nanotechnology in surgery and medicine
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nanotechnology in surgery and medicineTRANSCRIPT
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NANOTECHNOLOGY IN SURGERY AND
MEDICINE
VISHNU AMBAREESH M S
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History
The possiblity of molecular engineering first described by Nobel laureate physicist Richard Feynman in 1959. Feynman gave a lecture at the California Institute of Technology called "There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom" in which he described the possibility of manipulating things atom by atom and using small machines down to the atomic level
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Swallowing the surgeon
It would be interesting in surgery if you could
swallow the surgeon. You put the mechanical
surgeon inside the blood vessel and it goes
into the heart and “looks” around… other
small machines might be permanently
incorporated in the body to assist some
inadequately- functioning organ.
RICHARD P. FEYMAN 1959( nobel prize, physics 1965)
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• Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University
first defined nanotechnology in 1974. His
definition still stands as the basic statement
today.
"'Nano-technology mainly consists of the
processing of separation, consolidation, and
deformation of materials by one atom or
one molecule."
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1966
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• Popularised in 1980s by
K Eric Drexler
– Student of Feynman
• Drexler presented his key
ideas in a paper on
molecular engineering
published in 1981, and
expanded these themes
in a layman
comprehensible book
Engines of Creation.VAMS
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What is it?
Nanotechnology can be defined as the science and
engineering involved in the design, synthesis,
characterization, and application of materials and devices
whose smallest functional organization in at least one
dimension is on the nanometer scale or one billionth of a
meter.
Technology dealing with the manufacture and use of devices
on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide
motors,
robot arms, and
even whole computers.
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Size
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Image of Dust Mite Sitting Atop a Nanotechnology Engine
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How to make??
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Molecular assembler• Device with molecular robotic arm,
anchored to the substrate and immersed in feedstock.o Device about 100 nanometers long and contain
about 4 million atoms, about the size of an average virus.
o It would have six degrees of freedom of movement, and because of its tiny size, be able to move astonishingly quickly.
o The free end would grab molecular fragments in the feedstock and hold them stiffly for reactions to build larger units.
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Molecular assembler
Model
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Synthetic and Assembly
Approaches
• Different methods for the synthesis
of assemblers.
o“top down” approaches
o“bottom up” approaches
o and combinations
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Top down approach
• Begin with a macroscopic material or
group of materials and incorporate
smaller-scale details into them.
o The best known example of a “top down”
approach is the photolithography technique
used by the semiconductor industry to create
integrated circuits by etching patterns in
silicon wafers
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Bottom up
• “Bottom up” approaches, begin by designing and synthesizing custom-made molecules that have the ability to self-assemble or self-organize into higher order macroscale structures.o synthesize molecules that spontaneously self-
assemble upon the controlled change of a specific chemical or physical trigger, such as a change in pH, the concentration of a specific solute, or the application of an electric field.
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Classification • The whole field of nanotechnology is again
divided into 3 sub categories.
• Type One:
o Using thin Films.
• Type Two:
o Using nanoscale fibres.
• Type Three:
o Using nanoparticles.
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Applications in medicine
Development of
• Microelectromechanical systems
(MEMS)
• Biocompatible electronic devices
o that have a significant potential for
improving the treatment of many
disorders
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• Human breast cancer cells (purple) are targeted by
nanoparticles (green) developed by MIT professor
Paula Hammond. The particles bind to receptors
overexpressed by cancer cells.
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Chemically functionalized
dendrimers
• Highly branched molecules with a “tree-like” branching structure that can be used as o molecular building blocks
for gene therapy agents
o magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents
o Nonviral delivery vehicle for DNA
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Drug delivery systems
• Novel drug delivery systems (specifically for
the blood brain barrier) using nanoparticles.
• Highly porous self-assembling bilayer tubule
systems as biological membranes.
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Nanofilters and masks• Specialized
membranes for the separation of low weight organic compounds .
• This nanomembranemay allow very selective ultrafiltration of physiologic toxic compounds.o Used for making
nanomasks
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Molecular motors• Biomimetic self-assembling molecular motors
such as
o flagella of bacteria
o the mechanical forces produced by RNA
polymerase during protein transcription.
• These molecular motors provide excellent
examples of naturally occurring biological
self-assembly.
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Molecular motor
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Medical Nanorobots• Several units ranging in size from 1-100 nm
fitted together to make a working machine
measuring 0.5-3 microns.
o Three microns is about the maximum size for
bloodborne medical nanorobots, due to the
capillary passage requirement.
