nanotechnology, what is it? - world health organization · 16-9-2008 · visser 2008-09-16...
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnology, what is it?What are the potential applications andwhat is their social and environmental utility?
Dr.ir. Germ W. Visser / 2008-09-16Sixth Session Forum VI, Plenary SessionNanotechnology and manufactured nanomaterials:opportunities and challengesLe Meridien President, Dakar, Senegal
υαυος = dwarf
The Voice of OECD Business
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
OutlineOutline
• Royal DSM N.V.• figures• DSM and nanotechnologies at DSM• bio- and nanotechnologies
• Nanotechnologies• nano?• value chain and revenues• humanity’s top ten problems• nanotechnologies’ enabling solutions
• Risk and risk management• risk versus hazard• risk assessment• occupational health
• Closing remarks
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Royal DSM N.V. in 2006 / 2007Royal DSM N.V. in 2006 / 2007
• ..PerformanceMaterials
Sales € 2.8 bnEBITDA € 429 m
PerformanceMaterials
Sales € 2.8 bnEBITDA € 429 m
NutritionPerformanceMaterials
IndustrialChemicals
PharmaO
ther
OtherSales € 0.4 bn
OtherSales € 0.4 bn
Nutrition
Sales € 2.4 bnEBITDA € 464 m
Nutrition
Sales € 2.4 bnEBITDA € 464 m
IndustrialChemicals
Sales € 1.9 bnEBITDA € 269 m
IndustrialChemicals
Sales € 1.9 bnEBITDA € 269 m
Pharma
Sales € 0.9 bnEBITDA € 146 m
Pharma
Sales € 0.9 bnEBITDA € 146 m
Operating profit (EBIT) EUR 835 million, 6% higher than in 2005
Workforce: 22,156Net sales 8.352 bnNet sales 8.757 bn Workforce: 23,254
Operating profit (EBIT) EUR 823 million, 1% lower than in 2006
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Engaged and committed business is fundamental to societal progress
DSM and ResponsibilityDSM and ResponsibilityCommunity Programs designed to helpCommunity Programs designed to help
DSM Global partner of UN WFP (World Food Program)
Nutritional Improvement Program (NIP)
Sight and Life: DSM humanitarian project: Micronutrient distribution
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
• DSM world market leader in Dow Jones Sustainability World Index for the years 2004, 2005, 2006
• ACC Responsible Care Leadership Award 2007• Developing/introducing a number of nano-applications• Actively participating in
• fact finding: international working groups, conferences, literature• policy making: EC task forces, Dutch politics, ISO/CEN/NEN• education: Hogeschool Zuyd curriculum (prof. P. Borm)• information: interviews with local press, lectures (worldwide),
nanoHouse
• Public acceptance is crucial for market successes• perception is key• trust
• DSM Position Paper on nanotechnologies
DSM and nanotechnologiesDSM and nanotechnologies
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies –– convergence of 3 wavesconvergence of 3 waves
A. ten Wolde: “Nanotechnology; towards a molecular construction kit”, Netherlands Study Centre for Technology Trends (STT), 1988
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Interaction between bioInteraction between bio-- and nanotechnologyand nanotechnology
Adapted from J. M. Lehn, Supramolecular Chemistry , Wiley-VCH (1995)
Expansionvia Biotechnology
Expansion via Nanotechnology
“Bioterials”
diversity
controlledcomplexity
Chemistry
Biology
• Combining DSM’s competences
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Performance Materials: ample opportunitiesPerformance Materials: ample opportunities
Performance Materials
Nanotechnology
E&E
Transportation
Building &Construction
Safety & Protection
Packaging
Global networking
Growing middle classIndividualization Safety
Environment
Societal & technology trends create opportunities in many markets
Paint &Coatings
Bio-based
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Logitech VX Nano
NanoNano -- but how about Nanotechnologies?but how about Nanotechnologies?
