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NASA Technical Memorandum 4220
NASA Geodynamics Program:
Annual Report and Bibliography
AUGUST 1990
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NASA Technical Memorandum 4220
NASA Geodynamics Program:
Annual Report and Bibliography
NASA Office of Space Science and Applications
Washington, D.C.
National Aeronautics andSpace Administration
Office of Management
Scientific and TechnicalInformation Division
1990
FOREWORD
This Report provides a summary of the major activities of the
NASA Geodynamics Program during 1988 and 1989. It includes a
bibliography of published reports where the research on which the
paper was based was either funded by the Program or was related
to the Program by virtue of interagency or international agree-
ments.
Previous annual reports on the Geodynamics Program's progress
were issued for 1979, 1980, 1981, 1982, and 1983 (NASA, 1980;
NASA, 1981; NASA, 1982; NASA, 1983a; and NASA, 1984a). An over-
view of the Program was published in 1983 (NASA, 1983b). A report
which summarized the Program's achievements from its initiation
in 1979 through 1987 was published in 1988 (NASA, 1988a).
The year 1989 marks the tenth anniversary of the formation of the
Geodynamics Program. In the past decade, substantial progress has
been made in decisive determinations of the motions of the major
tectonic plates; in the mapping of crustal deformation near plate
boundaries; in the measurement of the Earth's rotational
dynamics; in the establishment of an international service based
on space techniques for monitoring Earth orientation; and in the
modeling of the Earth's gravity and magnetic fields.
In July 1989, the NASA Geodynamics Branch and the NASA Geology
Program were brought together to form the NASA Solid Earth
Science (SES) Branch.
In August 1989, we were saddened by the passing away of Dr.
Edward A.(Ted) Flinn, III, one of the architects of the NASA
Geodynamics Program and a principal contributor to the success ofits international involvement.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION
I. INTRODUCTION
A. PROGRAM INITIATION
B. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
C. CRUSTAL DYNAMICS PROJECT
D. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
E. GEOPOTENTIAL FIELDS
i. Gravity Field and Geoid
2. Magnetic Field
F. GEOPHYSICS WORKSHOPS
II. PROGRESS, STATUS, AND PLANS
A. CRUSTAL DYNAMICS PROJECT
B. VLBI/SLR TECHNIQUE COMPARISONS
C. WEGENER/Medlas
D. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM APPLICATIONSE. FLIGHT MISSIONS
i. LAGEOS-II
2. LAGEOS-III
3. Magnetic Field Explorer/Magnolia4. ARISTOTELES
5. Gravity Probe-B
6. Geoscience Laser Ranging Systela
7. Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer Mission
III. PROGRAM CHRONOLOGY: 1988-1989
A. 1988
B. 1989
REFERENCES
APPENDICES
A. GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONSB. BIBLIOGRAPHY
i. Crustal Dynamics
2. Earth Structure and Dynamics3. Geopotential Fields
a. Gravity Field and Geoid
b. Magnetic Field4. Technical
5. General
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SECTION I. INTRODUCTION
A. PROGRAM INITIATION
The NASA Geodynamics Program was initiated in 1979 to coalesce
the emerging technologies of Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR),
Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR), and Very Long Baseline Interferometry(VLBI) - all having the potential for the detection of tectonic
plate motion and crustal deformation - and the use of satellites
for mapping the geopotential fields into a coherent program for
the study of the solid Earth.
A chronology of major Program activities from 1979 to 1987 was
published in 1988 (NASA, 1988a). The chronology for 1988 and
1989 is provided herein (Section III).
B. PROGRAM OBJECTIVES
The goals of the Geodynamics Program have been:
o To contribute to the understanding of the dynamics and
evolution of the solid Earth; and in particular, the
processes that result in movement and deformation of
the tectonic plates;
o To obtain measurements of the Earth's rotational
dynamics and its gravity and magnetic fields in order
to understand better the internal dynamics of theEarth.
The Geodynamics Program was subdivided into three areas:
Dynamics, Crustal Motion, and Geopotential Research.
Earth
The objectives in the Earth Dynamics area have been to develop
models of polar motion and Earth rotation and to relate studies
of global plate motion to the dynamics of the Earth's interior.
This is expected to lead to an increased understanding of the
global structure of the Earth and the evolution of the crust and
lithosphere. The research includes studies of the dynamic inter-
action between different regions of the Earth's tectonic
features, as well as the interaction between the solid Earth,
atmosphere, and oceans. A significant portion of this includes
activities performed under the Crustal Dynamics Project (CDP),
through highly accurate measurements of Earth rotation and polarmotion.
Field measurements and modeling studies of crustal deformation
in various tectonic settings were the primary focus of the
Crustal Motion research. Activities in this area provide measure-
ments, analyses, and models which describe the accumulation andrelease of crustal strain and the crustal motion between and
within the North American, Pacific, Eurasian, South American, and
Australian Plates. A principal result of this research has been
the development of quantitative descriptions of geophysical and
geological constraints on the motion of measurement sites throughrefinements of global and regional plate motion models.
Geopotential Research uses space and ground measurements tomodel the Earth's gravity and magnetic fields. A large part of
the effort includes the development of new analysis techniques
and software systems. Studies of the Laser Geodynamics Satellite
(LAGEOS-I) orbit and the orbits of other near-Earth satellites
contribute to the gravity field studies. Other data used in
constructing the field models include gravity field data
derived from satellite altimetry, satellite-to-satellite track-
ing and gravity gradiometry; magnetic field data from satellite
magnetometers; and ancillary data.
C. CRUSTAL DYNAMICS PROJECT
A major element of the Program, the CDP, was initiated in 1979 to
develop the SLR and VLBI techniques and to implement global net-works of fixed and mobile SLR and VLBI stations, with the
cooperation of many countries, for measurements of plate motion
and regional deformation. Although other satellites are used, the
SLR measurements rely mainly on ranging to LAGEOS-I which waslaunched in 1976. LAGEOS-II, which is to be launched in late
1991, is expected to improve further the accuracy and efficiency
of SLR. The application of VLBI to precise geodesy has made use
of the techniques and global facilities developed for astronomi-cal studies of radio sources.
The management responsibility for the CDP was assigned to the
Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) with support from the Jet
Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). In 1982, Lunar Laser Ranging (LLR)was included in the CDP. In the decade which has followed, the
CDP has grown into an international research effort leading
toward the understanding of earthquakes and the dynamics of the
crust and upper mantle of the Earth. Twenty-three countries are
participating in the development and use of these geodetic
techniques. Twelve of these countries have formed a consortium, -
Working Group of European Geo-Scientists for the Establishment of
Networks for Earthquake Research (WEGENER),- which is working
with the CDP in the Mediterranean Laser (Medlas) Project to
monitor the crustal deformation in the Mediterranean Basin.
While helping to build and deploy SLR, LLR, and VLBI facilities
world-wide, the CDP has also developed the technology to improve
the accuracy and reliability of the field measurements. Most of
the systems which comprise the world-wide network are now capable
of measuring the motion of any one site with respect to another
with a precision of better than 1 cm/year. This has resulted, forthe first time, in the direct measurement of the motion of most
of the major plates and the deformation of the Earth's crust in
the western U.S., Alaska, and the Mediterranean.
The history of the development of the SLR, LLR, and VLBI
techniques and the global networks that currently exist aredescribed in NASA, 1988a. The status and plans of the CDP and the
WEGENER/Medlasconsortium, through 1991, are outlined in SectionII A and C, respectively.
While the CDP is scheduled to finish its activities at the end of
fiscal year 1991, the current measurement program will be
continued through 1991, with some changes to reflect the emerging
GPS techniques as emboidied in the recommendations of the NASA
Geophysics Workshop held in Coolfont, WV, in 1989 (report in
preparation). In addition, the CDP is committed to providing SLR
tracking for the European Space Agency (ESA) Remote Sensing
Satellite (ERS-I) to be launched in 1990 and the NASA Ocean
Topography Experiment (TOPEX) to be launched in 1992.
Beyond 1991, NASA has chosen to continue and to improve on the
work of the CDP by establishing a new level of effort program.
The objectives of the new program, while similar to those of the
CDP, will require an expansion of global networks through
increased international participation; improved accuracies and
greater temporal resolution of measurements; and more detailed
studies of the deformation at plate boundaries
D. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM
NASA development of receivers which use signals from the Global
Positioning System (GPS) satellites was initiated at JPL in the
late 1970's. In 1983, the U.S. Congress directed NASA to
initiate a program for the study of crustal deformation in the
Caribbean Basin using GPS. This program now includes developmen-
tal experiments in southern California; measurements across the
spreading ridge in the Gulf of California; and measurements in
Central America, South America, Australia, and New Zealand. These
measurement campaigns are coordinated with other countries, with
U.S. institutions, and with other U. S. agencies
During the past two years the development and use of the GPS
technique has improved rapidly. The precision of the GPS measure-
ments for regional crustal deformation studies is now believed
to be comparable to that of mobile SLR and VLBI systems.
However, additional data are required to verify that the GPS
measurement of global tectonic deformation rates are also
comparable.
