nasal fractures trauma to nose. nasal trauma aetiology - commonly- assault - motor vehicle accidents...
TRANSCRIPT
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Nasal fractures
Trauma to nose
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Nasal trauma
• Aetiology
- commonly - assault
- motor vehicle accidents
- sports injuries
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Nasal trauma
• Apart from actual fracture of nasal bones, injuries include:
- soft tissue
- septal cartilage fracture / dislocation
- septal bone fracture / dislocation
- septal haematoma
- csf leak - cribriform plate or skull base
- facial bone fracture
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Nasal trauma
• Injury results from various forces:
- frontal
- lateral commonest
- combined
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Nasal fractures - classification
• Class 1 - frontal or frontolateral trauma
- vertical septal fracture
- depressed or displaced distal part of nasal bones
• Class 2 - lateral trauma
- horizontal or C-shaped septal fracture
- bony or cartilaginous septum fracture
- frontal process of maxilla fracture
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Nasal fractures - classification
• Class 3 - high velocity trauma
- fracture extends to ethmoid labyrinth
- bony septum rotates posteriorly
- bridge collapse
- upturned tip, revealing nostrils
- depressed nasal bones pushed up under frontal bones
- apparent inter-ocular space widening
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Nasal trauma
• May be part of more extensive injury to face,
skull, skull-base, neck, chest …….
REMEMBER TO CONSIDER THE AIRWAY
AND EXCLUDE
CERVICAL SPINE INJURIES
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Clinical features
• Epistaxis
• Deformity
• Nasal airway obstruction
• Diplopia
• EpiphoraNaso-fronto-ethmoid fractures
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Clinical features
• There is often periorbital swelling and there may be periorbital and subconjunctival ecchymoses
• Septal haematoma may occur
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Clinical features
• Assessment may be difficult if not seen
immediately
• Thus entirely appropriate in the absence of
other injury to reassess 5-7 days later
(except in cases of purely lateral trauma where lateral displacements should be
reduced / corrected immediately)
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N.B.
• Assess nasal airway patency
• Test ocular movement and function as well as Vth nerve sensation (infra-orbital branch)
• Check dental occlusion
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N.B.
• Document all injuries, symptoms and signs
• Supplement notes with drawings, diagrams and photographs
These injuries often require reports for legal purposes and good, clear documentation is
vital
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People tend to see their faces at least once a day (and often many times) and are thus preoccupied with real and imagined changes /
deformities.
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Investigations• Most uncomplicated fractures require none
• In more serious injuries, radiography is important: - skull
- face- nasal bones
• CT scan will help to show fracture(s) if there is uncertainty and sufficient reason to exclude the possibility
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Management - soft tissue
• Clean wounds and remove foreign material
• Anti-tetanus and antibiotic cover if appropriate
• Abrasions cleaned and left open
• Steristrips to small lacerations
• Fine monofilament sutures to large lacerations
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Management - fracture
• Nothing if no deformity. Reassure and review
• Class 1 - reduce if early
- disimpact and realign
- if swollen, manipulate and reduce at 5-7 days
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Management - fracture
Class 2 - septal fracture is often overlapping so fractures redisplace
- manipulation of the nasal bones should follow excision of overlapping edges
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Manipulation should not be delayed more than 10 to 14 days as fracture(s) become “sticky” and fixed, making reduction difficult or impossible.
It is also inappropriate to try to reduce an old deformity as the attempt will
rarely succeed.
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Management - fracture
• Class 3 - requires open reduction
- depressed nasal bones need elevation and support
- septum is approached intranasally
and reduced antero-inferiorly
- malunion will require formal septorhinoplasty at 4-6 months if requested
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Management - soft tissue
• Septal haematoma(collection of blood beneath
mucoperichondrium causing bilateral complete obstruction)
- aspirate if small
- usually incise and drain with a “quilt” suture to prevent re-collection
- appropriate antibiotic cover
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Septal haematoma
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Management - soft tissue
• If septal haematoma is missed or not treated adequately, septal abscess may follow and result in cartilage necrosis and “saddle” deformity
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Saddle deformity
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Management - csf leak• Clear rhinorrhoea at any stage after trauma should
raise suspicion of cribriform plate injury
- confirm suspicion - glucose in fluid
- ß transferrin assay - fluorescein via LP - high-res CT
- antibiotic cover - until leak ceases there is risk of pneumococcal meningitis
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Management - csf leak
• Most leaks close spontaneously but some require surgical repair:
- temporalis fascia
- fascia lata
- mucosal flap from septum
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Remember that low velocity trauma usually results in isolated nasal injury, while high-velocity trauma often has accompanying facial fractures and
cervical spine injury must be considered
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Other complications• Respiratory obstruction - blood clots
- dentures / teeth
- swelling / oedema
- tongue
- laryngotracheal injury
Manage - remove obstruction
- position
- intubate/tracheostomy
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Other complications
• Haemorrhage - usually settles spontaneously
- or easily controlled by pressure
- torrential bleed from large
vessel injury can be
treated with direct pressure (if
possible), nasal packing or
exploration and ligation
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Other complications
• Inhalational injuries MAY BE FATAL
- denture / tooth fragments
- foreign material
- blood and gastric contents
Prevent
Secure airway (tracheostomy / intubation )
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Other complications
• Sensory loss - anaesthesia over maxillae and upper lip as result of
infraorbital nerve damage
- anosmia, especially if the cribriform plate is
damaged
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Septal deviations
• The nasal septum comprises cartilage and bone and supports the nasal tip.
It is inserted into the columella and the maxillary crest inferiorly and is covered by mucoperichondrium and mucoperiosteum.
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Septal deviations
• A truly straight septum is rare - deviations, deflections and spurs occur and, if severe, can cause obstruction.
• Perceptions of “abnormality” are subjective as some patients with minimal loss of airflow complain bitterly while complete obstruction is often an incidental finding in others.
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Septal deviation
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Causes
• Developmental
• Traumatic
The convexity of the septum is usually to the obstructed side while the concave side often has enlarged (compensatory) inferior and middle turbinates.
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Symptoms• Usually unilateral
• Obstruction - convex side - septum itself
- concave side - turbinate
• Facial pain / - enlarged turbinatesinusitis
• Chronic otitis - E.Tube dysfunctionmedia
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Clinical appearance
• External appearance of the nose gives idea of symmetry.
• Inspection (anterior & posterior rhinoscopy)
- deflection(s)
- caudal dislocation
- spur(s)
- compensatory turbinate enlargement
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External deformity
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Treatment• Depends on degree of symptoms / discomfort
• Is surgery is indicated, choice is between septoplasty and submucosal resection
• Aim is to straighten or remove the deviated section and reposition it in the midline, while retaining adequate support of the nasal dorsum
• Turbinates may be trimmed or realigned