Clarkson University, Box 5814, Postsdam, NY 13699, USA Tel: (315) 268-7149, Fax: (315) 268-4416, E-mail: huttere@clarkson.edu

Lawrence Kabacoff(USA) Office of Naval Research, 800 N. Quincy Street, Arlington, VA 22217-5660, USA Tel: 703 696 0283, Fax: 703 696 0934, E-mail: Kabacol@om.navy.mil

A.I. Kharlamov (Ukraine) Institute for Problems of Materials Science, 3 Knjzanovski Str, 252680 Kiev, Ukraine Tel: +38-044-444-02-56, E-mail: dep73@ipms.kiev.ua

George Kiriakidis (Greece) Materials Group, IESLIFORTH, Greece Tel:+30-81-39127112, Fax:+30-81-391295, E-mail: kiriakid@iesl.forth.gr

Irina Kleps (Romania) National Institute for Research and Development in Microtechnologies (IMT), P.O. Box 38-160, Bucharest 72225, Romania Tel.: 4021.4908412 ext. 33, Fax: 4021.4908238, E-mail: irinak@imt.ro

A. Kolesnikova (Russia) Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj 61, Vas.Ostrov, St.Petersburg 199178, Russia Fax: +7(812)321 4771, E-mail: koles@def.ipme.ru

Vladimir G. Konakov (Russia) Institute of Silicate Chemistry ofRAS UI. Odoevskogo 24-2, St. Petersburg 199406, Russia Tel: 7-812-351-08-07, Fax: 7-812-350-59-47, E-mail: konakov@isc1.nw.24,

1. Kovacik (Slovakia) Institute of Materials and Machine Mechanics, Racianska 75,831 02 Bratislava 3, Slovak Republic Tel: +421 2492 68 275, Fax: +421 244253301, E-mail: urnmsjk@savba.sk

Lynn Kurihara (USA) Naval Research LabCode 640, Washington D.C. 20375 USA Tel: 2027672563, Fax: 2024048533, E-mail: Kurihara@anvil.ml.navy.mil

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Alexandros Lappas (Greece) Inst of Elec Struct & Laser,

S. Litvinenko (Ukraine) Kiev University, Volodirnirska 64, Kiev, Ukraine Tel: (38044) 2959206, Fax: (38044) 2656744, E-mail: litvin@uninet.kiev.ua

Sanjay Mathur (Germany) Institute for New Materials, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany Tel: +49-681-9300-274 Fax: +49-681-9300-279, E-mail: smathur@inm-gmbh.de

Lhadi Merhari (France) 64 avenue de la Liberation, 87000 France Tel: +33 683710550, E-mail: Ceramec@wanadoo.fr

M. Miglierini (Slovakia) Department ofNuc1ear Physics and Technology, Slovak University of Technology, Ilkovicova 3, 812 19 Bratislava, Slovakia; Tel: +421260291 167, Fax: +421265427207, E-mail: bruno@elf.stuba.sk

Andrezej Misiuk (Poland) Institute of Electron Technology, AI. Lotnikow 46, 02-668 Warsaw, Poland Tel: +(4822) 5487792, Fax: +4822) 8470631, E-mail: misiuk@ite.waw.pl

Mamoun Muhammed (Sweden) Dept of Mat' 1 Science and Engineering, Royal Institute of Technology, 10044 Stockholm, Sweden Tel: +468-7908158, Fax: +468-7909072, E-mail: mamoun@matchem.kth.se

Dimitri Niarchos (Greece) NCSR Demokritos, 15310 Aghia Parasveki, Athens, Greece Tel: 3010-6503385, Fax: 3010-6519430, E-mail: dniarchos@ims.demokritos.gr

Heinz-Georg Nothofer (Germany) Sony International Europe, Materials Science Laboratories,.Heinrich-Hertz Str. I, Stuttgart 70327 GER Tel: +49 711 5858 178, Fax: +49 7115858484, E-mail: Nothofer@sony.de

Thomas Orlando (USA) Georgia Institute of Tech, Boggs Chemistry Building.Atlanta, Georgia 30332-0001, USA Tel: 404 894 4012, Fax: 404 894 7452, Email: thomas.orlando@chemistry.gatech.edu

Ilya Ovid'ko (Russia) Institute of Problems for Mechanical Engineering, Russian Academy of Sciences, Bolshoj 61, Vas.Ostrov, St.Petersburg 195297, Russia Fax: +7(812)3214771, E-mail: ovidko@def.ipme.ru

