nanotechnology as a marketing future
TRANSCRIPT
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Sonawane et al. World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
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NANOTECHNOLOGY AS A MARKETING FUTURE
Raju Onkar Sonawane*, Ajinkya Sanjay Deshmukh, Umesh Ekanth Mangrule,
Siddhant Ashokrao Shinde, Hitendra S. Mahajan
R.C. Patel Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research, Shirpur, Maharashtra, India
(425405).
ABSTRACT
Nanotechnology offers multiple benefits in treating chronic human
diseases by site-specific and target oriented delivery of precise
medicines. Recently, there are a number of outstanding applications of
the nanomedicine (chemotherapeutic agents, biological agents,
immunotherapeutic agents etc.) in the treatment of various diseases. —
Nanotechnologies are attracting increasing investments from both
governments and industries around the world, which offers great
opportunities to explore the new emerging nanodevices, such as the
Carbon Nanotube and Nanosensors. In terms of drug discovery and
development, the role of nanotechnology currently lies in improving
diagnostic methods, developing improved drug formulations and drug
delivery systems for disease therapy.
KEYWORDS: Nanotechnology, Nanomedicine, Nanomaterials, Drug delivery, Drug
targeting.
INTRODUCTION
Nanotechnology is an art in which design, characterization, production and application of
structures, devices by controlling shape and size at nanometer scale, generally
nanotechnology deal with the size range of 1-100 nm. Now a day‘s NT creates high impact
on market, society and industry, NT acts as a revolution in medicinal field.[1]
Nanoscience is
the examine of phenomenon and manipulation of materials at atomic, molecular and
macromolecular scales, wherein properties differ significantly from those at a bigger scale.[2]
The term coined by Prof. Norio Taniguchi.[3]
NT has many applications in medicinal field,
like drug delivery, medical imaging, biosensors etc. also gives active targeting in cancer,
World Journal of Pharmaceutical Research SJIF Impact Factor 8.084
Volume 9, Issue 6, 889-903. Review Article ISSN 2277– 7105
Article Received on
29 March 2020,
Revised on 19 April 2020,
Accepted on 09 May 2020,
DOI: 10.20959/wjpr20206-17624
*Corresponding Author
Raju Onkar Sonawane
R.C. Patel Institute of
Pharmaceutical Education
and Research, Shirpur,
Maharashtra, India
(425405).
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kidney diseases, fungal diseases etc where active targeting not possible. Nanotechnology acts
as an alternative approach on other techniques due to its targeting specificity and which
reduces toxicity.[4]
Nanotechnological application is greatly important in the field of drug
delivery because of its high specificity towards the target site.[5]
Nanotechnology is shown to
bridge the barrier of biological and physical sciences by applying nanostructures and
nanophases at various fields of science.[6]
NT includes NP in size range of 109nm. Ideal characteristics of nanoparticulate system over
conventional dosage forms such as; targeted drug delivery, they are non toxic and non-
immunogenic, they are physically and chemically stable in vivo and in vitro, avoid drug
distribution while targeting, carriers used are biodegradable and eliminate from the body
without producing harm, Improves bioavailability, maintain required Cmax in blood,
improves solubility of poorly soluble drugs, they will easily penetrate in cancer cells due to
leaky nature, protect volatile drug.[7]
Certain advantages of NPs are, nanocarriers has targeted delivery, less side effects compare
to other dosage forms, not require surgery for delivery, patient compliance, they have sustain
and control drug release action so easy to maintain require therapeutic drug concentration in
body over longer period of time, improves drug bioavailability, nanocarriers can protect
fragile drugs, maintain stability of drug at different pH, due to their size they do not
accumulate in blood flow and intracellular compartments also used for angiogenesis and
enhancing diagnostic imagining.[8,4]
Nanoparticulate drug delivery system has been used to develop and transform the
pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics properties of many drugs used in therapeutic
application. Nanoparticulate system plays key role in enhancement of the solubility of poor
water soluble drug candidates. Solubility of any drug compound has major role in drug
disposition across biological membrane. Development of oral formulation of such
compounds was challenging task due to their low solubility and permeability.[9]
The
technology related to nanotechnology is new compared with other sciences. However,
nanosized gadgets and objects have existed on the earth as long as life. The top notch
mechanical overall performance of biomaterials, along with bones or mollusk shells, is due to
the presence of nanocrystals of calcium compounds. The records of era suggests, but, that in
which there's smoke, there'll eventually be fire; this is, where there's sufficient new science,
critical new technology will eventually emerge.[10]
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Mechanism of drug delivery through nanocarriers
By preventing the reticuloendothelial system NPs give its location specific delivery along
with increased permeability, target-specific targeting and retention effect. Sorts of methods
are carried out with drug the use of nanoparticles as carrier.