E. GEOPOTENTIAL FIELDS
i. Gravity Field and Geoid
During the past decade, significant improvements have been made
to the accuracy and resolution of models of the Earth's global
gravity field and geoid. This has amounted to about a factor of
two improvement in gravity field modeling and a factor of about
5-10 improvement in the geoid.
Gravity Field modeling has made extensive use of the SLR data
acquired using LAGEOS-I and Starlette (a French satellite) and
altimetric measurements using the Geodynamic Experimental Ocean
3
Satellite (GEOS-3) and the Ocean Dynamics Monitoring Satellite
(SEASAT). However, the goal of developing models with an accu-
racy of a few milligals (mgals) for spatial resolution of 100kmor less has not been achieved due to the lack of in situ satel-
lite data.
The scientific requirements for these data are discussed in the
report of a Gravity Field Workshop that was held in Colorado
Springs, CO, in 1987 (NASA, 1987). To meet these requirementsthere are several planning activities, studies, and instrument
developments which are currently underway. These include a
spacecraft which will carry a French gradiometer (GRADIO) - the
ESA Applications and Research Involving Space Techniques
Observing the Earth's field from Low Earth Orbiting Spacecraft
(ARISTOTELES) mission; use of GPS and SLR tracking of theGravity Probe-B (GP-B); and a NASA spacecraft which will carry a
University of Maryland cryogenic gradiometer -the Superconducting
Gravity Gradiometer Mission (SGGM).
2. Maqnetic Field
The first satellite dedicated to mapping the Earth's magnetic
field, the Magnetic Field Satellite (MAGSAT), was launched in
1979. MAGSAT provided the first truly global survey of the
vector components of the geomagnetic field. Its measurementswere used to construct the International Geomagnetic Reference
Field (IGRF) for 1980 and to study crustal magnetic anomalies.
The geomagnetic field is known to undergo local changes ofseveral hundred nanoTesla (nT) due apparently to motion of the
Earth's core. In addition, some ground observatory data indicate
a sudden change with time in the third derivative ("magnetic
jerk") of the main dipole field. The scientific interest inconfirming that the "magnetic jerk" is real, and possibly related
to core-mantle interaction, and the need to update the IGRF have
generated requirements for a satellite mission capable of long-
term surveys of the field. This has resulted in NASA/Centre
Nationale d'Etudes Spatiales (CNES) studies of a Magnetic Field
Explorer (MFE)/Magnolia mission, and studies by NASA and ESA of
the possibility of adapting boom-mounted magnetometers to the
ARISTOTELES mission.
F. GEOPHYSICS WORKSHOPS
The first Workshop dedicated to studies of the solid Earth and
oceans was held in Williamstown, MA, in 1969 (NASA, 1970). The
results of this Workshop formed the basis of the NASA Earth
and Oceans Dynamics Applications Program, the predecessor of
the Geodynamics Program. The first Geodynamics Workshop was held
at Airlie House in Virginia in 1983 (NASA, 1984b). In early 1988,
plans were initiated for a second Geodynamics Workshop to be heldin 1989, with the intent of developing the Program's details for
the next decade. Prior to the 1989 Workshop, NASA supported the
participation of U.S. scientists and engineers in an interna-
tional Workshop held in Erice, Italy, in July 1988 (Mueller and
Zerbini).
In response to an impending reorganization, the 1989 GeodynamicsWorkshop was extended to include geology and was re-formulated todevelop the NASA Solid Earth Science (SES) Program for the nextdecade. This Workshop was held at Coolfont, WV, in July 1989.
The report of the 1989 Geophysics and the SES Program Plan willbe published in 1990. This plan outlines five major initiativesfor the next decade. These include:
i. The development of Global Geophysical Networks (GGNs)
comprised of approximately 200 geophysical stations
for studies of plate motion and deformation (this has
been named FLINN -Fiducial Laboratory for an Inter-
national Natural science Network) and regional
networks (named DSGS -Densely Spaced Geodetic Systems)
for monitoring tectonic activity in active areas.
, The study of the formation, degradation, erosion, andredistribution of soils; the effects of climatic
changes on the land surface; and climate-tectonic in-teractions.
. The mapping of the Earth's global land surface topog-
raphy at moderate resolution, with the acquisition of
high resolution data for regional and local areas.
,
.
The acquisition of gravity and magnetic fieldments with accuracies and resolutions
magnetics, duration of measurement period
support investigations of the solid Earth.
measure-
and, forneeded to
The study of volcanoes to document the interaction of
volcanic eruptions with the atmosphere and the short-
term climatic effects of volcanic activity.
5
SECTION II. PROGRESS, STATUS, AND PLANS
A. CRUSTAL DYNAMICS PROJECT
The observing program of the CDP is guided by the Project's
scientific objectives. Most of the Project's effort is in under-
standing the motions occurring in California and Alaska along
the plate boundary in western North America, and the deter-
mination of global plate motion, especially with respect to
North America. The distribution of presently occupied sites in
the global SLR network provides a basic framework for the study
of plate motion. This is complemented by a network of VLBI
observatories, especially between North American sites and those
in the northern Pacific and Eurasia. Regional deformation obser-
vations in western North America are mainly accomplished with the
VLBI systems. In the Mediterranean region, the CDP is partici-
pating with WEGENER in a long-term set of SLR measurements. A
summary of the CDP activities is reported in Frey and Bosworth,1988.
During 1988 and 1989, the CDP continued its regular program of
fixed and mobile SLR and VLBI measurements. Overall, during the
two years, the combined NASA and National Geodetic Survey (NGS)
programs involved 23 countries in SLR and VLBI observations using
38 fixed systems and 8 mobile systems, with the latter having
completed 84 site visits.
Because of planned upgrades to the Transportable Laser Ranging
Systems (TLRS), observations in 1988 with these systems were
limited to Cabo San Lucas, Mexico; Westford, MA; Mojave, CA; and
Otay Mountain, CA. In 1989 all four TLRSs were in the field:
TLRS-I was in Europe to support WEGENER/Medlas studies of
crustal deformation and movement; TLRS-2 and TLRS-3 conducted
studies of the relative motions of the Pacific, Nazca, and South
American Plates (TLRS-2 shuttled between Huahine, French
Polynesia, and Easter Island, and TLRS-3 began measurements at
Cerro Tololo, Chile); TLRS-4 visited Ensenada, Mexico, and Cabo
San Lucas, Mexico, to study (with the fixed laser at Mazatlan,
Mexico) the spreading of the Gulf of California. TLRS-4 also
participated in studies of the regional deformation of the
North American Plate immediately following the October 17, 1989
Loma Prieta earthquake by making measurements at Mojave, CA.
The mobile VLBI systems (MY-2 and -3) hada banner year in 1988.
In addition to measurements of regional deformation in the
western U.S. from 18 sites (some 29 site visits) using MV-2
and MV-3, MV-2 participated in studies of the interaction of
the North American and Pacific Plates by making measurements
across the Aleutian Trench from sites in Alaska and Canada. In
1989, NASA and NGS agreed to exclusive use of MV-3 for NGS
programs. However, because of the scientific, and possible
societal, importance of the Alaskan studies, the 1988 Alaskan
Campaign was repeated. As a consequence, the number of sites in
the western U.S. was reduced to i0 (15 site visits).
6
Following the Loma Prieta earthquake, two mobile VLBI systemswere deployed to three previously established VLBI sites in theearthquake area: Fort Ord (near Monterey, CA), the Presidio (in
San Francisco, CA), and Point Reyes, CA. From repeated VLBI
occupations of these sites since 1983, the pre-earthquake rates
of deformation have been determined with respect to a North
American reference frame with one sigma formal standard errors of
about imm/yr. The VLBI measurements immediately following the
earthquake showed that the Fort Ord site was displaced 49+/-4mm
at an azimuth of 11+/-40 and that the Presidio site was displaced
12+/-5mm at an azimuth of 148+/-130 No anomalous change was
detected at Point Reyes with a one sigma uncertainty of 4mm. The
estimated displacements at Fort Ord and the Presidio agree with
static displacements predicted on the basis of a coseismic slipmodel.
During 1988 and 1989, the accuracy of the fixed SLR and VLBI
systems was demonstrated at certain sites at the subcentimeter-
level. Plans were made for further improvements with the goal
of achieving the few mm-level.
Over the past decade, global plate motion studies using data
provided by both SLR and VLBI systems have largely confirmed the
expected motion for most plates. Figure II-I shows recent meas-
urements of plate motions along specific baselines, as determined
from SLR systems. Figure II-2 shows a similar result for VLBI
observations in the Pacific, represented this time as motion of
the individual sites with respect to the stable interior
of the North American Plate. These direct measurements of plate
motion are important: they provide the first proof that the
plates move as plate tectonic theory suggests, and that themotion over short time scales is similar to that determined
from long-term geologic averages.
Both VLBI and SLR systems are engaged in measurement of therelative motion between the North American and Pacific Plates
near the plate boundary in California. Figure II-3 shows vector
site motions in the western U.S. with respect to interior North
America, as measured by VLBI. For reference, the long-term
velocity of the Pacific Plate relative to the North American
Plate as estimated by the Northwestern University Velocity
Model 1 (NUVEL-I) plate motion model (DeMet, et.al., 1989) isshown. The data indicate that the velocities measured near the
plate boundary are several tens of mm/year less than those model-
ed for the plates as rigid bodies (50mm/year). The differencebetween the far-field motion and the near-field motion has
potentially important implications for the earthquake hazard
problem in California, as it may be related to how stress is
distributed and stored within boundary zones between two large
moving plates. These results are based on solutions developed by
GSFC, analyses by other groups, such as NGS, the University of
Texas at Austin, and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory,
have produced similar results.
