nanotech sorular cevaplar

8/17/2019 Nanotech Sorular Cevaplar

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What is Nanotechnology• Nanotechnology (sometimes shortened to

"nanotech") is the study of manipulating

matter on an atomic and molecular scale.Generally, nanotechnology deals withdeveloping materials, devices, or otherstructures possessing at least one

dimension sized from 1 to 1nanometres. !uantum mechanical eectsare important at this #uantum$realm scale.


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how to change• %entimeter&'ass,riction• 'ilimeter&'ass,riction,electrostatic• 'icrometer&lectrostatic,van der

Walls,*rownian motions• !uantum +ngstromuantum

mechanic


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ow will vary depending on nanoscalesilver and gold-

• ptical properties of metalnanoparticles depends on their

shapes and size.• /isi0le optical changes appear with

metal nanoparticles.+spectratiolength2with

• +s aspect ratiochanges,chemical,physical,magnetic,optico properties changes


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No matter the size of the impact of

nano$3lms 4hotographic howchange-

• 4hotopraphic 3lms is an emulsion, athin layer of gelatin containing silver

halides, and 0ase of transparent

cellulose acetate.5he lightdecomposes the silverhalides,produce nanoparticles ofsilver,which are the pi6els of the

image


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What are car0on nano structures-

5ypes&1$ullerence(c8)&- single molecule8c atoms- 9$1: dimension- 5hermally and chemically sta0le- properties change- sensitive to light- potential applications&tri0ology,drug release,solar cells

7$car0on nanotu0es;$car0on onions• %8 nucleus are surrounded 0y car0on atoms ,7:$

;nm dimension.


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Why is inter$disciplinary science andnanotechnology-

Wor= in nanotechnolo>y can 0e foundin university departments of

phsics,chemistry and environmentalscience, as well as

electrical,mechanical and chemical

engineering


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+tom@s vi0ration• An reality,atoms in a crystal suer continuous

Buctuations in the neigh0orhood of theirregular positions in the lattice ( structura) .

• 5hese Buctuations arise from heat or thermalenergy in the lattice,and atoms are 0ounded

together with chemical 0ond,• 5he movement of one atom a0out its size

results other atoms to respond this motion.• 5he results is that many atoms vi0rate in

unison and this collective motion spreadsthrougout the crystal.

• 5hese vi0rations are called lattice vi0rations.


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4rinciples of semiconductor-• An the case of semiconductors,the

gap 0etween the valence and theconduction 0ands is much less

• can 0ring the thermal e6citation of

same electtons from the 0alance0and to the conduction 0and

• the desity of electrons is low,

electrical conductivity is small, so thethe term is semiconducting.


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?ort materials according to theirenergy 0ands-

•

© 2 0 0 3 B r o o k s / C o l e , a d i v i s i o n o f T h o m s o n L e a r n i n g , I

n c .

T h o m s o n L e a r n i n g ™ i

s a t r a d e m a r k s e d h e r e i n

n d e r l i c e n s e .

The simplifiedband structurefor sodium. Theenergy levelsbroaden intobands. The 3s band, which is

only half filledwith electrons, isresponsible forconduction in

sodium.


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• .and/ap:reers to the energy di0erence bet$een the topo the valence band and the bottom o the conduction othe conduction band

• 1argeScale:physics)mechanic%electricity2opticsproperties*#nm to 3m

• (anoScale:erromagnetic2erroelectrical properties4microto nanometer

• 1atice vibration:since the atoms are bounded together$ith chemical bounds%the movement o one atom about its

side results other atoms to respond thismotions5ollectively movements o atoms throughout thecrystal named latice vibration

• !ermi level:is the highest occupied energy level atabsolute zero%that is all energy levels up to the ermi levelare occupied by electrons

We can determinate &- the current (D)- voltage (/)• Mass spectrometry)ms*:is an analytical techni"ue that can

be used to:

#determine the chemical composition o a sample#


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• Magic (umbers:any o the numbers 6%7%68%67%98%76%or 6; thatrepresent the number o neutrons or protons in strongly bound andexceptionally stable atomic nucleiThe magic numbers have a verysimple interpretation )$or3s best or the ree electron metals such

as al3ali*

• /eometricStructure: 'e can orm larger geometric structure rommetal ligand compounds !or this% $e should remove the ligandseasy to change % rom saturated metals % that are in the solution

•

+le3troni3Structure: ne$ advances in:- avrication and demostration o melcular electronic $ires and o

moecular elecronic diodes

- techni$ues or ma3ing reliable electrical contact $ith suchelectircally conducting

•

Reactivity: in nanostructure design the important concerns includechemical reacticity

5hemical environements and ambient conditions limit:

- the easibility o certain nanostructures

- the choise o molecular subunits

This same issues are 3ey to synhetic chemistry


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• 'hat are the e0ects o nanosilver using in ta3ing high "ualityphotographso$ compared to metal $ire