Surface Bound: The surface of nanoparticles get sticked with the drug molecule.
Core Bound: In this type of method the drug debris targeted in body by concentrating to the
matrix of nanoparticles. By adding nanoparticles to a solution which filled with a drug that
contain initially prepared nanoparticles or it also occurs during polymerization process by
mixing them to the reaction mixture.[11]
chemical, surface adsorption, and no binding or
interaction are the phenomenon of interaction of nanoparticles to the drug.
The following properties are largely depends on the chemical structure of the drug and the
polymer and drug loading state which includes:
1) The amount of bound drug
2) Various types of interaction of drug and Nanoparticles.
Fig. 1: Mechanism of drug delivery via nanocarriers.
Trend of NT in India and global trend
According to the ―research news of NT of India‖ the beginning of nanoscience and
technology initiated with an investment of RS 60 corers. With wider objectives and large
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investment of USD 250 million, the authorities released a five years program called
nanomission in 2007. The areas like basic research in nanotechnology, human resource
development, infrastructure technology and global collaboration the funding was spanned.
More than one institution like department on information generation, defense studies and
development organization, Council of scientific and industrial studies and department of
biotechnology supplied the investment to researchers, students and projects. Country wide
facilities for nanofabrication and nanoelectronics had been began in Indian Institute of
technological know-how, Bangalore and Indian Institute of generation, Mumbai. India
published over 2300 paper‘s in nanoscience in last five years, in 2013 India ranked 3rd
and
300 patent applications in patent office in 2013.[12]
Global Trend
By knowing the importance of NT the government of many countries supported basic
research and technology development in many field. In 2001, USA announces the national
nanotechnology initiative (NNI) the NNI is the broad research and development program in
nanoscience and technology in the world. Main aim of NNI is to concentrate on the research
and development in nanoscience. The National Institutes of Health meanwhile will spend $89
million on nanotechnology in 2005.[13]
Worldwide government spends about US$ 10 billion
per year on NT research and development. In 2011 government funded more than US$65
billion, which is expect at that time to increase up to US$ 100 billion by 2014.
RNCOS (a business consulting service firm) gives a recent research study report,
―Nanomaterial Outlook 2017‖ concerned with the NT market effect. According to their report
NT industry has been developed at rapid pace with increasing applications in areas like drug
delivery, diagnostic devices etc. and increasing applications in sector like electronic, energy,
healthcare sector including trend market like NT based thin film solar cells with high
efficiency, nanomaterial with higher strength, robust growth in nanofibers and nanomedicines
market.[13]
NT creates revolution in medicinal field according to ‗Global Market Outlook 2014‘ the
compound annual growth rate (CAGR) will be grow of about 16.5% between2018-2025. The
main purpose to develop NT to create cheaper, cleaner and smart product. It does not fully
involved in market but it already creates a full impact on market. But for more development it
requires more advanced devices and more study also the skilled professional in the field.[14]
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Need of NT
NT provides the targeted drug delivery is one of the important needs in comparison of
conventional dosage form.
Also, it provides sustain action hence, required therapeutic drug concentration can be
maintained over longer period of time hence reduces the dosing frequency.
Those drugs with low solubility and low permeability especially BCS Class II and BCS Class
IV drugs formulation of such drugs is not easy, but due to NT it is easy to achieve required
properties in such formulation.
By utilizing NT, bioavailability of drugs can be improved.
Those drugs which are not stable at particular temperature and pH within the body
nanocarriers provide stability for such drugs. It reduces the dose size compare to conventional
dosage form.
Nanocarriers reduce unwanted drug distribution within body which helps to reduce toxicity
along with maintain safety of organs.[14]
Types of Nanocarriers
Name of
nanocarriers Description Advantages Disadvantages References
Nanocrystal
These are the
aggregations of thousands
of molecules in
crystalline form.
Suitable for poor water-
soluble drugs
Less quantity of surfactant
required for steric and
electrostatic stabilization.
Use for oral and
parenteral delivery.
NC helps to achieve high
AUC with reduced Cmax.
It possesses poor
stability.
Dustin L cooper,
Christopher M
conder et.al 2014[15]
Nanosuspension
It is a colloidal dispersion
of nano size drug particle.
Stabilized by surfactant
has article size < 1 mm or
200-600 nm.
Suitable for poor water-
soluble drugs.
Preparation is Simple and
applicable to all drugs
with low solubility.