Another result documented by the CDP is the regional deformation
in the plate boundary zone in Alaska, where the Pacific Plate
converges upon, and is consumed under, the North American Plate.
Figure II-3 also shows vector site motions in Alaska and the
GEODESIC RATES FROM LAGEOS
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Rates are in mm/yr
Values in parentheses are fromMinster&Jordan AM0-2 model
Greenb!i 1)1 {_
Arequipa
NASA/GSFC SL7 1 ANF44N 880608
Figure II-i Rate of change of baseline lengths from Satellite Laser Ranging data
for selected baselines between North America, Eurasia, and the Pacific. Rates are
in mm/year, in a reference system where the motions are with respect to the
underlying mantle. In parentheses are the "predicted" rates based on long-term
geological averages.
_ _/ _ Fairbanks _/_
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Kwajalein
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atcreek
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Velocity mm/yrt ' I0 5O
i J I A J l t I l _ L135 ° 145 ° 155 ° 165 ° 175 ° 185 ° 195 ° 205 ° 215 ° 225 ° 235 ° 245 °
15 °
5 °
Figure II-2 Observed motions of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) sites in
the Pacfic. Motions are calculated with respect to an North American Plate site at
Fairbanks, AK, assumed fixed. The observed motions for Vandenberg, Kauai, and
Kwajalein are very close to the predicted motions based on long-term geological
averages, and clearly show how the Pacific Plate is sliding northwestward past the
North American Plate.
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Figure II-3 Motion of VLBI sites along the North American-Pacific Plate boundary
in California and Alaska (insert). For comparison, the predicted motion of the
Pacific Plate with respect to North America based on NUVEL-I is shown. Note the
departure of the motion of Kodiak and Sand point in Alaska from the expected platemotion.
Yukon Territory with respect to interior Alaska, as determinedby VLBI. For reference, the long-term velocity of the PacificPlate relative to the North American Plate offshore of southernAlaska, as given by the NUVEL-I plate motion model, is shown. Itis clear that several of these sites show relatively largemotions of 30-40mm/year, which may be related to the seismicpotential of this area. Several of these sites are located in"seismic gaps" where large earthquakes have not occurred inrecent times, despite the prolific seismicity in the surroundingareas.
It is planned that most of the current SLR and VLBI measurementswill be continued through fiscal year 1991.
B. VLBI/SLR TECHNIQUE COMPARISONS
VLBI and SLR are the two most accurate techniques yet developedfor determining geocentric site coordinates on a worldwide scale.
Both techniques have been under development for more than twentyyears with the aim of providing fundamental data which will lead
to an understanding of contemporary tectonic processes. Since
1980, the CDP has undertaken to prove the accuracy of the tech-
niques through blind comparisons of the geodetic informationproduced by each.
The first comparison results were published in 1985 (Kolenkiewicz
et. al.,). Baseline length results for 22 baselines involving 7
sites were compared. The mean level of agreement was 10+/-12mm
with an rms scatter about the mean of 52mm. No attempt was made
to compare Cartesian station positions directly because of the
small number and poor distribution of stations.
By 1989 the number of locations where VLBI/SLR comparisons couldbe made had increased to 16 and had taken on a worldwide
distribution including sites in the mid-Pacific Ocean, Australia,
and China. The GSFC VLBI analysis group and the SLR analysis
team at the University of Texas agreed to carry out a blind
comparison of geocentric site coordinates. Because no effort had
been made to make the terrestrial reference frames of the VLBI
and SLR analysis systems identical, it was necessary to determine
a 7-parameter transformation relating the two reference frames.
The transformation consisted of a three-component translation
which related the origins of the frames, a three-component rota-
tion which related the orientation of the frames, and a scalefactor which related the overall scales of the two frames. After
the transformation was applied to the VLBI coordinates they were
compared to the SLR values. The weighted rms residual differences
for the 16 sites were found to be 19, 26, and 22mm, respectively,
in the X, Y, and Z coordinates. These differences are approx-
imately two times the uncertainty in the translation of the
coordinate system origin and are consistent with the uncertain-
ties in the individual site components from the two techniques.
The results validate the VLBI and SLR techniques for determiningCartesian coordinates at well under the 50mm level achieved for
baseline lengths in 1985.
ii
In October 1989, a VLBI observing session was carried out at theGoddard Optical Test Facility (GORF), a location with a monumentwith well determined SLR coordinates. Thus, a 17th site becameavailable for comparison. When the VLBI coordinates were trans-formed to the SLR frame using the transformation discussed aboveand the results compared with the SLR coordinates, thedifferences were 9, 15, and 2mm, respectively, for the X, Y, andZ components. Considering the 10-15mm level uncertainty in thetranslation of the origin these are essentially perfect results.
C. WEGENER/Medlas
Medlas was organized in 1981 by a consortium of European
countries (WEGENER). The project plan calls for the use of a mix
of European fixed and mobile SLR systems and U.S. mobile SLR
systems for studies of crustal motion in the MediterraneanBasin. The consortium includes the Federal Republic of Germany
(FRG), The Netherlands, the U.S., Austria, Italy, Great Britian,France, Switzerland, Greece, Turkey, Israel, and Egypt. Modular
Transportable Laser Ranging Systems (MTLRS) are provided by theInstitute fur Angewandte Geodaesie (IfAG) of the FRG (MTLRS-I),
the Technical Institute of Delft (MTLRS-2), and NASA (TLRS-I).
The Italian Space Agency (ASI) is expected to start construction
of two other mobile systems which will join the WEGENER/Medlas
studies in the early 1990's. The locations of the fixed and
mobile laser sites in Europe are shown in Figure II-4.
The first Medlas Campaign used MTLRS-I and -2 and was conducted
in 1986. This Campaign involved sites in Italy, Turkey, and
Greece. In 1987, these systems were joined by TLRS-I. Due to a
number of constraints, NASA and WEGENER agreed to revise the
Medlas plan to provide for Mediterranean observations on alter-
nate years beginning in 1989 and for MTLRS-I to visit the U.S.
between Mediterranean Campaigns. To implement this plan, MTLRS-I
visited the U.S. in 1988 and acquired observations at VLBI sites
in Richmond, FL; Owens Valley, CA; and Platteville, CO. These
sites were chosen to support studies recommended by the
Commission for Coordination of Space Techniques for Geodesy and
Geodynamics (CSTG) of the International Union of Geodesy and
Geodynamics (IUGG) and the International Astronomical Union (IAU)
Joint Working Group on the Establishment and Maintenance of a
Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (COTES). During 1988,
MTLRS-2 remained in Europe for observations and upgrades.
In December 1988, MTLRS-I returned to Europe for the 1989 Medlas
Campaign and was joined in early 1989 by TLRS-I. The 1989 Medlas
Campaign included 13 sites: 7 by MTLRS-I, 4 by TLRS-I, and 2 byMTLRS-2. In 1990, MTLRS-I will return to the U.S. for contin-
uation of the COTES measurements. It will be followed later by
TLRS-I which stayed in Europe to complete part of the 1989
schedule.
The next Medlas Campaign is planned for 1992. Meanwhile,
WEGENER is developing plans for the extensive use of GPS to
densify measurements in the Mediterranean Basin and is exploring
12
|
i
LRSER SITE DISTRIBUTION
EUROPE
95560
50
40
0 0 2_ 3B
_. 7834
& 7B [0 A 7833
O !7598 ,,_ 7558
to
_ 3o
9
25355
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O 7580
_8_i _ 7538
o 1 o 28 30
40
z_DG F[-RBT.20_(_ TRUE MRPPED PRRRLLEL RT .... Z.50
4560
50
>40
575
30
2540 45
Figure II-4 Distribution of SLR sites contributing regularlywith observations to the WEGENER/Medlas Project. Fixed stations
identified with triangles. Stations occupied by mobile systemidentified with circles.
the possibility of extending SLR studies to areas other than theMediterranean.
Results of the WEGENER/Medlas Campaigns have been presented at
several meetings of the CDP Investigators Working Group (IWG),
and at special WEGENER/Medlas symposiums held in Bologna, Italy,
in 1987 (Baldi and Zerbini, 1988); and in Scheveningen, The
Netherlands, in 1988 (Wakker, 1990).
D. GLOBAL POSITIONING SYSTEM APPLICATIONS
In January 1988, JPL coordinated and managed the Central And
South America (CASA) Uno 88: a comprehensive GPS data acquisition
campaign to monitor crustal deformation in central and north-
western South America. Sites are located in Costa Rica, Panama,
Colombia, Venezuela, and Ecuador. CASA Uno 88 required the first
implementation of a globally-distributed GPS satellite tracking
network to improve orbit determination necessary to compensate
for the poor satellite geometry over South America. This was the
largest GPS experiment to date to measure tectonic plate motion,
acquiring 590 station days of data from 44 GPS receivers in 13countries. Over 25 different institutions contributed to the
success of this campaign.
