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NATAKA AND CHAMPUStudy material

BA SANSKRIT

CORE COURSE

THIRD SEMESTER

(2011 Admission)

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

CALICUT UNIVERSITY P.O. MALAPPURAM, KERALA, INDIA - 673 635

Nataka and Champu 2

School of Distance Education

UNIVERSITY OF CALICUTSCHOOL OF DISTACE EDUCATION

STUDY MATERIAL:BA SANSKRITIII SEMESTERCORE COURSE

NATAKA AND CHAMPUPrepared By:

Dr. M Sathian,Assistant Professor,Department of Sanskrit,S.N.G.S. College,Pattambi, Palakkad

Edited & Scrutinised by :Sri.K.Jayanarayanan,Associate Professor,Department of Sanskrit,Sree Kerala Varma College,Thrissur.

(c)Reserved

Nataka and Champu 3

School of Distance EducationModule I

Sanskrit Dramatic Literature{Eh*

oEx +xx xi, {Eh S%vxi* {i |iIGi %l&iuSEii Ex {Eh* {Eh uvx xi* 1. nv{Eh 2. +]n={{Eh*

nv{Eh*

x]E |Eh h& |x b&*ME lREfiM

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School of Distance Educationx]E xExIh - |Ji&, V&, |i{x, Mhx, ESi xE&

n& l Efihn, ESi +n& l x& ESSS n%n& l &*

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|Eh*

|Eh {E ui n&* + Ih ii n{E -

+l |Eh fiki{t E*+i|hVE ESS xE**

v|xi { vElii{* x]Eixv|EnE**

+j& i |Eh Eli

Nataka and Champu 5

School of Distance Educationhi viSi xi {h *j{hnE x{h& {hbi ]&**

vxH|iHEnEi&*SufiRM Mi&**

i fikERE i E{i*Jxh RM RMx n{ S**

+j vi

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School of Distance EducationfiRM{ E\Si E\Si|ni**

{x r Vzi*v|{i Ei v x ix&**

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E - {\S{ji, , JixE JxE\S* l - xEi*

{E - SiRE, {JhbxE, {vOhx{ i* l - E{E*

Mni - fikxE |Ji, xE%{ |r, ni S {t ij* l -Gbi*

{E - SiRE, hxE, xhxi* l - ExEiv*

E - BERE fiRM S i* =nhOxl x |r&*

nE - SiRE, EEfikx* l - xni*

|EhE - x]E |EhlnxE, xV j xixE* =nhOxlx{i*

& - BE BRE&, {i n j&* l - EiE*

hE - h* l Enk*

B {Six {Eh ={{Eh S* |i Eix\Sx {EM xix{Eh x{S& |ni -

Oxlx Ekx Exn&

1. {Vi\V nx& jn iE*

2. =xkP E& SiniE*

3. V VYE& {\SniE*

Sivx&*

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4. iEx& - innx{t& +x& iEx&*


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rxi |iEx +Sixx "x oi ESn& |ii'


School of Distance EducationEi Blil SnE& {*G\SuxuMil& E& EiMi&**

G\SvJi Eh "E& EiMi&'


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+{ E E |V{i&*l% Si iln {ii**

fiRM Si E& E VMi* B iMSn x H ii**

x] j +Mx{h{ |i{ni i ux x i %{ SVi& x lii* x xi S ixi* +i x & Ii xv ii* +Mx{h i {]Hn i - MnMv|vx%{ BjVi* Sxx SiE{h i{ Ei i B* Sxxn&*

+xxn jv& - EExxn&, Exxn&, xxnSi* ij EE-xxniE x%{inx i +xi Ci* B Sxxn& IhE&* xxnii& Mx i{& {iiixxnxixi rxi& EhM {h inEEiSkfik{i* +-{ Ih& +xxn& En{i* S Exxn& xxnn%{ xMti* nnn nl E ii{S S |Vx +xxn|{i* Sxxn & En{i* +i BHS]xE|VxSh "E|Vxi xxi nxniMitxixxn'


School of Distance Educationx{i +i I{h nn txx inlx -xi

+nREMi xxii &* i Sxq{xnn uv&* inlx+xxi - +xExi i%x& Elxi* S h& RM{iinlx E Sxi i Sh& \Sh =Sxi* =H S -

nJx Shn Sh&*lxMxxMx& E


School of Distance Education{iEEii xii il*+xE innv x i**

B ix +xEi x]%{ {& xiE Bi xMn* ]]]xVE& El ni



- +viHx Ei{h n& Exin& vhGxi* Ei ii nx vhEh* +l VEi{h Vi + kMhpEikxxn |E i* k& |Exxn B M&* ix Efii&|Exxn B &*



ipEnJhb|ExxnSx&,txi{x nn&*EkSiE|h&, ESi |ifi&*Enzixti &**

n{ii Si*{xxnix tin{ ]**

x xE{E Yx i OEi*il%{M Miz &**

E{E t& IiEi x S*{Iii|E x{I& ni**

inEE& i t& n*E i Vxx jv o]&**

ExSuix , ExSi j ExSSS jjIh i]l* ijn Eix n& |ix in


School of Distance Education H& Ii S

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+n i +xxn



Module II

Bhsa, His Life and Works

E &*

|& EfiiEx


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x]ESG*

|iYMxvh, {xnk, +E, Snk, |ix]E, +Ex]E,Si, >RM, niC, {\Sj, niP]iES, Eh, vM& RM-niCnx* Mii Si* E{iifik npSnkE\S*|iYMxvh-{xnk-+Eh fiiElEx xxi iiE{E{x*iu{iiii nfiiEli B El Mfii i* +li I{h{S%j{l{i*