•

?uantum Dots:a "uantized electronic structure in $hich electronsare limit about respecting the motion in all three dimesions

• Roraxane:is a detector material $hich depends on temperature%electrical @ chemical activities and light


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• (anorobot:a nanoscale robot

- AautonomousAnanorobots have their o$n nanoscale computers built in

- BinsectA nanorobots are deployed in groups and are controlled by acentral computer

•

!TCR:#a spectroscopic techni"ue

- all pertinent $avelengths simultaneously irradiate the sample or ashort period o time

- the absorption spectrum is ound by mathematical manipulation o theourier transorm

• S+M:

# an electron microscope

- orms a three#dimensional image on a cathode#ray tube

- moving a deam o ocused electrons across an obect

- reading both the electrons scattered by the obect and the secondaryelectrons produced by it

• 1ithography:is a techni"ue used to creat the circuitry on the $aersrepresents one o the successes o "uantum devices or practicalapplications

• Mobility:

#important paramater o a semiconductor

#charge carrier drit velocity v per unit electric feld + given by theexpression u,-v-@+

# positive or both electrons and holes


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Sel assembly

Sel#assembly is a term used todescribe processes :

-a disordered system o pre#existingcomponents orms is organized in astructure

-Grganizing by conse"uence o localinteractions among the componentsthemselves

- $ithout external direction

'hen the constitutive components aremolecules% the process is termed

molecular sel#assembly

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assemblyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_self-assembly


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• 'olecular electronics and molecular compwor=&

Molecular electronics

# involves the study of molecular 0uilding 0loc=sfor the fa0rication of electronic components.

$ 5his includes applications of

conductive polymers andsingle$molecule electronic components fornanotechnology.

$ ; molecules in the system interact together

li=e a massively parallel computer, eachchanging states when data is written into thesystem.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive_polymershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nanotechnologyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular_scale_electronicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conductive_polymers


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• ?4DN%5FND%&

?pintronics

-is a nascent form of electronics-uses the magnetic state (spin) of electrons ,to process data, rather than using electriccharge.

-spin is a #uantum property, closely relatedto 0ut not e6actly the same thing asmagnetism.-e6ploiting #uantum eects.

5he magnetism of ferroelectric materials,

nonconductors which 0ecome polarizedwhen e6posed to an electric 3eld, e6ists0ecause many of the electrons all have thesame spin.


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• 4ipeline• + pipeline processor integrates a

se#uence of i data$processingnanoD%s (nanostages)

• perform a single operation on a

stream of data operands passingthrough them.

• Nanocomputers must 0e designed 0y

using pipelining.• our 0asic steps (fetch i, decode Ci,

operate i, and write Wi)


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• Nanocomputer architectronics

- theory of nanocomputers- devised and designed using

fundamental theory and applyingnanoD%s.

- is a computer science andengineering frontier

- will allow one to solve a widespectrum of pro0lems.


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undamental pro0lems innanocomputer architecture • Cesigning,• +pplying three$dimensional

organization,• +pplication of nanoD%s,• 'ultithreading,• 4arallel computing organization,• ?hared memory parallelism,• 'essage passing parallelism,


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What is the molecular computer-• + molecular computer is made of

organic molecules instead of silicon.Cendrimer• glo0ular nanostructures• precisely engineered to carry

molecules encapsulated in theirinterior spaces or attached to the

surface.


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'oore law-•

'oore slightly altered the formulationof the law• in 1H9:, 'oore altered his pro>ection

to a dou0ling every two years.• he was sure that he did not predict a

dou0ling "every 1I months".•

owever, Cavid ouse concludedthat integrated circuits would dou0lein performance every 1I months.


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Cierence *etween ?F+' and CF+'

1. ?F+' is static while CF+' is dynamic

7. ?F+' is faster compared to CF+';. ?F+' consumes less power than

CF+'

J. ?F+' uses more transistors thanCF+':. ?F+' is more e6pensive than CF+'

8. %heaper CF+' is used in mainmemory while ?F+' is commonlyused in cache memory


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+ #uantum well infrared photodetector(!WD4),

- made from semiconductor materials- contain one or more #uantum wells.- can 0e integrated together with

electronics and optics to ma=einfrared cameras for thermography.


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Cierence 0etweem CN+ computer and #uantum computer-• CN+ increases parallelism at the e6pense of additional

volume (the contents of a test tu0e) while the #uantum

register allows these parallel computations to 0e performedin a 36ed physical area.• they aord dierent levels of assurance.• CN+ computing generates solutions in a pro0a0ilistic

manner, where any particular solution is generated with

some pro0a0ility 0ased on the comple6 dynamics of the0onding process. *y increasing the num0er of each strand inthe initial solution, one can assume with reasona0le certaintythat all possi0le solutions will 0e constructed in the initialsolution set.

•

Dn #uantum computing, 0y contrast, all solutions areguaranteed to 0e generated and we needn@t concernourselves with the possi0ility of missing potential solutions.

nanotech sorular cevaplar

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