In October 1988, JPL sent a Rogue GPS receiver to the Deep SpaceNetwork (DSN) site in Canberra, Australia and a TI-4100 to Black
Birch, New Zealand, in support of a NGS global tracking experi-
ment (GOTEX).
A GPS field campaign in Mexico (GEOMEX 89) was the first
reoccupation and extension of GEOMEX 85. This joint experiment
with Oregon State University was successfully carried out duringtwo weeks of May 1989. The extension of the network added 7 sites
in Mexico which span the Gulf of California, and included a site
on Guadalupe Island. In the U.S., 8 additional sites were
occupied including sites at Hatcreek, CA; Westford, MA;, and
Richmond, FL, where Rogue receivers were deployed.
During August and September 1989, JPL supported a GPS campaign on
the island of Sumatra, Indonesia. This support included providing
logistical planning and deploying a Rogue GPS receiver to
Wellington, New Zealand. The receiver was sent early to New
Zealand to also provide fiducial support for the reoccupation ofa site in the South Pacific.
Following the October 1989 Loma Prieta earthquake, JPL fielded a
team to monitor post-seismic relaxation in the epicentral region.
Using the Rapid Static Survey (RSS) technique recently developed
at JPL measurements were taken for about 5 minutes every day for
6 days at each of I0 sites with a single roving GPS receiver. Two
stationary receivers were operated simultaneously to provide a
baseline to which the location of the roving receiver could be
referred. The RSS technique involves fast resolution of cycle
ambiguities in carrier phase data which depends on the avail-
ability of both carrier phase and high precision pseudo-range
14
data. Presently, the Rogue is the only GPS receiver with thiscapability.
Two major experiments are proposed for 1991: one experiment willattempt to measure the relative plate motion between Tibet and
China: and the other experiment will measure the convergence ofthe Nazca and South American Plates.
GPS data analysis activities in 1988 and 1989 included: final
processing and reporting on the experiments of November 1985 in
Baja, CA, and June 1986 in the northern Caribbean (see Figure II-
5); complete analysis of the January 1988 CASA Uno experiment;
and preliminary processing of the Spring 1989 GEOMEX campaign.
This now provides data for some baselines which span 4 years
(March 1985 - April 1989) and has resulted in direct observation
of plate motions which are consistent in magnitude and comparable
in precision (both long term and short term) with results from
VLBI and SLR. The precision of the vertical components has
frequently surpassed that of VLBI both day-to-day and year-to-
year.
A study covering a time span of 3.5 years has been nearly
completed in which good agreement is demonstrated between VLBI-
and GPS-determined rates in southern California, and in which thefirst rate estimates for an offshore island have been determined.
Overall, the time required to process data from a typical field
campaign has been reduced by more than an order of magnitude, and
accuracies in horizontal baseline components (as determined by
comparison _ith VLBI) have improved from the typical several
pa_ts in I0 v two years ago to, in m_ny cases, 5 to i0 parts ini0 _. Length precisions of parts in i0 = have been demonstrated for
baselines up to 5,600 km (Lichten, in press).
The Geodynamics Program has supported the development of new GPS
receivers capable of range measurements with accuracies at the
cm-level and phase measurements with accuracies at the mm-level.
Receivers with these capabilities will be needed for the
implementation of FLINN and DSGS. The development of the first of
the new receivers, Rogue, has been completed, and the technologyhas been transferred to industry.
Some features that the Rogue receiver has pioneered are:
- Digital tracking (eliminating interchannel bias);
On-board software which solves for position and clock
offset using signals from only two GPS satellites.
(Other receivers require at least 4 satellites.)
The capability to start automatically when power is
turned on without a priori knowledge of the receiver
location, time of day, or satellite ephemerides;
Excess CPU capacity which allows the future addition of
"smart receiver" algorithms;
15
o'_
COCOS
• Cocos Island
• Galapagos (Baltra)
9O W
NAZCA
II_ Ca, /
/ II / SOUTH/
p._o_ [ _/ AMERICA" Mocoa
• ._ \ 0 400 km
!ou,,o/80 W 70 W
10N
0
Figure II-5 Central and South America (CASA UNO 1988) GPS site locations.
Accurate range measurements, allowing the applicationof automated phase connection algorithms as well asenabling rapid static survey techniques;
Use of the P-code when availaDle, switching to dualfrequency non-code processing when encryption is on;
Non-code processing which provides full cycle phaseambiguity, in comparison to the half cycle provided byother receivers;
Low multipath antennas which have demonstrated an orderof magnitude reduction of multipath error.
Three Rogues have been fabricated at JPL and three more have beenprocured from industry. Rogues have been used in CASAUno, GOTEX,and GEOMEX; and in investigating the post-seismic relaxationfollowing the Loma Prieta earthquake. Four Rogues have also beenprocured for the DSN. These receivers were used to measure theEarth's ionospheric content during the Voyager/Neptune encounteron August 25, 1989.
The Rogue design is compatible with the new generation of gatearray technology, which enables the same level of accuracy to beimplemented in a package (TurboRogue) which will be less expen-sive (targeted at $15K vs. $100K), and lighter (7kg vs. 30kg) andwhich will require less power (30 watts vs. 180 watts).
The chip design for an advanced Rogue, TurboRogue, has beencompleted, and simulations are currently being made to validateits performance. Initial contacts have been made with industry toensure a rapid transfer of this new technology.
Studies of marine geodesy requires GPS measurements of theattitude of the surface platform to accuracies not previouslyattained. In order to verify this capability, two Rogue GPSreceivers were installed on the NASA DC8 research aircraft andused to demonstrate the measurement of aircraft attitude duringflight to an accuracy of 0.02 v.
E. FLIGHT MISSIONS
i. LAGEOS-II
LAGEOS-II was initiated in 1984 as a cooperative mission between
the Consiglio Nazionale della Ricerche/Piano Spaziale Nazionale
(CNR/PSN) of Italy, since renamed Agenzia Spaziale Italiana
(ASI), and NASA. It is expected to be launched in 1991 aboard the
National Space Transportation System (NSTS) using the Italian
Research Interim Stage (IRIS) which ASI is developing as an
Italian national space project.
Essentially identical to LAGEOS-I (launched by NASA in 1976), thesurface of LAGEOS-II is covered by 426 equally-spaced laser Cube
Corner Retroreflectors (CCRs) of which four are germanium and
the rest (422) are made of fused silica (Figure II-6).
17
Figure II-6 LAGEOS-II Spacecraft.
In 1988, Aeritalia under contract to ASI, completed the fabrica-tion of the LAGEOS-II spacecraft. The spacecraft was shipped toGSFC and optical characterization testing was performed on thespacecraft. At the completion of characterization testing thespacecraft was returned to Aeritalia for storage, pendingdelivery to the Kennedy Space Center (KSC} in 1991 for launch.
At KSC, the LAGEOS-II spacecraft and a LAGEOSApogee Stage (LAS)will be attached to the IRIS and installed into the NSTS. Afterrelease from the NSTS, the IRIS will be used to transfer theLAGEOS-II/LAS to an orbital altitude of 5900km and an orbitalinclination of about 41 . The LAS will provide the impulse tocircularize the orbit at 5900km, w_th an eccentricity of lessthan 0.02 and to attain the final 52 _ inclination.
ASI will integrate and deliver the LAGEOS-II/LAS/IRIS flight
system to NASA; support the NSTS launch, flight, and landing
operations; and command IRIS and LAS to insert the LAGEOS-IIsatellite into the planned orbit. NASA has provided existing
ground support equipment, hardware, and software remaining fromthe LAGEOS-I mission, and performed the optical characterization
tests. NASA will also provide technical consultation to support
ASI assembly and integration of LAGEOS-II/LAS/IRIS, launch the
package on NSTS as a payload of opportunity, determine its
orbit, and coordinate LAGEOS-II data acquisition by NASA and
other countries' SLR systems.
LAGEOS-II, is a passive satellite dedicated to laser ranging.
Along with LAGEOS-I, it is expected to improve by approximatelya factor of two the accuracies of the geodetic quantities
produced by LAGEOS-I alone. SLR tracking of the two satellites
will greatly enhance research in the areas of plate tectonics,
regional crustal deformation, geodetic reference frames, Earth
orientation, gravity field modeling, and Earth and ocean tides.
In 1988, NASA and ASI issued a joint research announcement
requesting proposals for investigations which would use LAGEOS-II data. The announcement provided for investigators in Europe,
Africa, and the middle East to submit proposals to ASI: all other
countries were to submit proposals to NASA. The proposals
received were evaluated separately by the two Agencies. In
early 1989: NASA selected 14 and ASI selected 12 LAGEOS-
II investigations and investigators. These investigators will beformed into a LAGEOS-II Science Working Group.
2. LAGEOS-III
It has been suggested that placing another LAGEOS spacecraft into
an orbit supplementary to that of LAGEOS-I would permit thedetection of the Lense-Thirring (frame-dragging) effect predicted
by General Relativity. This mission is primarily related to
astrophysics. However, since a third LAGEOS would also contribute
to a number of SES objectives, it is also of interest to the SES
Program.
