Napoleon

Consulate to Empire…

to

Exile!

Consulate• New Constitution - Really set

up Dictatorship (gov’t headed by absolute ruler)

• Executive Branch - 3 Consuls• Napoleon First Consul - Had

concentrated power• 1802 - Names himself Consul

for Life• Approved by Plebiscite,

popular vote (99.9%) Napoleon as Consul

Reforms to Restore Order

• Centralized Gov’t - replaced elected local officials with appointed men

• Education Under Gov’t - universities, secondary schools

• Bank of France - everyone paid taxes, gov’t made loans, leveled inflation

• New Law Code...

Napoleonic Code

• New Law Code• Equality of all citizens before

the law• Religious toleration• Advancement based on merit• Guaranteed trial by jury• BUT…

Code Placed State Above Individual

• Limited freedom of speech and press (Censorship!)

• Codified Inferior Status of Women - Males given extensive authority over wives and children

• Heavy taxes

Concordat of 1801• Napoleon acknowledged Catholic

religion as the religion of the majority while keeping toleration of other religions

• Napoleon named all bishops who swore allegiance to state, but Pope confirmed

• Pope agreed to lost lands & state paid clergy

1804 - Napoleon

Names Himself

Emperor ofFrance! Crowns Himself

Emperor as Charlemagne

Did!

The Empire• Great victories enable Napoleon

to reorganize Europe (see map)• Holy Roman Empire Ended• Formed the Confederation of

the Rhine (small German states)• Created Grand Duchy of

Warsaw - Poland - out of some of Russian, Prussian & Austrian territory

• Took over Spanish throne (Brother Joseph)

Road to Ruin• Battle of Trafalgar - defeated by British• Continental System - Ordered all Eur. nations he

conquered to stop trade with British - hurt them economically - FAILED

• Spanish Rebellions - guerillas led attacks (hit and run) – resentment ignited feeling of nationalism - overthrew

occupation

• Invasion of Russia - Harsh winter weakened French - defeated by Russians

• Battle of Leipzig - Last battle?- Napoleon’s Defeat

Napoleon Abdicates; Exiled to Elba

• BUT… Returns from exile and reigns again as emperor!!! THE 100 DAYS

• Battle of Waterloo - Napoleon defeated (again!) by Great Britain, Prussia & Netherlands

• Napoleon is exiled (again!) & placed under house arrest on island of Saint Helena

• King Louis XVIII becomes King of France