Fatos Nano (1952),Albania
Nano Cafe, Kurfürstenstrasse, Berlin
iPo
dn
ano
TATA Nano
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- invented by natureinvented by nature
Mo
rph
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or
Movement of bacterial flagellar
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Gecko Gecko
Morpho sulkowskyiSaito et al.: J.Vac.Sci.Techn.B 24(6) Nov/Dec 2006, 3248
Lam
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- lotus effectlotus effect
© Pieter v.d. Wal, Groningen University, 2005
Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera)Tai Fu Shan, Panyu, Guangdong, ChinaApril 2006 (SK Ng)
© William Thielicke, Darmstadt, Germany, May 19, 2006
Prof. Dr. W. Barthlott
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
NanotechnologiesNanotechnologies
• Nanotechnologies nanoparticles• have been around for ever• different origins (biological, organic, inorganic)• essential to life as well as life-threatening
HIV virus, Ø ~100 nm10 nm
Annimation: Bohne’s PDB2multiGIF (http://www.glycosciences.de/modeling/pdb2mgif/)
Ferritin, Ø ~12 nm
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
• Natural sources
NanoparticlesNanoparticles
Sea spraying Volcano (Etna) Sand storm, Al Asad, Iraq, 2005-04-26
Bitterroot National Forest, Montana, 2000-08-06John McColgan
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Lustre on Majolica dish, ± 1525Museo Civico – Palazzo dei Consoli, Gubbio, It.
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- ancient artancient art
“Labors of the Months”Norwich, England, ca. 1480
The Lycurgus Cup4th century AD
Maya Warrior,The Cleveland Museum of Art (250-900)
Maya pottery
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
• …
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- applications treeapplications tree
New Dimensions for Manufacturing; A UK Strategy for Nanotechnology, June 2002
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- scale of thingsscale of things
http
://ww
w.sc.d
oe.g
ov/b
es/scale_of_th
ing
s.htm
l, May 26, 2006, V
ersion
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- definitiondefinition
N. Taniguchi, "On the Basic Concept of 'NanoTechnology'," Proc. Intl. Conf. Prod. Eng. Tokyo, Part II, Japan Society of Precision Engineering, 1974, pp 18-23
• First definition of ‘Nano-Technology’, Norio Taniguchi, 1974:
'Nano-technology' is the production technology to get the extra high accuracy and ultra fine dimensions, i.e. the preciseness and fineness on the order of 1 nm (nanometer), 10-9m in length. The name of 'Nano-technology' originates from this nanometer. In the processing of materials, the smallest bit size of stock removal, accretion or flow of materials is probably of one atom or one molecule namely 0.1~0.2 nm in length. Therefore, the expected limit size of fineness would be of the order of 1 nm. Accordingly, 'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule. Needless to say, the measurement and controlltechniques to measure the preciseness and fineness of 1 nm play a very important role in this technology.
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- definitionsdefinitions
www.iso.org
First edition2008-08-15
• nanoscale: size range from appr.1 nm to 100 nm
• nano-object: material with one,two or three external dimensionsin the nanoscale
• particle: minute piece of matterwith defined physical boundaries
• nanoparticle: nano-object withall three external dimensionsin the nanoscale
• nanoplate, -fiber, -tube, -rod, -wire,quantum dot
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
NanoparticlesNanoparticles -- what makes the differencewhat makes the difference
Trudy E. Bell: “Understanding Risk Assessment of Nanotechnology”, 2007
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
hydrogen atom
0,1 nm (1Å)
bottom up top down
molecule
0,5 nm (5Å)
Macroscopicmatter
Microsystem
celltotal control
1 μm
plant lousetotal control
1 mm
supramolecular systemno control
10 nm
biopolymertotal control
synthetic polymerlimited control
1 nm
ribosometotal control
semi syntheticbiopolymer
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- a matter of controla matter of control
Hybrane® derivativemoderate control
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- self assemblyself assembly
Peptide-amphiphile nanofibers,Stupp et al, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
Nanorods of cadmium sulfide with silver-sulfide quantum dots (dark spots) University of California, Berkeley, July 2007
Self-assembly of gold-polymer nanorods, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
T4 bacteriophage infects E. Coli bacterium(Ø ~800 nm; l ~3,000 nm)