Improves drug safety and
efficiency.
Can be incorporated in
Uniform and accurate
does not maintained
unless suspension.
Sedimentation and
physical stability may
cause problems.
Handling is not easy
Dustin L cooper,
Christopher M
conder et.al 2014[15]
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tablets, pellets, and
hydrogel.
Carbon
Nanotubes
It contains hexagonal
arrangement of carbon
atom with more than one
wall of grapheme sheet
Extremely small and light
weight hence is
replacement of metallic
wires.
Protect entrapped drug.
Has increased internal
volume and easy surface
modification on both
internal and external
surface.
The highly toxic nature
of first- generation CNTs
hence drug delivery not
easy.
Safety of inorganic
compounds is issue.
Dustin L cooper,
Christopher M
conder et.al 2014[15]
Ceramic NPs
This are made up of
inorganic material like,
silica, alumina, titanium,
etc.
They having size less than
50 nm hence are protected
from RES system.
Protect protein, drug and
enzyme from
denaturation.
By surface modification
we can set drug target.
They are non-
biodegradable
Elimination from body is
difficult.
Slowly dissolving
Dustin L cooper,
Christopher M
conder et.al 2014[15]
Liposomes
These are simple
microscopic vesicles
containing aqueous
volume enclosed with
phospholipids bilayer
membrane. Size range
from 20nm up to several
mm
Entrap both Hydrophilic
and lipophilic drug.
Gives high range of
biocompatibility.
Target specific and low
toxic.
Physical and chemical
stability
Costly Low TI and dose
effectiveness.
Short half-life t1/2.
S.K.Sahoo,
s.parveen et.al[16]
Solid lipid NPs
This are made up of solid
lipid submicron carrier.
Size range of 50-1000nm
Nontoxic compare to
polymeric NPs.
Are cost effective.
Can be used vaccine
delivery.
in Protect drug.
Has ability to enhance the
absorption of ydrophobic
drugs through lymphatic
uptake.
Limited stability but
more stable than
liposomes.
Particle growth.
Gelation tendency is
unpredictable.
Dustin L
Christopher conder
2014[15]
cooper, M
et.al
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Polymeric NP
This are sub nanosized
colloidal structure of
natural or synthetic
polymer which size
ranges of 10-1000nm.
Easy of surface
modification.
Gives biocompatibility.
Have greater control on
pharmacokinetic of
loaded drug.
Can give through oral,
nasal, inta- ocular,
parental route.
Site specific delivery can
be obtained.
Aggregation particles
of makes difficult
physical handling in dry
or in liquid from.
Natarajan jawahar,
SN meyyanthan
et.al.[18]
Hydrogel
Is another polymeric
system including self-
aggregation.
Used in drug delivery
system.
Used in wound dressing.
Used in TDDS. Are
biocompatible
Difficult to handle.
Having low mechanical
strength.
Sometimes when used in
contact lenses cause red
eye reaction and hypoxia.
Amir Azadi et. al.
Polymeric
micelles Polymeric micelles
Can be delivered safely
by parenteral
administration.
Are kinetically stable.
Have prolonged blood
flow ability.
Thermodynamically
stable
Ease of preparation.
High cost of preparation.
Have stability problem in
aqueous medium.
Rajesh R wakaskar
et. al 2017.
Dendrimers Dendrimers
These are biodegradable,
non- immunogenic.
They have ability to cross
barriers such as blood
tissue barrier, cell
membranes, intestinal
barrier, etc.
Protect the drug.
Their biodistribution and
biocompatibility depend
on polymer.
Rajesh R wakaskar
et. al 2017.
APPLICATIONS OF PHARMACEUTICAL NANOTECHNOLOGY
The various pharmaceutical and biochemical areas where nanosystems are used are
A) Nanotechnology in Medicine Application:
1) Anti-microbial Techniques
An anti-microbial agent called nanocrystalline silver is used for remedy of wounds is an
earliest application of nanomedicine. A nanoparticle cream has been shown to fight staph
infections. A well-known example to kill bacteria is nanoparticles containing nitrous oxide
gas. If an infection starts, the disease-causing micro-organism within the wounds causes the
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nano capsules to interrupt open, freeing the antibiotics. Thus, it provides faster remedy of an
infection and allows a reduction in numbers of times of dressing to be changed. Instead of
delivering treatment with antibiotics over a prolonged period of time, a great idea in the early
study period is the removal of bacterial infection in patients within a short period of time.[21]
2) Cell Repair
To repair specific diseased cells, the nanorobots could actually programmed which perform
similar function that of antibodies in our natural healing processes.[7]
Table 2: Nanotechnology in Medicine: Company Directory (7)
Sr.no Company name Product
1. Bio Delivery Sciences Oral drug delivery of drugs encapsulated in a
nanocrystalline structure called a cochleate
2. CytImmune Gold nanoparticles for targeted delivery of drugs
to tumors
3. NanoBioMagnetics Magnetically responsive nanoparticles for targeted
drug delivery and other applications
4. NanoBio
Nano emulsions for nasal delivery to fight viruses
(such as the flu and colds) or through the skin to
fight bacteria
5. Luna Innovations Bucky balls to block inflammation by trapping
free radicals
B) In Food industry
In food processing area there are wide ranges of application of nanotechnology. Its main
function in food processing is probably preservation of foods and interactive foods.
