Materials Sci ence & Technolog y

Nanotechnologie: Oder die Relevanz des Nanometers

Dr. Pierangelo Gröning

Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Testing and Research„nanotech @ surfaces“ LaboratoryFeuerwerkerstrasse 39CH-3602 Thun

pierangelo.groening@empa.ch

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 2

1 Nanometer = 10-9 m = 0.000‘000‘001 m

Carbon Nanotube (CNT):• Diameter: 1 – 20 nm• Length: up to centimeter

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 3

What makes „Nano“ so Interesting?

Macro Micro Nano

10-3 m 10-9 m10-6 m

Increase of the specific surface area!!

Optical behavior Quantum effectsMechanical Properties

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 4

„Nanotechnology“ in the Middle Age

The Lycurgus Cup, 4th century AD illumination outside → green !Illumination inside → red!

“Labors of the Months” (Norwich, England, ca. 1480)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 5

Nanotechnology: Evolutionary & Revolutionary

According to H. Rohrer „ Il Nuovo Cimeto“ 107 A (1994)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 6

Si (001)

Compression Tests of Silicon Nano-Pillars

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 7

Wire Sawing of Solar CellsGoal: Reduction of the wafer thickness from 300 μm to 100μm!

Drahtoberfläche

Wafer-Oberfläche

10μm

10μm

Wire Sawing Parameters:• wire tension• speed• size & type off abrasives• type and viscosity lubricant

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 8

Processing with Sub-Nanometer Precision

Transmission Electron Microscope Imageof the magnetic multilayer structure

Schematic drawingof a magnetic multilayer structure

New Magnetic Memory Materials

H.Hug et al., Empa Dübendorf

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 9

Scanning Tunnlling Microscope (STM): The Door to the Nano-Cosmos

Sensing instead of seeing!!

First STM Image (Silicon Surface, IBM 1981)Nobel Prize 1986!!

Heinrich Rohrer Gerd Binnig

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 10

Positioning of Single Atoms and Molecules

Low Temperatur STM @ EmpaToperating = - 270 °CResolution in z: 300 fm = 0.0003 nm!! K.-H. Ernst / Empa

Propen (C3H6)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 11

Lotus flower: In eastern cultures the symbol for cleanness!

Nanotechnology: Mimic of Natural StructuresSelf-cleaning Surfaces

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 12

Scanning Electron Microscope Image of the Lotus leaf surface

Lotus Effect: Self-Cleaning Surfaces

Small water droplets are lifting upa dust particle.

The naps are covered with hydrophilic wax

hairs.

A water droplet loaded withdust particles

T. Geiger et al., Empa Dübendorf

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 13

Non-wetting Clothing

South American fishing spider(Ancylometes)

University of Bonn; ITV Denkendorf

fine air-trapping hairs

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 14

Nano-Particles: Raw Material for Many Applications

Flammensynthese

SiO2

TiO2

ZnO

ZrO2

CeO

Al2O3

….

A. Vital et al., Empa Dübendorf

Transmission Electron Microscope Image ofnon-aggregated nano-particles

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 15

Self-cleaning Tie

by weisbrod.ch

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 16

Few Applications with Nano-Particles

Porous ceramics (catalysts, filters, etc.)

Transparent, hard lacquers

Zahnersatz-Keramiken

Pharmaceutics Products

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 17

Magnetic Curing Glues: Mag. Nano-particles

Magnetic heating curves of aglue with 5% MagSilica®

Transmission Electron MicroscopeImage of MagSilica®Black: mag. Ironoxide nano-particlesGrau: Silicon Matrix

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 18

Tumor Therapy with Mag. Nano-ParticlesDr. A. Jordan, Charité Berlin

Heating of the tumor up to 49°C

Dr. A. Jordan, Charité Berlin

Injection of a water solution with Ironoxide

nano particles (MagForce®) encapsulatedin AminosilaneConcentration ~ 100 mg/ml

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 19

Carbon Nanotubes (CNT)

Carbon Nanotubes can be regarded as rolledup graphene sheets.

