Napoleon's conquests destroyed the Holy Napoleon's conquests destroyed the Holy Roman Empire and unified many German Roman Empire and unified many German states in the Confederation of the Rhine.states in the Confederation of the Rhine.

Nationalism united the German Nationalism united the German states to defeat the French states to defeat the French in 1813-15in 1813-15

The Congress of Vienna The Congress of Vienna formed the German formed the German Confederation of 39 states Confederation of 39 states where Austria dominated.where Austria dominated.

German students increased German students increased nationalist spirit in spite of nationalist spirit in spite of the attempt to stop it in the the attempt to stop it in the Karlsbad DecreesKarlsbad Decrees

Unification could come Unification could come under Austria or Prussiaunder Austria or Prussia: : But which one?But which one?

182718281834183818421854

The Zollverein was created by Prussia to increase

trade among the German states

The Zollverein1828-1854

1848: The Frankfurt Diet failed to form a constitutional monarchy under Prussian King Frederick William IV

King William King William I of Prussia I of Prussia (reigned (reigned 1861-1888)1861-1888)was a strong was a strong monarch monarch willing to willing to oppose oppose Austria and Austria and unify Germanyunify Germany

King King William William appointed appointed Otto von Otto von Bismarck Bismarck

Chancellor; Chancellor; Bismarck Bismarck led the led the unification unification processprocess

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .The less people know about how

sausages and laws are made, the better they’ll sleep at night.

Never believe in anything until it has been officially denied.

The great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches and majority decisions—that was the mistake of 1848-1849—but by blood and iron.

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

Otto von Bismarck . . . .

I am bored. The great things are done. The German Reich is made.

A generation that has taken a beating is always followed by a generation that deals one.

Some damned foolish thing in the Balkans will provoke the next war.

BismarckBismarck’s plan: ’s plan: EliminatEliminate e Austria Austria and and unite unite Germany Germany under under the the Prussian Prussian monarchymonarchy

How is this for high?

Bismarck andBismarck and Realpolitik: Realpolitik:

“Never believe anything in politics until it has been officially denied.”

People never lie so much as after a hunt, during a war or before an election.

“When a man says he approves of something in principle, it means he hasn't the slightest intention of carrying it out in practice..”

“When you want to fool the world, tell the truth.”

Bismarck Bismarck used used nationalisnationalism to m to strengthen strengthen the the monarchy monarchy and weaken and weaken his his political political oppositionopposition

Bismarck got Britain and Bismarck got Britain and Russia to agree to not Russia to agree to not interfere in any conflict interfere in any conflict between Prussia and Austriabetween Prussia and Austria

Bismarck Bismarck led led Napoleon Napoleon III to III to believe believe that he that he could gain could gain territory territory for France for France by by mediating mediating between between Prussia Prussia and and AustriaAustria

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

Step #2: Austro-Prussian War

[Seven Weeks’ War], 1866

PrussiaPrussia

AustriaAustria

In 1864, In 1864, Prussia and Prussia and Austria Austria fought fought Denmark Denmark gaining the gaining the states of states of Schleswig Schleswig and Holsteinand Holstein

Bismarck Bismarck engineered engineered a conflict a conflict between between Prussia and Prussia and Austria Austria over the over the governing governing of of Schlwesgig Schlwesgig and and HolsteinHolstein

Denmark on Denmark on the the sidelines sidelines as Austria as Austria and and Prussia Prussia prepare to prepare to fight, fight, 18661866

DENMARK AVENGEDDenmark: “Fight it out,

Gentlemen! I’ve the pleasure to look on!”

Battle of Sadowa (Königgrätz), 1866

Austria was defeated by Austria was defeated by Prussia in the Seven Prussia in the Seven

Weeks’ War, 1866Weeks’ War, 1866

Napoleon Napoleon III failed III failed to secure to secure anything anything for for France in France in the Seven the Seven Weeks’ Weeks’ WarWar

PEACE AND NO PIECES!

Bismarck: “Pardon, mon ami, but we really can’t allow you to pick up anything here.”

Napoleon III: “Pray, don’t mention it M’sier. It’s not of the slightest consequence.”

Setting up Napoleon III and Setting up Napoleon III and FranceFrance Napoleon III failed to gain anything for Napoleon III failed to gain anything for France after Prussia’s war with Denmark France after Prussia’s war with Denmark or the Seven Weeks’ Waror the Seven Weeks’ War

Queen Isabella of Spain abdicated; Queen Isabella of Spain abdicated; Bismarck nominated Prince Leopold von Bismarck nominated Prince Leopold von Hohenzollern, cousin to William I, to be Hohenzollern, cousin to William I, to be King of SpainKing of Spain

France protested; Leopold withdrewFrance protested; Leopold withdrew The French ambassador met William I at The French ambassador met William I at Bad Ems and asked for an apologyBad Ems and asked for an apology

Bismarck edited the report of the Bismarck edited the report of the conference to insult France; the Ems conference to insult France; the Ems Telegram was published on Bastille Day, Telegram was published on Bastille Day, 18701870

War was declared by France on Prussia War was declared by France on Prussia bringing the unification of the remaining bringing the unification of the remaining German statesGerman states

Bismarck edited the “Ems Telegram” to Bismarck edited the “Ems Telegram” to insult France and precipitate warinsult France and precipitate war

German Army crosses the Loire, 1870German Army crosses the Loire, 1870

The south German states The south German states united with Prussia in the united with Prussia in the

Franco-Prussian WarFranco-Prussian War

Napoleon III was defeated and Napoleon III was defeated and captured at Sedan. It was the captured at Sedan. It was the end of the Second Empire.end of the Second Empire.

German troops march into Paris in 1870: France was defeated in 5 months

Siegfried (Germany) defeatsJoan of Arc (France) in the Franco-Prussian War, 1870-71

The Coronation of Kaiser Wilhelm I

The German Empire was declared in the The German Empire was declared in the Palace of Versailles in January 1871Palace of Versailles in January 1871

Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]Treaty of Frankfurt [1871]

The Second French Empire collapsed and was replaced by the Third French Empire.The Italians took Rome and made it their capital.Russia put warships in the Black Sea [in defiance of the 1856 Treaty of Paris that ended the Crimean War]. -------------------France paid a huge indemnity and was occupied by German troops until it was paid.France ceded Alsace-Lorraine to Germany [a region rich in iron deposits with a flourishing textile industry].

Consequences of the Franco-Prussian War•Germany unified under Prussian monarchy as the German Empire

•France established the Third Republic

•Uprising and defeat of Paris Commune

•Loss of Alsace-Lorraine leaves France bitter and wanting revenge

•Balance of power upset; Germany dominated Central Europe

TheGerman

Confederation

TheGerman

Confederation

Europe, 1860

AustrianEmpire

Europe, 1871

Austro-Hungarian

Empire

German EmpireGerman Empire After 1871 the new German Empire was Prussia and 24 smaller states

The popularly elected parliament was the Reichstag

In 1870 Pope Pius XI had declared papal infallibility

It seemed to ask Catholics to put loyalty of religion above country

National liberals backed Bismarck’s attack on the Catholic church, the Kulturkampf

Kulturkampf - “struggle for survival”