Nanoparticles may be used to supply nutrients, prolong the absorption of nutrients by means
of body and to increase the shelf life of food products by integrating them into existing foods.
Many aspects covered by it in food industry including security of foods, disorder remedy,
bioavailability, new equipment for molecular and cell biology and for identification of
pathogens.[22,23]
In the formulation of new products, it provides many opportunities. Functional foods,
nutraceuticals, bioactive, pharmafoods, etc. are very recent example of it. Nano- debris of
titanium dioxide, silver, zinc, zinc oxide, silicon dioxide, Platinum, Gold is use hugely in
food industry in unique forms.[23,24]
C) Nanotechnology in cosmetics
In product development by put forcing nano-technological standard, the cosmetic industries
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were always at the top. In 2009, the products related to nano-technology are over one
thousand on the global market. Among them the products related to cosmetics use are over
13%.[25]
Table 3: Examples of nanomaterial’s currently marketed as cosmetic products.[24,34]
Sr.no Nanomaterials Marketed products Manufacturer
1. Nanoemulsion
Coco mademoiselle fresh
moisture mist, Calming alcohol-
free nanoemulsion, Skin caviar
ampoules
Chanel, precision Chanel
2. Nanocapsule Hydra Flash, Super aqua skin
cream. Lancome, Enprani
3. Nanosomes
Revitalift double revitalift
intense treatment mask. lifting,
lift
L‘Oreal
4. Fullerosomes Sircuit, EGF complex cocktail,
Dr. Brandt new lineless cream
Bellapelle skin studio,
Dr.Brandt
5. Sio2 Leorex, Renergie, renergie lift
makeup
GlobalMed technologies,
Lancome
6. Zno dioxide and titanium
Zinclear-IM, Sunforgettable
corrector colores SPF 20,
sunforgettable SPF 30 brush
range, wild to mild skin bronzer.
ColoreScience
D) Nanotechnology in animal production
Recently, nanotechnological application in animal production is primarily focus on biocide
agents, nutrients supply, and tools in veterinary medicine. In animal production a large
number of nanomaterial‘s are used for means of diagnosis, remedy, animal breeding and
reproduction which include the quantum dots, carbon nanotube, magnetic nanoparticles
etc.[26,27]
E) Nanotechnology in agronomy
By controlled shipping of functional molecule or as a diagnostic tool for identification of
disease, nanotechnology can prevent plant diseases. An emerging pivotal device for detection
of a particular biological marker with intense accuracy includes nanoparticles and quantum
dots (QD).[28]
The presence of plant pathogens and the level of soil nutrients can also
identified by means of nanosensor. Nano-sensors assist to farmers in retaining farm with
specific manipulate and report timely desires of plant life. Therefore, use of inputs might be
most fulfilling and secure products and monetary efficiency is accelerated. Its helps in
efficient use of agricultural herbal sources like water, nutrients and chemical substances
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through precision farming. In the area of agricultural equipments like application in machine
structure and agricultural tools to enhance their resistant towards corrosion and wear,
nanotechnology plays an vital role generating robust mechanical components with use of
nano-coating and use of bio-sensors in smart machines for mechanical- chemical weed
manipulate. The usage of nanotechnology in production of opportunity fuels and minimizes
environmental pollutants. Nanotechnology has also proven its capability in enhancing the
genetic charter of the crop plants thereby supporting in further development of crop
vegetation.[28,29]
Table 4: Nano-particles controlling the plant diseases and their advantages.[28]
Sr. no Nano-particles Advantages
1. Nano Carbon
It exerts growth enhancing effect. The scientists have
found that due to penetration of CNT causes increase
in growth of plant as it enhances water uptake.