Chandra.S.Pande (USA) Code 6325 Naval Research Laboratory, , Washington D.C. 20375, USA Tel: 202-767-2744, Fax: 202-767-2623, E-mail: PANDE@ANVIL.NRL.NAVY.MIL

Tasos Papadopoulos (Greece) National Technical University of Athens, Greece Tel: 3010-8259114, E-mail: tpapad@mail.ntua.gr

Dimitri Petridis (Greece) NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Materials Science, 15210 Aghia Paraskevi, Attici, Athens, Greece Tel: 3010-653345, Fax: 3010-6519430, E-mail: dpetrid@ims.demokritos.gr

Antoine Phelippeau (France) Laboratoire MSSlMat, Ecole Centrale Paris, Grande voie des vignes 92295, Chatenay Malabry FRANCE Tel: 01-41-13-16-54, Fax: 01-41-13-14-30, Email: phelippeau@mssmat.ecp.fr

Erhan Piskin (Turkey) Hacettepe University, Turkish Academy of Science, Tel: 903122977400, Fax: 90 312 2992124, E-mail: piskin@hacettepe.edu.tr

Katerina Polychronopoulou (Greece) National Technical University of Athens, Greece, Karaiskaki 53-13231-Petroupolis-Athens Tel: 30 105017105, E-mail: mm99028@mail.ntua.gr

Sylvie Pommier (France) MSSMAT Ecole Centrale Paris Grande Voie des Vignes, Chatenay Malabry Cedex, 92295 Tel: 33 141 13 1658, Fax: 33 141 13 1430, E-mail: Sylvie@mssmat.ecp.fr

Virgil Provenzano (USA) NIST, 100-Bureau Drive, Gaithersburg, MD 20999, USA Tel: 001-301-975-6042, Fax: 001-301-975-4553, E-mail: Virgi112@nist.gov

1. Pustov (Russia) Moscow Institute of Steel & Alloys, Leninsky prosp. 4, 119991, Moscow, RU Tell Fax: 007-095-2304595, E-mail: pustov@mail.ru

Andrey Ragulya (Ukraine)

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Frantsevich Institute for Problems in Materials Science, NAS of Ukraine, 3, Krzhizhanovski St., 03142 Kiev. Ukraine Tel. +38-044-444-1533, Fax:+38-044-444-2131, E-mail: ragulya@materials.kiev.ua

B.B.Rath (USA) Naval Research Laboratory, Washington DC 20375-5341, USA Tel: 202 767 2538, Fax: 202 404 120, E-mail: rath@utopia.nrl.navy.mil

Anna B. Reizis (Russia) Institute of Problems of Mechanical Engineering, RAS, Vas. Ostrov, Boishoj pr., 61. St. Petersburg 199175, Russia Tel: +7(812)3214764, Fax: +7(812)3214771, E-mail: reizis@def.ipme.ru

S.E. Romankov (Kazakhstan) Institute of Physics and Technology, Ministry of Education and Science, 480082, Almaty 82, Kazakhstan TellFax: +7(3272) 545 224, E-mail: romankov@sci.kz romankovs@mail.ru

Alexei E. Romanov (Russia) Ioffe Physico-Technical Institute, RAS, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg 194021, Russia Tel: 7 812 3065353, Fax: 7 812247-10-17, E-mail: aer@mail.ioffe.ru

Maria Samaras (Switzerland) Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI Switzerland Tel: 4156310 4184, Fax: 4156310 3131, E-mail: Maria.samaras@psi.ch

University of Basel, Dept. of Chemistry, Klingelbergstrasse 80, CH-4056, Switzerland Tel: +41-61-267 3801, Fax: +41-61-2673855, E-mail: marc.sauer@unibas.ch

James Scott (United Kingdom) Earth Sciences Dept., Cambridge University, Downing Street, Cambridge CB23EQ, United Kingdom Tel: 441223333461, Fax: 441223333450, E-mail: Jsco99@esc.cam.ac.uk

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Robert W. Shaw (United Kingdom) Chemistry and Materials Science, European Research Office, Edison House, 223 Old Marylebone Road, London, NWI 5TH, UK Tel: +44 (0) 20 7514 4909, Fax: +44 (0) 20 77241433, E-mail: rshaw@usardsguk.army.mil

Olga Shikimaka (Moldova) Academy of Sciences of Moldova, Institute of Applied Physics 5, Academy str. MD-2028, Chisinau, Moldova Tel: (044) 738109, E-mail: mech.prop@phys.asm.md

Athanasios Simopoulos (Greece) NCSR "Demokritos", Institute of Materials Science, 15210 Aghia Paraskevi, Attici, Athens, Greece Tel: 30-1-6544637, Fax: 30-1-6519430, E-mail: asimop@ims.demokritos.gr