The geodetic and frame-dragging precessions can be measured via
laser ranging to a LAGEOS spacecraft launched into a carefully-
19
oriented Earth orbit. Geodetic precession produced as the Earthmoves around the sun and frame-dragging caused by the Earth'srotation combine to precess the line of nodes of the orbit.Orbital measurements of LAGEOS-I would be compared with orbitalmeasurements of a new spacecraft (LAGEOS-III) which will havea supplementary orbital inclination. This combined geometrycancels non-relativistic precession contributions due to theEarth's non-sphericity. The tracking technology required is nodifferent from that presently used for LAGEOS-I, but the accura-cy requirement for inserting LAGEOS-III into the correct orbitis very strict if the non-relativistic effects are to cancel atthe desired level. This two-spacecraft concept is conceptu-ally similar to an earlier suggestion of using two counter-orbiting satellites in polar orbit to cancel non-relativisticeffects and measure the relativistic precession (Van Patten andEveritt, 1976).
After an initial error analysis by the University of Texas atAustin, NASAand ASI formed study groups in May 1988 to conduct amore detailed analysis and to establish feasibility through acomprehensive numerical simulation. At about the same time, NASAHeadquarters established a LAGEOS-III Science Advisory Group toprovide guidance to the study groups, to monitor the studyresults for NASA, and to estimate the accuracy of the recovery ofthe Lense-Thirring effect using this approach.
The report of the Science Advisory Group to be released in early1990 is expected to conclude that at the 70% confidence level therecovery accuracy would be in the range of 7% to 17%.
3. Maqnetic Field Explorer/Maqnolia
A combination of the MFE and Magnolia has been proposed as a
single NASA/CNES mission for long-term measurements of the geo-
magnetic field.
A NASA/CNES Study Team was formed to conduct both a conceptual
study (Ousley, et. al., 1987) and a system definition study
(Ousley and Runavot, 1988). The Study Team recommended that NASA
and CNES undertake a cooperative project combining long-term
magnetic field measurements with simultaneous electric field
measurements. Essentially the report recommended an equitable
distribution of effort (launch vehicle, spacecraft, instruments
and ground operations) and provided a basic spacecraft/mission
concept to accomplish the joint scientific objectives.
Data from the MAGSAT mission provided an accurate description
of the main geomagnetic field in 1980 (Langel, et. al., 1985).
Another such mission of longer duration is required to obtain a
description of the field at a later epoch together with measure-
ments of the temporal variation at the epoch. The combination of
data from the two missions would give an estimate of the temporal
change between missions. These measurements would greatly
enhance our understanding of the physical processes involved in
the generation of the magnetic field and of the nature of the
source regions, and would provide a valuable set of data for
both solid Earth and space plasma physics studies.
20
A knowledge of the detailed time and space dependence of the geo-magnetic field at the Earth's surface can be used to study theproperties of the fluid motion in the core. The actual values ofthe fluid velocity in the upper core may be recoverable from themagnetic data, and a sufficiently long time series may giveinsight into the forces which drive the dynamo. Current plans
for polar orbiting platforms do not include magnetometry untilthe late 1990's. Thus, in order to maximize chances of obtaining
continuous magnetic field monitoring beginning in the mid 1990's,
a MFE/Magnolia minimum mission lifetime of 4 years is required.
A MFE/Magnolia mission l_unched in early 1995 on Ariane 4,initially into a 600km, 86 inclination orbit, is needed for the
study of the higher harmonics of the core field and meets the
mission objectives. The baseline mission includes four magneto-
meters (two from NASA and two from CNES) and an electric field
experiment usinq six 13-meter extendable antennaes similar to
those flown on the Dynamics Explorer Mission. In addition to its
basic magnetic field investigation, MFE/Magnolia will investigate
large scale electric field structures and their relationshipwith ionospheric currents, study the global direct current
electric field, and carry out a comprehensive investigation of
the vector electric field.
The study effort between NASA AND CNES continues and a decision
on a cooperative mission is expected in FY 1991.
4. ARISTOTELES
The ARISTOTELES mission is intended to investigate the structure
and dynamics of the crust and mantle of the Earth. As planned by
ESA, ARISTOTELES will _rry a two-dimensional array of highlyaccurate (one part in i0 _ g) electrostatic accelerometers which
are arranged to measure the gradients of the Earth's gravityfield. This mission meets the 10 -2 E accuracy and 100km
resolution measurement requirement needed for many SES studies
(NASA, 1987).
Since the structure and dynamics of the crust are reflected in
both the gravity and magnetic field data, composite measure-
ments of gravity and magnetic fields at the same spatial
resolution should provide a much more complete picture. Conse-
quently, ESA and NASA have discussed the possible contribution
by NASA, to the presently planned mission, of scalar and vector
magnetometers, a GPS receiver for improved orbital tracking, and
the provision of a Delta-2 type launch vehicle.
Under the proposed scenario, ARISTOTELES would orbit the Earth at200km for 6-8 months before moving to 500-800km for the remainder
of the mission duration (3-4 years). Magnetic field measurements
at the higher altitude would complement MFE/Magnolia measurements
and provide for continuous measurements of the main field until
EOS is in orbit.
The initial ESA study for the baseline mission (without magneto-
meters) has been completed and a new study is underway to
21
determine the mission/spacecraft impact and the additional costassociated with adding the magnetometers.
The solar cycle dictates that the ideal time for launch is late1996 to mid 1977 to minimize atmospheric drag during the initiallow altitude phase of the mission.
5. Gravity Probe-B
The GP-B mission of the NASA Astrophysics Division is planned
for launch in 1997 to detect to about 1% the Lense-Thirringeffect predicted by General Relativity. The concept is to use an
extremely precise set of cryogenic gyros to measure during oneyear the anticipated frame-dragging of about 42mas. To achieve
the needed measurement accuracy, the GP-B is designed to be
"drag-free": helium gas boil-off is used to compensate for all
non-gravitational forces. It is this "drag-free" feature which
makes GP-B of interest to the SES Program. Studies have shown
that with its polar orbit and orbital altitude of approximately
600km, accurate tracking of GP-B over a period of several years
is capable of significantly improving our knowledge of the
intermediate wave-length components of the Earth's gravity field.
The tracking accuracy needed is of the order of a few tens of
centimeters, and can be achieved by augmenting the mission bythe addition of a GPS receiver and CCRs.
6. Geoscience Laser Ranqinq System
Knowledge of the strain surrounding regional and local fault
zones is fundamental to the understanding of crustal movements. A
precise and viable method for rapid and frequent strain
measurements can now be achieved due to advances in laser
technology and the ability to range with lasers from a stable
platform in space. A variation of this method can be appliedto acquire altimetric topographical data for studies in several
Earth-sensing disciplines. Some examples are: ice sheet volume in
oceanography; rift valley delineation in geomorphology; and
cloud-top heights in meterology. The ranging and altimetry
techniques are combined in the Geoscience Laser Ranging System
(GLRS), a facility instrument being developed by NASA/GSFC to flyon EOS.
The GLRS will perform geodetic quality observations to determine
the intersite distance and relative height between fixed CCRs
arrayed about fault zone surfaces, and to measure vertical
height to the Earth surface along the nadir orbital track. In the
first mode, the laser beam points at individual CCRs in order and
the range time from the generation of the laser pulse to the
pulse return is measured. As described below, the range measure-
ments are made by transmitting pulses at both 532 and 355nm. The
round trip travel time for the green pulse is measured to providethe basic range measurement. This travel time is measured to
10ps, corresponding to a range precision of l. Smm. The range
measurement is corrected for atmospheric propagation delay by
measuring the relative flight times of the green and ultraviolet
pulses to an accuracy of 2ps using a streak camera detector. This
22
measurement obviates the need for ground atmospheric sensors. Thealtimetry profiling is similar, except that it requires nocorrection; the beam is diffusely reflected off the surface, andthe waveform to the return pulse is electronically analyzed.
A conceptual diagram for the GLRS is shown in Figure II-7. Thelaser transmitter generates pulses at three wavelengths at therate of 40pps, with a divergence of 0.1mr. The 1064nm infraredpulse is used for altimetry. The 532nm green pulse and the 355nmultraviolet pulses are used for laser ranging. Laser ranging to aCCR begins when the pair outgoing range pulses trips an eventtimer. The pulses are aimed at the CCRswith the pointing mirror.They travel to the CCR, are reflected, return in a wide patternto intercept the instrument, and are then relayed by the pointingmirror into the 18cm receiving telescope. The angle andlight intensity of a portion of the green return pulse aredetected by an angle tracker for feedback to the control-ler, which directs the gimbal motion of the beam pointingmirror. When the green light is detected by a photo-multiplier,it stops the time-of-flight measurement. Some green light alongwith the 355nm pulse is also detected in the streak camera whichmeasures the pulse separation of the returned 532nm and 355nmpulses.
GLRSwill have star trackers, and will make use of the EOSthree-axis gyro and GPS receiver to provide position and attitudeinformation for the pointing system and to locate the altimeterpulses on the nadir track to 5 arcseconds. Ranging measurementdata, target location data, control commands, and softwareprograms for operation are handled by the system computer.