2. Nano Silver
It possesses inhibitory and bactericidal action and
also broad spectrum of antimicrobial action and in
comparison, to bulk silver it possesses strong anti-
microbial action.
3. Nano Silica-Silver composite
To enhance disease resistance and stress resistance
silicon is widely used as it gets absorbed into the
plants.
4. Nano-Alumino silicate
One of the advantages of alumino-silicate nanotubes
is it get easily picked up in insect hairs after spraying
on surface of plants. Insects easily groom and
consume this nanotube filled pesticides thus protect
plant from diseases. Thus, they comparatively more
environmentally active and safe pesticides.
5. Mesoporous silica nanoparticle.
It is most useful tool for targeted delivery of DNA
and chemicals into plant cells. It possess a unique
capping technique for sealing the chemical inside.
This unique feature provides total control for timing
the delivery.
Drug discovery
The role of nanotechnology currently lies in enhancing diagnostic methods, in drug discovery
by developing stepped forward drug formulations and drug delivery systems for disease
therapy.[30]
By recognizing the protein present on the surface of target, it helps to identify and
validate target. It is widely used in the detection of disease-causing organism in human
beings, separation and purification of molecules and cells and detoxifying agents. To discover
floor protein of pathogen single walled nanotube is efficiently used. Few commonly used
nanomaterials in diagnosis of diseases are Gold nano particles, nanobodies produced with the
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aid of ablynx.[1]
Atomic force Microscope (AFM) was the recent commercial nanotechnology used for
pharmaceutical programs this technique become first used to image the topography of
surfaces with atomic-scale precision with a aid of a silicon based needle of atomic
sharpness.[30]
Fig. 2: Nanotechnology benefit through drug discovery process.[30]
Future Opportunities and challenges
Nanoparticles and nano formulations have already been implemented as a drug delivery
system with exquisite fulfillment and in anti-tumor therapy, gene therapy, radiotherapy and in
AIDS it posses greater potential.[31]
There are currently several drug delivery and drug targeting system under development.
Targeting is the capacity to administer a drug. The choice of a delivery route is guided by the
acceptability of the patient, the properties of the medication (such as its solubility), access to
a venue for a disease, or effectiveness in dealing with the precise disorders.[31]
For the
development of new cancer therapies a wide range of nonmaterial‘s based on organic,
inorganic, lipid protein or glycan compounds as well as synthetic polymers were used.[32]
A total of 1575 nanomedicine formulations were reported for clinical trial according to the
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Clinical trial.gov Registry‘s by December 2014. As many as 1381 of these are in the field of
cancer therapy however, most of the clinical trials focus on products on the market such as
liposomal doxorubicin or albumin-bound paclitaxel. Nanoparticles offer massive advantages
with regard to drug targeting, delivery and release and emerge as one of the major tools in
nanomedicine with their additional potential to combine diagnosis and therapy. The main
objectives are to increase their stability in the biological environment, mediate the
biodistribution of active compounds and enhance drug preparation, targeting, transport,
release and integrating.[11]
Marketed Nanomedicine Goods 1. Nanoparticle 2. Nanocrystal 3. Nanotube. 4.
Superparamagnetic iron oxide 5. Liposomes 6. Micelle Many Indian innovations.[33]
1) First produced smart hydrogel nanoparticles (US Patent 5847111) for drug delivery
applications.
2) Tumor Targeted delivery of nanoparticles using taxol (US Patent 6,322,817)
3) Nanoparticles inorganic as non-viral vectors for the targeted delivery of genes (US Patent
6555376); technology transferred to a California based Pharm Com.
4) Once in 48 hours dose ophthalmic delivery (US Patent 6579519) (Another improved
formulation patent on ophthalmic gels is being submitted in India)
5) Oral insulin delivery (Patent pending).
CONCLUSION
The potential new nanotechnology features will be to encourage the development of new
nanodevices. Nanotechnologies offer great opportunities and continue to attract a great deal
of attention due to their potential impacts on an increasingly wide range of industries and
markets. Consequently, this technology is rapidly evolving and will develop more rapidly in
the years to come. Meanwhile, it is also essential to address uncertainties and the potential
problems which nanotechnologies may take in an economic and safe manner.
Nanoparticles represent a promising controlled and targeted release system for the delivery of
drugs. The emergence of nanotechnology will likely have a significant impact on the drug
delivery sector, affecting just about every route of oral to injectable administration. The
development of nanotechnology in India was largely conceived and continued on the premise
that this new and emerging technology has tremendous potential to help the country tackle
societal challenges such as drinking water supply, healthcare, etc., while at the same time
achieving economic gains through growth in the nanotech-based industry.
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