http://www.dform.com/projects/t4/virus.html
‘‘NaturalNatural’’ bottom up biological bottom up biological ‘‘selfself--assemblyassembly’’
Polio virus (Ø 30 nm) chemically synthesized by Eckard WimmerState University of New York, Stony Brook
Amato, C&EN July 30, 2007, 51-55
Bacteriophage structure
(0-150x15 nm)
(45-100 nm)
htt
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/cel
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tml
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
The nanotechnology Value Chain
Lux Research: “Nanomaterials State of the Market Q3 2008”, July 2008
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Global Sales of Products Incorporating Emerging Nanotechnology
• Revenue (US$ millions) 2004-2015
Lux Research: “Nanomaterials State of the Market Q3 2008”, July 2008
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
HumanityHumanity’’s Top Ten Problems for next 50 yearss Top Ten Problems for next 50 years
1. Energy
2. Water
3. Food
4. Environment
5. Poverty
6. Terrorism & war
7. Disease
8. Education
9. Democracy
10.PopulationR.E. Smalley: “Our Energy Challenge”, Columbia University, NYC, 2003-09-23
Sept 2008: 6.721 billion people2050: 9.191 billion people
http://www.worldometers.info/population/
World Population
2
3
4
5
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1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030 2040 2050
Year
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- energyenergy
• More powerful batteries due to nano structures
• Improved energy storage (hydrogen economy)
• Nano foam for improved thermal insulation
• Catalysts for more efficient chemical processes
• Improved solar cells• nano-structured AR-coatings resulting in increased output• nano-silver reflects non-used part of spectrum (T↓)
• Lighter materials resulting in lower energy in transport
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- energy energy --22
• Batteries using advantages of nanomaterials• improved Li-ion batteries (energy density, operating window, safety)• new type of battery (ultracapacitors or double layer capacitors)
Nano-titanate (Li4Ti5O12)vertically aligned CNTs
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- energy energy --33
http://www.a123systems.com/html/technology.html#
http://zeromotorcycles.com/
Chevrolet Volt (~2010)
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- waterwater
• Zero iron to clean-up chlorinated organic compounds like trichlorethylene
• Reduction of Cr(VI) to insoluble Cr(III) using metal oxide nanoparticles
• SWCNTs to remove bacteria and viruses from water
• Reduction of arsenic content of drinking water using nanobased filter systems
• Size-selective nanofiltration
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- CNT to kill bacteriaCNT to kill bacteria
• Pristine carbon nanotubes kill Escherichia coli
Kang, S., M. Pinault, L.D. Pfefferle and M. Elimelech, Langmuir 23 (2007) 8670-8673
Cells incubated without SWNTs for 60 min. Cells were filtered and observedvia SEM on the filter
Cells incubated with SWNTs for 60 min: 90% of the population killed, probably due to cell membrane damage
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- foodfood
• Food packaging• improved barrier properties (longer shelf-life)• sensors indicating freshness of food
• Hygiene• anti-bacterial coatings• nano-filtration
• Crop protection• slow release pesticides• increased bio-availability
• Low calorie food• double emulsions
• Nanostructures influence taste
after eight daysleading Fresherbrand Longer
fresh
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coatingcoating
Super-hydrophobic
Water contact angles > 150o
Using combined technology to develop easy-to-clean single-layer anti-reflective coatings
Anti-Reflective Single layer broad band
Less than 1% reflection @ 550nm
Moth’s eye: http://www.synoptics.co.uk/Lotus effect: http://library.thinkquest.org/27468/n/lotus.htm
Nano-Tech CoatingsSurface structure & chemistry
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Hydrophilic / (SuperHydrophilic / (Super--)hydrophobic)hydrophobic
Courtesy Filip Frederix, Shared Research Unit Performance Materials-MSC
super-hydrophobic
hydrophilic
hydrophobic
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
• Propagation of light across a boundary of two media with different refractive indices n1 and n2
• 8% of incident light reflected (∠i = 90°) Traditional solution: multiple layers with varying refractive index
DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.
Glass (nGlass (n22 = 1.5)= 1.5)
Air (nAir (n11 = 1.0)= 1.0)
Air (nAir (n11 = 1.0)= 1.0)
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.