Simulations have been conducted to estimate the accuracy withwhich baseline lengths, heights, and orbital parameters can bedetermined using typical GLRS data. Noise-limited calculationsindicate uncertainties of 2 to 3mm for a typical CCR grid; thenoise-plus-bias uncertainty is less than icm for distances up to250km, with vertical accuracies better than l. Scm. By tuning theorbital parameters, the orbit error is less than a few tens ofcentimeters over a 3 to 16 day period.
Conceptual design studies were completed in 1989 and systemdefinition studies are to be completed in 1990. In 1989, NASAselected 13 investigators for the GLRS. These investigatorswere formed into a team which is guiding the development of theGLRS system.
The GLRS is scheduled to be placed into orbit aboard the secondE0S platform.
7. Superconductinq Gravity Gradiometer Mission
The development of a cryogenic, three-axis, gravity gradiometer
(SGG) has been underway at the University of Maryland since 1980.
Initially, it was planned that the Superconducting Gravity
Gradiometer (SGG), would have an accuracy of 10-_E. In 1983,
a conference on g_adiometery for space concluded that an accuracyof at least 3xl0-_E would be needed (NASA, 1984c).
23
DATA BUS
FIRE COMMAND
CLOUD DAIA
TOPOGRAPHY
TRIG
_} WAVEFORMDIGITIZERS
TRIG
FREQ TRIPLED
DIODE
PUMPED
MODE LOCKED
Nd:YAG
LASER
,_ STREAK
TUBE Et
READOUT
TIME OF FLIGHT
A
TRACKING [RRORS
TELEMETRY
SYSTEM
COMPUTER
GY.OANoIOOAL.,SA1I,NERT,ALIACC IStartracKerg
J A]-rlTUDE EPOCH J COMPUTER
i TIME UPDATES [
FROM GPS
SATELLITE
S 'C POS CONSTELLATION
EPOCH //TIME
UPDATEE
RECEIVER
POINTING
MOUNT
CLOUD PREDICT
MEMORY J
OBS
\
532
355 nm
FIXED RANGING
TFLESCOPE
1064 nm
FIXED
ALTIMETER
TELESCOPE
POINTING
COMMANDS
_-_CONTROLLER
SERVO
COMMANDS
I
GROUND TARG_
Figure II-7 Geoscience Laser Ranging System.
An interagency study team was formed in 1985 under the direction
of the Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) to evaluate methods
of testing the gradiometer in space and to develop spacecraft
design concepts suitable for the SGGM. The principal report of
the SGGM Study Team was published in 1988 (NASA, 1988b). An
Executive Summary of the report was published in 1989 (NASA,
1989). The Study Team recommended the use of a NSTS-launched
free-flyer for testing the SGG. In 1990, studies will be
initiated to determine the feasibility of carrying the SGG on a
NSTS-supported platform.
In 1988, the first tests of a three-axis SGG instrument (Model-
II) were successfully completed, and work was started on an
improved version (Model-III). Tests of a single-axis of Model-IIIwere initiated in early 1989. These tests continued through
most of 1989, and it is now expected that a fully tested labor-
atory version of the SGG will be available by the end of 1991.
SGGM will benefit greatly from the experience of the ARISTOTELES
experiment and its higher resolution will enable studies of
lithospheric phenomena, while the spatial resolution ofARISTOTELES will bring insight to mantle convection processes.
25
SECTION III. PROGRAM CHRONOLOGY: 1988-1989
A. 1988
JANUARY 1988
The Haleakala, Hawaii, Lunar Laser Ranging Station wasmodified to add a path length compensator. With the modifi-
cation and a new Microchannel Photomultiplier Tube
performance was improved to 2cm (rms).
- A GPS receiver was installed at Haleakala, Hawaii.
- The Israeli Space Agency approved funding for the upgrade ofthe Bar Giyyora SLR Station.
- A report was issued on the gravity workshop held in ColoradoSprings in February 1987.
The GPS CASA Uno 88 campaign was conducted in central and
northwestern South America: it involved 44 GPS receivers in13 countries.
FEBRUARY 1988
- The second VLBI Technology Workshop was held near Monterey,CA.
- First mobile VLBI campaign of 1988 was initiated; data were
acquired at nine sites, using three VLBI base stations.
The first VLBI South Pacific
Kokee Park, Hawaii; Kashima,Tidbindilla, Australia.
Campaign involved stations at
Japan; Shanghai, China; and
- Testing of TLRS-3 was completed and it was deployed toMojave, CA; TLRS-2 returned to Easter Island.
- A joint PSN/NASA LAGEOS-II Research Announcement wasreleased.
A NASA VLBI Panel was established by the Geodynamic ProgramOffice: the purpose was to evaluate and recommend the roleof VLBI in the 1990's.
- Since the Geopotential Research Mission (GRM) was termi-
nated, the GRM Science Steering Group was disbanded.
The first test of the Model-II three-axis gravity gradio-
meter was successfully completed by the University ofMaryland.
A draft of a revised Five-Agency MOU, which superceded the
MOU signed in 1981, was distributed to the agencies forreview and comment.
26
MARCH 1988
- The fourteenth CDP Investigator's Working Group meeting washeld at JPL.
- The LLR MOWG met to review data from stations in Haleakala,
Hawaii; MLRS, TX; and Graz, France (CERGA).
TLRS-I was refurbished and shipped to Cabo San Lucas,
Mexico; TLRS-4 completed final checkout at the Goddard
Optical Ranging Facility (GORF); and TLRS-2 completed its
tour at Easter Island and was shipped to Huahine, French
Polynesia.
As part of the WEGENER exchange program,
the U.S. for a tour of Richmond, FL;
Valley, CA; and Platteville, CO.
MTLRS-I arrived in
Westford, MA; Owens
- The first of the new HP A400 computers was installed
at the Fairbanks, Alaska, VLBI Station.
- The Washington VLBI Correlator was upgraded to the same
configuration as the Haystack VLBI Correlator.
- The MLRS was closed down in preparation for the move to itsnew site on Mt. Folkes.
- A new agreement was drafted with CNES for continuation
of measurements at Huahine, French, Polynesia.
A NASA Water Vapor Radiometer Panel (WVR) was established
by the Geodynamic Program Office to evaluate the
effectiveness of WVRs for VLBI. The first meeting was heldat JPL.
- NASA/CNES meetings on MFE/Magnolia were held to discuss
new start possibilities.
APRIL 1988
- The USGS Brush Station was approved as a replacement for theFort Ord VLBI site.
- A troublesome VLBI-GPS discrepancy at Mojave,
identified as a survey problem.
CA, was
- The new Shanghai, China, VLBI station joined stations in
Hawaii and Japan in a Pacific Plate Motion Experiment.
- The second mobile VLBI campaign of 1988 was initiated; itincluded nine mobile sites and four base stations.
The first meeting of the VLBI Panel was held at NASA
Headquarters. The Panel heard reports from NGS, NSF,
USNO, and NRAO on their projected needs for VLBI measure-ments.
27
- The MFE/Magnolia Phase-B Study Team Report was released.
MAY 1988
A contract was signed with Universidad Nacional de San
Agustin, Peru, for continued operation of the Arequipa SLRStation.
The CDP was informed that the Wuchang Laser Station in
China began tracking and that China was willing to send datato the CDDIS.
- The seventh LAGEOS-II Science Working Group met at Matera,
Italy.
- The first geodetic VLBI experiment to use the 34m antenna at
Tidbindilla, Australia, was conducted.
Two Rogue GPS receivers were flown on the NASA DC-8 to
verify kinematic attitude determination for submarine
geodetic system development.
The NASA Geodynamic Program initiated
Geodynamics Workshop in the summer of 1989
program for the next decade.
plans for a
to develop a
JUNE _988
The J0-3 WVR was sent to Sweden to participate in intercom-
parison tests with the Onsala radiometer and balloon-borneinstruments.
- The CDP was informed that the Hawaiian VLBI Station may beturned over to the U.S. Air Force.
- NGS installed a GPS receiver at Fort Davis, TX.
TLRS-I was at Cabo San Lucas, Mexico; TLRS-2 was in
Huahine, French Polynesia; TLRS-3 completed its tour at
Mojave, CA, and moved to Otay Mountain, CA; and MTLRS-I was
at Richmond, FL.
- A revised CDP site catalogue was released.
- MV-3 was shipped to Israel as a replacement for MV-I, which
was scrapped.
- Coolfont, WV, was selected as the site for the 1989
Geodynamics Workshop.
JULY 1988
The NASA Geodynamics Program investigators participated
in an international workshop on The Interdisciplinary Role
of Space Geodesy held in Erice, Sicily.
28
The fourth Alaskan VLBI Campaign was started: MV-3 went to
Hawaii and MV-2 went to Alaska. The Campaign involved five
sites: Kodiak, Sand Point, Sourdough, and Yakataga (all in
Alaska), and Whitehorse in Canada. Base stations used were
Mojave, CA; Fairbanks, Alaska; and Westford, MA.
AUGUST 1988
- The 1988 VLBI Atlantic-Pacific Experiment was completed.
- ASI was established and replaced the previous PSN.