• Carbon will be the principal element
comprising the bulk of a medical
nanorobot, probably in the form of diamond
or diamondoid / fullerene nanocomposites.
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Proposed model of a medical nanorobot
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Examples
Respirocytes - "Artificial
Mechanical Red Cell"
Clottocytes - "Artificial
Mechanical Platelets"
Microbivores - "Artificial
Mechanical Phagocytes"
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Respirocytes• Existing ones
o Hemoglobin Formulations
• Liposome-encapsulated hemoglobin
o Fluorocarbon Emulsions
• Nanotecnological approach
o Principle - active means of conveying gas
molecules into, and out of, pressurized
microvessels.
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Molecular Sorting Rotor
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Functioning• Sorts small gas molecules, and pump
against high pressures up to 30,000 atm
• Used to load or unload gas storage tanks, depending upon the direction of rotor rotation
• Uses
o Poisoning
o Substitutes of RBCs
oDeep sea diving – prevents BENDS
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Respirocytes in blood – graphical representation
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ClottocytesArtificial Mechanical Platelets
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Clottocytes• Serum oxyglucose-powered spherical
nanorobot ~2 microns in diameter
containing a fiber mesh that is compactly
folded onboard.
• Upon command from its control computer,
the device unfolds its mesh packet in the
immediate vicinity of an injured blood vessel
-- following a cut through the skin.
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Clottocytes• Soluble thin films coating the mesh dissolve upon
contact with plasma , revealing sticky sections (e.g., complementary to blood group antigens unique to red cell surfaces) in desired patterns. Blood cells are immediately trapped in the overlapping artificial nettings released by multiple neighboring activated clottocytes ,and bleeding halts at once.
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MicrobivoresArtificial Mechanical Phagocytesusing DIGEST AND DISCHARGE PROTOCOL
Uses
• Sepsis and Septicemia
• Bacteremia
• Viremia
• Fungemia
• Rickettsemia
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Microbivore - Artificial Mechanical Phagocytes
Proposed model
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Treatment • Injection of a few cubic centimeters of
micron-sized nanorobots suspended in fluid (probably a water/saline suspension).
• The typical therapeutic dose may include up to 1-10 trillion (1 trillion = 1012) individual nanorobots.
• Acts fast
• No immune reactions due to their specific shape
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Nanosurgery
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What Now• Japanese researchers have turned an
atomic force microscope (AFM) into a surgical tool for cells that could add or remove molecules from precise locations inside a cell without harming it.
• An AFM has a tiny tip attached to the end of a lever that can sense minute changes in the cell as it drags across a surface.
• The AFM can sense the force it exerts on the cell, making it extremely precise.
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• The team used a beam of energetic ions to
sharpen a standard silicon AFM tip into a
needle just eight micrometres long and 200
nanometres wide.
• Researchers was able to insert the needle into
a human embryonic kidney cell.
• The cell membrane quickly returned to its
original shape, and the needle was pushed
into the cell's nucleus.
• The needle will allow to inject molecules into
specific regions of a cell.
• It would also be possible to monitor the
chemistry of a cell in real time.
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atoms are being moved by the single atom tip of a
Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Apart from allowing
scientist to image atoms, this instrument also allows
them to actually move them one at the time.
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Femtosecond laser surgery
• Femtosecond (one millionth of a
billionth of a second) laser pulses are
used which can selectively cut a
single strand in a single cell.
• One can target a specific organelle
inside a single cell (a mitochondrion or
a strand on the cytoskeleton) and
destroy it without disrupting the rest of
the cell.
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Use of laser beams on individual molecules
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Femtosecond laser surgery
• When a femtosecond laser pulse is tightly focused into a nearly-transparent biological material, energy is deposited by nonlinear absorption only in the focus where laser intensity is high, resulting in disruption of the molecular structure and thus altering the cytoskeletal framework.
• It is possible to carve channels slightly less than 1 micron wide, well within a cell's diameter of 10 to 20 microns .
• This technique has been used for disrupting single neural axons in living organisms and manipulating sub-cellular structures in cells.
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Femtolaser beams visualised through optic fibres
Femtolaser emulator
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Femtolaser Neurosurgery• Femtolaser acts like
a pair of tiny "nano-
scissors", which is
able to cut nano-
sized structures like
nerve axons.
• Once cut, the axons
vaporize and no
other tissue is
harmed.Axon segments
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Nanosurgery -Future
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DNA Repair Machines
• Floating inside the
nucleus of a human
cell, an assembler-
built repair vessel
performs genetic
maintenance.
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Cell repair• Poisoning, asphyxiation, drowning,
require cell-by-cell repair.