B. Straumal (Russia) Institute of Solid State Physics, Chernogolovka, Moscow District, 142432, Russia Tel! Fax: 007 095 23 82326, E-mail: straumal@issp.ac.ru

N. Sulitanu (Romania) Department of Solid State Physics, Faculty of Physics, "AI.LCuza" University ofIasi, II Carol I Blvd., RO-6600 Iasi, Romania Tel: 00 40 232 201173, Fax: 0040232201150, E-mail: sulitanu@uaic.ro

Subra Suresh (USA) Department of Materials Science & Engineering, MIT, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA Tel: 617-253-3320, Fax: 617-253-0868, E-mail: ssuresh@mit.edu

Peter Svec (Slovakia) Institute of Physics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 84228 Bratislava, Slovakia Tel: -4212 59410561, Fax: -4212 5477 6085m, E-mail: fysisvec@savba.sk Web Site: www.savba.sklrq

Helena Van Swygenhoven (Switzerland) Paul Scherrer Institute, CH-5232 Villigen-PSI, Switzerland Tel: 4156310 2931, Fax: 4156310 3131, E-mail: Helena.vs@psi.ch

E.Tabachnikova (Ukraine) Institute for Low Temperature, Physics and Engineering, 47 Lenin Ave., Kharkov, 61103, Ukraine Tel: 380 (572) 300 331, Fax: 380 (572) 322 370, E-mail: tabachnikova@ilt.kharkov.ua

Sigitas Tamulevicius (Lithuania) Institute of Physical Electronics, Kaunas University of Technology, Savanoriu 271, LT-3009 Kaunas, Lithuania Tel: 3707313432,3707351128, Fax.: 3707314423, 3707456472; E-mail: stamul@fmf.ktu.lt, Web Site: http://www.ktu.foi.lt

M. Taylor (United Kingdom) Associate Director, Materials Science, ONR International Field Office, 223 Old Marylebone Road, London NWI 5m, United Kingdom Tel:44 (0)20 75144963, Fax:44 (0)20 7723 6359, E-mail: mtaylor@onrifo.navy.mil

Loucas Tsakalakos (USA) General Electric - Global Research, I Research Circle, Bldg KW Room C1426, Niskayuna, New York 12309 Tel: 515 387 5715, Fax: 518 387 6030, E-mail: Tsakalakos@crd.ge.com

Thomas Tsakalakos (USA) Dept of Ceramic & Materials Engineering, College of Engineering, Nanostructured Materials, Rutgers University, 607 Taylor Road, Piscataway NJ 08854-8065 USA Tel: (732) 445 2888, Fax: (732) 445 3229, E-mail: tsakalak@rci.rutgers.edu Web Site: http://web.rutgers.edulnanostructures

V. Tsukruk (USA) Materials Science & Eng. Dept., Iowa State University, 3155 Gilman Hall Ames, Iowa 50011 USA 5152946904, fax: 515 294 5444, E-mail: vladimir@iastate.edu

Victor Ustinov (Russia) loffe Physico-Technical Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Polytekhnicheskaya 26, St.Petersburg 194021, Russia Tell Fax: +7(812) 2473178, E-mail: vmust@beam.ioffe.rssi.ru

Ruslan Valiev (Russia)

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Institute of Physics for Advanced Materials, Ufa State Aviation Technical University, Ufa 450000, Russia TellFax: 007-3472-233422, E-mail: RZValiev@mail.rb.ru

A.K. Vasudevan (USA) Materials Division, ONR-332, 800 N. Quincy Str, Arlington, Va 22217 Tel: 703-696-8181, Fax: 703-696-0934, E-mail: Vasudea@ONR.NAVY.MIL

Daniel Vrbanic (Slovenia) Faculty of Chemistry and Chemical Technology" University of Ljubljana, Askerceva 5, Ljubljana, Slovenia Tel. +386 1 477 3313, Fax.+386 I 251 9385, E-mail: daniel.vrbanic@uni-Ij.si

R. Stanley Williams (USA) HP Fellow and Director, Quantum Science Research. Hewlett-Packart Laboratories, 1501 Page Mill Rd., IL 14, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA Tel: 650-857-6586, Fax: 650-813-3312, E-mail: stan_williams@hp.com http://www.hpl.hp.comlresearch/qsr/index.html

Steve D Wolbach (USA) Rutgers University, 1037 10th Ave. Folson, PA 19033, USA Tel: 732 580 8650, Ecmail: stevenwo@eden.rutgers.edu

Etienne Wortham (Greece) Inst of Elec Struct & Laser, Greece