- A VLBI Mark-II1 system was installed at the DSN Station in
Madrid, Spain.
TLRS-I was at Haystack, MA; TLRS-2 was at Huahine, French
Polynesia; TLRS-3 was at Otay Mountain, CA; and MTLRS-I wasat Platteville, CO.
- NBS WVR tests were underway in Boulder, CO. The purpose was
to compare NBS, NASA, and commercial radiometers.
- The Kootwijk SLR Station in The Netherlands terminated
operations.
- NASA received 22 proposals and ASI received i0 proposals in
response to a joint LAGEOS-II Research Announcement.
- The NASA 1989 Geodynamics Workshop was expanded to include
planning for the NASA Geology Program.
SEPTEMBER 1988
- TLRS-2 was shipped to Easter Island; TLRS-I was at Westford,
MA; and MTLRS-I was at Lampedusa, Italy.
A meeting was held at Haystack,
improving VLBI accuracy.
MA, to develop plans for
Chapman Conferences on GPS and gravity were held at Ft.
Lauderdale, FL.
OCTOBER 1988
The fourth mobile VLBI campaign of 1988 was started: data
were acquired at 13 mobile sites and 6 base stations
including the first VLBA station at Pie Town, NM.
TLRS-3 was at GORF in preparation for shipment to Chile;
TLRS-I completed its tour at Westford, MA, and returned to
GORF for update; and MTLRS-I was at Owens Valley, CA.
- NASA GPS receivers were sent to Australia and New Zealand to
support the NGS GOTEX experiment.
- The CDP IWG meeting in Munich, FRG, was attended by over
200 participants.
29
- A LAGEOS-II SWGmeeting was held to discuss optical testsand the possibility of thermal testing.
A LLR Management Operations Working Group (MOWG)meeting atthe Centre d'Etudes et de Recherches Geodynamique et
Astronomiques (CERGA) reviewed improvements to the CERGA
Station and discussed the technical status and develop-ment of LLR stations.
- ESA requested that the NASA Geodynamics Program support SLR
tracking of ERS-I.
NOVEMBER 1988
- The LAGEOS-II spacecraft laser characterization tests werestarted.
VLBI managers of 12 U.S. stations and 5 foreign stations met
at GSFC to discuss new developments in hardware, software,
and data analysis.
- MV-2 was at JPL; MY-3 was at Presidio, CA.
- MTLRS-I completed its tour at Owens Valley, CA, and prepared
to return to Europe.
The Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer Mission Study Team
Report (Vol. II-NASA TM 4091) was issued: work was started
on the Executive Summary (Vol. I-NASA TM 4091).
The panels for the 1989 Geodynamics/Geology Workshop at
Coolfont, WV, were established and invitations were sent
to the proposed participants.
DECEMBER 1988
At the Fall AGU, twenty-five papers were presented by
Geodynamics investigators on plate motion, Earth rotation,and crustal deformation.
- A MOU was discussed with the Korean Space Agency.
- NGS installed new GPS receivers at Mojave, CA; Westford,
MA; and Richmond, FL.
- VLBI operations at the Owens Valley Radio Observatory wereterminated.
- A draft agreement was initiated with the National Technical
University in Greece.
- MTLRS-I returned to FRG.
The Geodynamics Program established the NASA GPS Panel
to recommend criteria for replacing the mobile VLBI, plans
for use of GPS, and to define NASA's role in GPS
3O
applications. The first meeting of the Panel was held in SanFrancisco in conjunction with the American Geophysical Union
(AGU) meeting.
B. 1989
JANUARY 1989
- The first of the Block-II GPS satellites was launched.
- TLRS-4 was completed and was deployed to Mojave,
moved to Presidio, CA.
CA; MV-2
- Plans for the NASA 1989 mobile VLBI observing program were
restricted to use of MV-2; MV-3 will be used exclusively for
NGS programs.
- The USSR launched the Etalon-i satellite (similar to
LAGEOS-I, but in a 19,000km orbit).
- A NASA team conducted a review of the SLR/LLR Station in
Orroral, Australia, and participated in a Critical Design
Review of the Saudi Arabian Laser Ranging Observatory.
- NASA and ASI selected 23 LAGEOS-II investigations.
FEBRUARY 1989
Tests of the Pie Town, NM, VLBI antenna, the first of ten
VLBA stations, showed formal uncertainties of 5mm in thehorizontal and 20mm in the vertical.
- A meeting was held at JPL to discuss CDP SLR support of
TOPEX tracking.
- At a pre-Coolfont meeting of Panel Co-chairs held at GSFC
the panel structure for the 1989 Geophysics Workshop
(previously Geodynamics/Geology Workshop) and the proposed
program objectives were revised.
- NASA announced the selection of 13 investigations for the
EOS/GLRS.
- A meeting of the SGGM Study Team was held at the
University of Maryland.
MARCH 1989
- A 32-meter VLBI antenna at Noto, Sicily, was completed.
In support of the 1989 WEGENER Campaign, TLRS-I was shipped
to Athens, Greece.
At a GPS meeting in Las Cruces, NM, a paper by the Univer-
sity of Berne showed uniform movement of the Yakataga, AK,
site at 8cm/yr for the past five years.
31
A meeting of SLR network personnel and GSFC electro-opticsengineers was held to coordinate improvements in SLRtechnology.
- The Five-Agency MOU was distributed to the agencies forsignature.
APRIL 1989
The sixteenth CDP IWG was held at JPL: ii0 papers and
posters were presented. The meeting was held in conjunc-
tion with investigators of the NASA Geology Program.
Global intercomparisons of VLBI and SLR solutions for 16
locations showed an overall rms agreement for all stations
of 39mm.
- A pre-Coolfont meeting was held to review initial drafts of
position papers prepared by the Panels.
- A VLBI Mark-III system was shipped to Noto, Sicily,
begin preparations for an operational test.
to
A MOU was drafted between NASA and the USNO to provide for
shared operations and funding for the Fairbanks, AK, and
the Kokee Park, HI, VLBI Stations.
MTLRS-I was at Lampedusa, Italy; TLRS-I was at Roumeli,
Greece; TLRS-2 completed operations at Huahine, French
Polynesia, and was preparing to move to Easter Island; TLRS-
3 was at GORF, and TLRS-4 was preparing to leave Mojave, CA,
to go to Mexico.
An Atmospheric Moisture Intercomparison Study was initiated
at the Wallops Flight Facility. The comparisons amomg
different techniques yielded similar results.
- MV-2 was at Platteville, CO.
The CSTG Subcommission on Space Geodetic Measurement Sites
held its first meeting at JPL. The purpose of the Sub-
commission is to recommend site catalog and surveystandards.
The WEGENER/Medlas Campaign for 1989 was rescheduled due to
TLRS-I shipping problems and technical problems with the
MTLRS-2. In the new schedule, MTLRS-2 and TLRS-I, together,
will occupy five sites while MTLRS-I will occupy four sites.
- A meeting of the LAGEOS-II SWG was held to review results ofthe laser characterization tests.
32
MAY 1989
- The GPS GeoMex 89 experiment was conducted: measurementswere made across the Gulf of California and on Guadalupa
Island.
- A pre-Coolfont meeting of Panel Co-chairs was held to review
the revised panel position papers and to finalize prepar-
ations for the Workshop.
- A draft of the NASA VLBI Panel Report was mailed to the Co-
chairs for the Coolfont Workshop.
remained in The- MTLRS-I was at Lampedusa, Italy; MTLRS-2
Netherlands due to laser problems.
JUNE 1989
The Geodynamics Program participated in an Italian workshop
held in Trevi, Italy, on the scientific objectives and plansfor ARISTOTELES.
The fourth International Conference on the WEGENER/Medlas
Project was held at Scheveningen, The Netherlands, to
discuss results and compare data analysis techniques of six
independent groups.
The Program Panel for the Coolfont Workshop met to develop a
draft of the program plan for the next decade.
TLRS-I completed measurements at the Roumeli, Crete, site
and was enroute to Yigilca, Turkey; MTLRS-I was at Karitsa,
Greece.
- MY-3 stopped at GORF on its way to Europe.
- The LAGEOS-II Ground Operations Working Group met at KSC.
JULY 1989
The 1989 NASA Geophysics Workshop was held at Coolfont, WV,
and was attended by 130 participants from ii countries
and 4 other federal agencies.
- The fifth Alaskan Campaign was initiated; MV-2 was at Sand
Point, AK.
- At the first stop on its European tour, reimbursed by IfAG,
MV-3 was at Helsinki, Finland.
- NGS terminated VLBI operations at Fort Davis, TX.
- NASA Headquarters reorganized the Geodynamics and Geology
Programs into the SES Branch.
- TLRS-I was in Yigilca, Turkey.
33
- The USSR launched Etalon-II.
- The LAGEOS-II Pre-Storage Review was held at Turino, Italy.
AUGUST 1989
The Coolfont Program Panel completed a first draft of a
report on the major initiatives for the NASA Solid Earth
Science Program for the 1990's.
The Hawaii Kokee Park 9-meter Station was transferred to
CDP: the CDP will provide multi-agency support for other
investigations.
- MV-2 was at Whitehorse, Canada; MV-3 was at Bergen, Norway.