• A Nanorobot first envelopes the
patient, then enters in between all his
cells.
• It disassembles the patient,
surrounding each cell with its own
repair machinery and vascular system.
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Thrombosis – Nanosurgical transbot
• Patrols the bloodstream, searching for unwanted developing internal clots. If a blood vessel occlusion occurs, in vivonanorobots can immediately clear an opening so that free blood flow may resume, avoiding tissue ischemia.
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Cancer therapy• A "Stinger"
nanorobot engages in a delicate surgical operation to remove a cancer tumor.
• Injects a toxin or medicine of choice, either autonomously, or through teleoperation.
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"Drillers, Peepers, Stingers"
• "Drillers, Peepers, Stingers" engage in a delicate surgical operation to remove a tumor. Whilst the Stingers inject a toxin, Drillers cut deep into the tumor. A Peeper broadcasts the whole video scene to the surgeon
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Applications in common life
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• Nanotechnology was first used in
fabric in 1998 by a chemist named
David Soane, who founded Nano-Tex
while the first widespread commercial
use began in 2001.
• Fabrics are engineered on a molecular
level so that clothing becomes wrinkle
resistant, stain repellent and even able
to brush away body moisture and
body odour.
Nanotech Fabrics
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Nanotech fabrics therapeutics
• Chemotherapeutic agents can be in
corporated into fabrics which aids in the
dose related sustained release of these
chemotherapeutic drugs.
oNanotech vests for Breast carcinoma.
oNanotech briefs for Testicular tumours.
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Nano food• Catalytic anti-oxidant device
for use in restaurant deep-frying machines.
• Keeps frying oil fresh significantly longero surface areas are increased
exponentially by reducing the surface particle size to the nano-level.
o it exposes a huge surface area to the oil -- diverting oxygen away from the oil and prevents the oil from clumping. It also allows for a shorter frying time, with less oil remaining in the food.
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Smart Surfaces• smart surfaces are self-cleaning.
• Refrigerators have been made with interiors coated to be effective at self-sterilization and deodorization. They also have antibacterial properties that allow food to stay fresher for longer, and save energy by this means. They also are lined with nano-based insulation materials that reduce energy consumption.
• Dishwashers have been made that wash and sterilize dishes and do so at lower temperatures.
• Vanadium-oxide-coated glass is a potent oxidizer under UV light. This material can be coated in hydrophobic whiskers on the surface of glass, making it hydrophobic as well. As a result, dirt, debris, and organic material are easily oxidized in sunlight and washed off in rain, making for a self-cleaning window
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The proposed concepts
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Ageing
• DNA repair machines can repair or replace
damaged or miscoded sections of
chromosomes.
• Other medical nanorobots capable of cell
repair can purge human tissue cells of
unhealthy accumulated products and restore
these cells to their youthful vigor.
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Augmentation
• Improvement of existing natural biological systems and the addition of new systems and capabilities not found in nature. Such re-engineering is commonly called "augmentation".
o Wings
o Implanted nanocomputers in brain
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Cosmetics - COSMOBOTS
• "Little robots hidden
in the skin to dispense
the pigments from
their stores as
programmed by their
owners "
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Flying Saucer Barberbots"used for 'non-
buzz' haircuts.
They can be
programmed to
cut a person's
hair, to any
style."
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Cryostasis
Dying patient could be frozen, then stored at
the temperature of liquid nitrogen for
decades or even centuries until the
necessary medical technology to restore
health is developed
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Dental care
• Medical nanobots
capable of
repairing the
various tissues of the
teeth and gums.
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Utility Foglet
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Utility Foglets• Microscopic robot about the size of a
human cell and 12 arms sticking out in all
directions. A bucketfull of such robots might
form a `robot crystal' by linking their arms up
into a lattice structure.
• Fill them to air in rooms.
• The robots are called Foglets and the
substance they form is Utility Fog, which may
have many useful medical applications.
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• Quoting President of India,
A P J Abdul Kalam
“…..in information
technology, India has the
potential of becoming the
third largest knowledge
power in the world,
nanotechnology can push
India as one of the most
important technology-
nations in the world….”
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Predictions
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• Things that become practical with mature Nanotechology (paraphrasing Dr. Drexler)
• Nearly free consumer products
• PC's billions of times faster then today
• Safe and affordable space travel
• Virtual end to illness, aging, death
• No more pollution and automatic cleanup of existing pollution
• End of famine and starvation
• Superior education for every child on Earth
• Reintroduction of many extinct plants and animals
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LET THERE BE LIGHT………… THANK YOU……….