Discovered by Sumio Iijima (NEC)• Single Walled CNT (SWNT)1991• Multiwalled CNT (MWNT) 1993

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 20

CNT-Films: Produced by Chemical Vapour Deposition

K. Hata et al., 306 (2004) 1362

Catalyst: FeCl3Gas: C2H4 (Ethylene)Growth rate: 2.5 mm in 10 minutes!!

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 21

CNT Applications: Transparent el. Conductive Polymers

Ounais et al., Comp. Sci. & Technol. 63 (2003) 1637

νc: critical CNT concentration

νc

Polyimide/SWNT (l ~ 3 μm)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 22

Carbon Fiber Composites (CFC)

CFRP tendons

Dreamliner (Boeing 787)• 10% more economically due to CFC• CFC Content ~ 60%!!

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 23

CNT Reinforced Carbon Fiber Composites

The company BMC in Grenchen (SO)developed a CNT/CFC bicycle frameof only ~ 900g in weight!

NASA's Morphing Glider

Carbon Fibre

Epoxy +C-Nanotubes

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 24

C-Nanotubes for Flat Panel Displays

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 25

Cathode Ray Tube (CRT)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 26

Metal Tip- or Spindt-Tip Technology

Field Emission Display (FED)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 27

Oriented Growth of Carbon Nanotubes

Courtesy: B. Milne

Homogeneity:• Diameter: σD (~ 4.1%)• Height: σH (~ 6.3%)

Fully integrated micro-electron source

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 28

Applications with CNT Cold Electron Sources

Microwave amplifier for satellitesustained telecommunication.

f = 100 GHz, j = 10 A/cm2, i = 10 mA

New X-ray Sources

Field Emission Display (LETI (F))

Thomson

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 29

David J. GrundlachNational Institute of Standards and Technology,Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899, USANature Materials, March 2007

Advantage compared to classicalSi-electronis:

much, much cheaper!!!

Applications:e.g. „Intelligent“ Packaging

Organic Electronics

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 30

Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED)

Prototyp of a 40“ OLED-Display(SAMSUNG, 2007)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 31

Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)

PDC = Photodecomposible chromophore

PDC PDC

UV laser pulsehν

hν

hν hν hν

Aryltriazene photopolymerssince ~1993 for laser ablation

NN

N

R

NN

N

R

NN

N

R

NN

N

R

N N

N

R

N N

N

R

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 32

48 h post transfer

Laser Induced Forward Transfer (LIFT)

CdSe Quantum dotsyellow: Ø = 5 nm red: Ø = 6 nm

Neuroblast B35 cells in extracellular matrix (ECM)A. Doraiswamy et al., Appl. Surf. Sci. 252, 4743 (2006)J. Xu et al., Nanotechnology 18, 025403 (2007)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 33

Transfer of an OLED by LIFT

0 ns 200 ns 400 ns 600 ns 800 ns

R. Fardel et al.,Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 061103 (2007)

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 34

Self-Assembly: Mimic of Natural Concepts

Army ants

Tobacco- Mosaic Virus

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 35

Molecular Self-Assembly

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 36

Organic Nanowires

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 37

Thesen zur Nanotechnologie

1) Nanotechnologie – Vorstoss an die technologischen Grenzen

2) Nanotechnologie – Wege zu neuen Verfahrenstechniken

3) Nanotechnologie – Türe zu neuartigen Komposit- & Hybridwerkstoffen

4) Nanotechnologie – Herausforderung für die Ingenieurwissenschaften

5) Nanotechnologie – Risiken sind überschaubar

6) Nanotechnologie – Potential für eine „Disruptive Technology”

Empa / P. Gröning/ Alu Kongress 08 38

from use-inspired Basic Research

to Applications and Services

the Bridge

Thank youfor

your attention