MTLRS-I was at
Greece; TLRS-3for validation
Mexico.
Yozgat, Turkey; MTLRS-2 was at Askites,
was at GORF for a performance check and
of new software; TLRS-4 was at Ensenada,
- The first Noto, Sicily, VLBI experiments were performed.
- As part of its Global Sea Level Program,Mark-III to Tasmania, Australia.
NGS shipped a
- The final NASA VLBI Panel Report was delivered to
Headquarters.
SEPTEMBER 1989
Analysis of 1989 Alaskan data showed that Kodiak, SandPoint, and Sourdough continue to move relative to Fairbanks
in a manner consistent with previous years. An 8 cm "jump"
in the Cape Yakatoga data was confirmed.
- MV-3 completed observations at Brest,
Grasse, France.
France, and moved to
MTLRS-I was at Diyarbakir, Turkey; MTLRS-2 was at Askites,
Greece; TLRS-I was at Yigilca, Turkey; TLRS-2 was at
Huahine, French Polynesia, and was preparing to move to
Easter Island; TLRS-3 was at GORF; and TLRS-4 was at
Ensenada, Mexico.
- The WEGENER Management Board held a meeting
Bodenderf, FRG, to discuss future plans.
in Bad
OCTOBER 1989
- The seventh International Symposium on Laser Ranging Instru-
mentation was held at Matera, Italy.
- The seventeenth CDP IWG meeting held at GSFC was attended by
145 people, including representatives of seven countries.
34
- The first meeting of the European Laser (EurLas) Network washeld in Matera, Italy.
- MTLRS-I was at Kattavia, Greece; and TLRS-I was atMelengiclik, Turkey.
- MV-2 and -3 made post-Loma Prieta earthquake observations atthree sites in California: the Presido in San Francisco,
Fort Ord, and Point Reyes.
- GPS Rogue receivers were deployed and a Rapid Static Survey
technique was used to measure post-seismic relaxation in the
epicentral region following the earthquake.
NOVEMBER 1989
- TLRS-I moved to Xrisokelleria, Greece; MTLRS-I was at
Askites, Greece.
- TLRS-4 completed measurements in Ensenada, Mexico, and was
diverted to Mojave, CA, for post-Loma Prieta earthquake
observations.
DECEMBER 1989
- Reports on the results of the NASA Geophysics Workshop andthe Loma Prieta earthquake observations were reported at the
Fall AGU.
- TLRS-I moved to Punta sa Menta, Italy.
- The upgraded Moblas-2 at Bar Giyyora, Israel, successfully
ranged to LAGEOS-II and Ajisai.
- A Mark-III VLBI terminal was shipped to Noto, Italy, to
support measurements of Intra-European geodetic ties.
- A major failure occurred in the Moblas-7 slip ring assembly.
- A LAGEOS-II Flight Safety Review was held at JSC.
- A GPS receiver was installed at the Goldstone complex of the
DSN.
was mounted in a buoy to test marine
multipath environment for submarine- A Rogue receiver
operability and
applications.
- The VLSI gate array design for the TurboRogue GPS receiver
was completed.
35
REFERENCES
Baldi, P., and Susanna Zerbini, eds., Proceedings of the
Third International Conference on the WEGENER/MEDLAS Project,
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Frey, H.V., and J.M. Bosworth, Measuring Contemporary Crustal
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36
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37
APPENDIXA
GLOSSARY OF ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AGU American Geophysical Union
Ajisai Satellite with CCRs (Japan)ARISTOTELES
ASI
CASA
CCRs
CDDIS
CDP
CERGA
cm
CNES
CNR
COTES
CSTG
DSGS
DSN
E
EOS
ERS-I
ESA
Etalon
FLINN
FRG
GEOMEX
GEOS
GGN
GLRS
GORF
GoTex
GP-B
GPS
GRM
GRMSSG
GSFC
IAU
I fAG
IGRF
IRIS
IUGG
JPL
JSC
Km
KSC
LAGEOS-I
LAGEO S- I I
LAS
Applications and Research Involving Space
Techniques Observing the Earths's Field from Low
Earth Orbiting Satellite
Agenzia Spaziale ItalianaCentral And South America (GPS experiment)
Corner Cube Retroreflectors
Crustal Dynamics Data Information System
Crustal Dynamics ProjectCentre d'Etudes et de Recherches Geodynamique et
Astronomiques
Centimeter
Centre Nationale d'Etudes Spatiales (France)
Consiglo Nationale della Ricerche (Italy)
Joint Working Group on the Establishment and
Maintenance of a Conventional Terrestrial Reference
SystemCommission for Coordination of Space Techniques for
Geodesy and Geodynamics
Densely Spaced Geodetic Systems
Deep Space NetworkEotvos Unit (i0 -_ sec -2)
Earth Observing SystemESA Remote Sensing Satellite
European Space AgencySatellite with CCRs (USSR)
Fiducial Laboratory for an International
science Network
Federal Republic of Germany
Geodesy in Mexico
Geodynamic Experimental Ocean Satellite
Global Geophysical Networks
Geoscience Laser Ranging System
Goddard Optical Research Facility
Global Tracking Experiment
Gravity Probe-B
Global Positioning System
Geopotential Research Mission
GRM Science Steering Group
Goddard Space Flight CenterInternational Astronomical Union
Institut fur Angewandte Geodaesie (FRG)
International Geomagnetic Reference Field
Italian Research Interim Stage (Italy)
International Union for Geodesy and Geodynamics
Jet Propulsion Laboratory
Johnson Space CenterKilometer
Kennedy Space Center
Laser Geodynamics Satellite (U.S.)
Laser Geodynamics Satellite (Italy)
LAGEOS Apogee Stage
Natural
A1
LLRMagnoliaMAGSAT
Medlas
MFE
mgalMLRS
mm
Moblas
MOU
MOWG
mr
msMSFC
MTLRS
MV
NASA
NBS
NGS
nm
NOAA
NRAO
ns
NSF
NSTS
nT
NUVEL-I
OSSA
pps
psPSN
rms
RSS
SEASAT
SES
SGG
SGGM
SLR
SSG
Starlette
SWG
TLRS
TOPEX
USGS
USNO
VLBA
VLBI
VLSI
WEGENER
WVR
Lunar Laser Ranging
Magnetic Field Satellite (France)
Magnetic Field Satellite (U.S.)
Mediterranean Laser Project (WEGENER)
Magnetic Fie!_ Explore_ (U.S.)Milligal (i0 _ cm sec -, approximately 10 -6 g)
McDonald Laser Ranging Station
Millimeter
Mobile Laser
Memorandum of Understanding
Management Operations Working GroupMillradian
Millisecond
Marshall Space Flight Center
Modular Transportable Laser Ranging SystemMobile VLBI
National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNational Bureau of Standards
National Geodetic SurveyNanometer
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
National Radio Astronomy ObservatoryNanosecond
National Science Foundation
National Space Transportation SystemNanoTesla
Tectonic Plate Model (DeMets)
Office of Space Science and Applications (NASA)
Pulses per secondPicosecond
Piano Spaziale Nazionale (Italy)Root mean sum
Rapid Static Survey (GPS)
Ocean Dynamics Monitoring SatelliteSolid Earth Science
Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer
Superconducting Gravity Gradiometer Mission
Satellite Laser Ranging
Science Steering Group
Satellite with CCRs (France)
Science Working Group
Transportable Laser Ranging Station
Ocean Topography Experiment
United States Geological Survey
United States Naval Observatory
Very Long Baseline Array
Very Long Baseline Interferometry
Very Large Scale Integrated circuit
Working group of European Geo-scientists for the
Establishment of Networks for Earthquake Research
Water Vapor Radiometer
A2
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B122
ReportNa_or'_aJA_onaulcs anO.c_lc e a_a_raqo_
1. Report No.
NASA TH-4220
Documentation Page
2. Government Accession No.
4. Title and Subtitle
NASA Geodynamlcs Program: Annual Report and Bibliography
7. Author(s)
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
NASA Office of Space Science and Applications
Earth Science and Applications Dlvlslon
Solid Earth Science Program
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
Natlonal Aeronautics and Space Administration
Washington, D.C. 20456
3. Recipient's Catalog No.
5. Report Date
August lqqO
6. Performing Organization Code
SEG
8. Performing Organization Report No.
10. Work Unit No.
11. Contract or Grant No.
13. Type of Report and Period Covered
Technical Memorandum
14. Sponsoring Agency Code
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstract
The Seventh Geodynamlcs Program report summarizes program activities and achieve-
ments during Iq88 and 1989. Included is a 115 page bibliography of the publications
associated with the NASA Geodynamlcs Program since its initiation in 1979.
17. K_ Wor_(Suggest_ byAuthor(s))
Geodynamlcs Earthquake
Geodetic Gravlty Field
Crustal Dynamics Magnetic Field
Tectonics VLBI
Laser Ranging GPS
19. Security Classff. (of this report)
Unclassified
NASA FORM 1826 OCT 86 Ava i ia b ] e
18. Distribution Statement
Unclassified - Unlimited
Subject - Category 42
_. SecuriW Classff. (of this page) 21. No. of peges
Unclassified 164
from the Nations] T_'chnicsl
22. Price
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