• Surface nano-structure (height difference ~ 50 – 150 nm) causes a smooth variation of the refractive index from 1.0 (air) to 1.5 (glass)
• Combined with interference effects due to the layer thickness, this effectively reduces the reflection over a broad range of visible part of the spectrum (450 – 700 nm)
• Ideal: average refractive index coating equals√(nair ∗ nglass) = 1.225 → porosity
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.
• The process
dipping wet layer formation
solvent evaporation
DipMovie.mpg
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies –– ARAR--coating cont.coating cont.
• Nano-structuring is key
OptoClear™, plastic substrateshybrid coating, UV curing
Claryl®, glass substratesinorganic coatinghigh temp. curing
www.claryl.com
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
DSM and nanotechnologies DSM and nanotechnologies -- example #2example #2
• Hyperbranched polyesteramide with a better price/ performance ratio than stereo regular dendrimers
• Highly versatile performance additive• Now commercially available for various industrial products
and markets, including paper, imaging, cosmetics, textile, oil field chemicals and dental
many reactiveend groups
globular shape:low viscosity
partial or completefunctionalization
uptake ofguest molecules
Hybrane®
Astramol™
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
RiskRisk
• Paracelsus (1493-1541)• Dosis facit venenum
(“The dose makes the poison”)
• Risk = hazard ∗ exposure• Hazard: the “ability” of a chemical to cause harm
• Risk: the “probability” it will do so
• Current legislation is driven by hazards and not by risk Nanomaterials deserve a more sophisticated approach
Borm, P.J.A.: “Toxicological Aspects Of Nanotechnological Applications”, Nanotopia, Utrecht, 2004-09-16
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Nanotechnologies Nanotechnologies -- risk managementrisk management
nanoSciences nanoTechnologies
nanoparticle
soluble insoluble
free in matrix
unintended engineered
waste, avoid
can build aerosol
handle in confinement till risks are known
safe
normal toxicology
Nanostructuredmaterial
safe
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Risk Assessment Risk Assessment NanomaterialsNanomaterials
• Collect information on your specific material• Particle properties (size, reactivity, physical appearance, dustiness)• Known toxic effects (regular size vs. nano size?)
• Describe handling activities • Such as: weighing, charging, product collection, sampling, disposal• Frequency & duration op activities• Number of persons involved
• Consider potential exposure routes for each activity• Inhalation• Skin• Mouth, eyes
• If potential exposure is possible, estimate • Qualitatively if exposure may be relevant• If yes, try to quantify
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
Occupational Safety and Health ManagementOccupational Safety and Health Management
Overall Company Health and Safety Program• Management Leadership
• Policies• Standards
• Employee participation• Planning• Implementation
• Risk Management• Training• Communication• Safe Practices
• Evaluation• Corrective Actions• Compliance Plan
Nanomaterial Risk Management Program• Hazard
Determination• Process review• Exposure
Evaluation• Risk
Characterization• Controls
Hierarchy of Controls• Elimination• Substitution• Isolation• Engineering Controls
• Environmental monitoring• Administrative controls
• Biological Monitoring• Medical Screening and
Surveillance• Personal Protective
Equipment
Schulte, P. et al J. Occupational and Env. Hygiene 5(2008)239-249
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
General advice exposure reductionGeneral advice exposure reduction
• Use nanomaterials preferably in a matrix (liquid or gel)
• “Think” containment• A fume hood may induce extra exposure potential by swirling powder
nanoparticles in air stream; consider using a box of plexiglas, an AtmosBag or glove box.
• Make sure equipment is easy to clean to prevent diffuse dispersion
• Clean up regularly
• Use HEPA filters in exhaust ventilation of equipment incl.vacuum cleaners
Nilfisk GM-80 HEPA, $1,265.00
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Visser 2008-09-16 Nanotechnology what is it
• Nanotechnologies form the next logical step in industrial development
• Nanotechnologies can contribute to solve major societal challenges by:• improved products (lighter, stronger, less energy consuming)• offering new solutions for energy production, transport and storage• contributing to safer food, etc.
• However, there are some concerns:• too much of a hype• high need for globally standardized risk assessment procedures,
including appropriate metrology• public perception is crucial, but not logical
• Successes do need resources!
In conclusionIn conclusion