|iYMxvh - |iYMxvh |l Efii {xnk {{ ES* +j iVnx nkhfikxi hii*


School of Distance EducationSnk - Snk x]E Si +RE ii* +j =VVxSnk

xixJ |x hi%i* Efii- Vi |l i Vi&ESu|%j xEix{l{i&* +{hn x]E S Efii&* +j Snkx xix +xkE-l{xi El%i* inxix x pExfiSUE]E|h El {ii*

|ix]E - {iRE x]E%x xMx{xi El I{-h{hi%i*

+Ex]E - bREiE x]En |ix]Ekr* +j hEExv-xn-rEhbMi El I{{hi%i*


School of Distance Educationxi* h x]Ex +x{Mx ixi* i x]E Ei EiE{xSj S h{xi* & B BEREx]Ex Vxni +i* >RM,ni-C, niP]iES, Eh, vM& Bix x]Ex BEREx xi* ++xE x]E | |l E phREh |Jx]E{jh xJ& oi*l {xnk-

=nxxnhnk i*{nih{h xiE V {i** (1, 1)

CSi {jh n%{ Exvx i* E BE& Sh& BEx |Vi*+{Sh& +{h {jh |Vi* & SjSjh%{ +i{]& ii* i {j ] ii* {jh n& I{i +i& |i{nE& xi* x]E+xE i CSn{ x oi*

v E |H S ii* i Efiji&C]i& vC +& {Ii* i v-V|nx jh{Mhx & oi* i hin-|i +i* i x]E {ifiH&{ii ifix& Ii iMnE S ={i*

i i i S i x]Ex E|i& Eh ii* i x]ExE +i* xE {ix S ={i* RM|M & +vhii* l EhnnMv{ |ni* vhx Uxn&|M S i x{h{i*B x]EE & Oh& ii*

{xnkx]E ElI{&*

|lREEl

=nxxnhnk...


School of Distance Educationin +l iMxYi iji {ni* +


School of Distance Education+xxi, "+ +ii* +{j%{ x {E& fik&'


School of Distance EducationMSUi* in S] ijMi nk +xvEfik pMfi ={i* {iV {x nk fii {i* { i V =nx



{xnk

|l%RE&

(xxtxi ii& |i jv&)

jv& -

=nxxnh

nk i*

{nih{h

xiE V {i**1**

Bx Y{* + Ez J Y{xO n


School of Distance Educationnk - +! E B =n? (+! E B =ii?)

Mxvh& - i! vnixii*

nk - +! h B kE, + h =


School of Distance Educationv| xfi{i x v{b-

SUi i{ Eiin&** 6**

Mxvh& - (Mi) B* B MvV{j {ni x, {{Epnn-En] x n ii* ii&*

|u x RE{n{Vi*

ifinin i i** 7**

nk - (Mi) +n+k h+


School of Distance EducationE\SE& - n|i i* +xi{x&! fihxi fihxi xi&*


School of Distance EducationE\SE& - i! il* (={M) &! +{Mij i Mx& {{xj i*

Mxvh& - +xMfii% iji* i! ={{j i*

nk - (Mi) EM


School of Distance EducationS - &! i* VMfii%* ihl i hE x Oijix*

nk - (Mi) h + h* h + Ekhh {h hEn + xn* ( hE x* hEREixx {xxEfii


School of Distance Education{ni - n] + v< Mn k h+ hh+ ++* (n] wi* Mi



S - ili* (xGxi&)

Mxvh& - v, +{ ij ixYi MxiSU*

E\SE& - ij ixYi MxiSUi E*

{ni - +


School of Distance Education+


School of Distance Educationnk - (Mi) +=k{CJnh +nCExn n+* E nh E* n,

n] * (|E) ! B =VV


School of Distance Education+l ifii%RE&*

(ii& |i Sxixi nk)

nk - nRE +xi=S={kV+ {nn


School of Distance EducationS] - +! h V, h

(ii& |i nE&)

nE& - () ! n] + ikn SU+ +{{nMhVV En] *! E h Bn Vhn - in +hilk {CJk =h =VV


School of Distance Educationk*


School of Distance EducationEME& |I Ei x i*)

S] - ]]nB! ih Enh h, {xin +k+B +


School of Distance Educationnk - +n +v+* (+i%{vE*)

{ni - E i Vx? (El i Vx?)

nk - (Mi), + =k{CJnh +nCExn n +* B n h*(|E) V< +{{ h Vh h {kVn* (, +{j{I{ixiGxi&nS&* B in h* t{& x&, Vx x {iVi*)

{ni - n* (i*)

S] - ]]nB! ]] h - + { h CJk* (ifinE! v ih -+{ h I


School of Distance Education{xi V n MSUxi {CJn n * (Ej x J Mi ij i{ni, ihb{ Mi n, =i +xE\Si QSMh i {iiEx {]]E Mi n, +l +vEE]EMxv{iSUnx |] n,+lJifiM{IRE n{iE Mi n* iEx%xiI|innx {RH i i MSUxi |Ii in x*)

V - ! {x -

@Vi S S xizi S{iE] S xix*xSxVMn xi Vx** 2**

S] - {CJn {CJn ]]n+ Bn EEhn{hbh+ {xi V nMSUxi + ]]* (|Ii |Ii ifinE Bi EExn{hbh {RHn i MSUxi* +t i*)

{ni - +=k* +! i Ehn +=knh {* i



(= {Gi&){ni - += EkE + xi+* Enh E? (E EiE +

xiE& Enx E&*)S] - ]]nB! Bn +{hh + n +v ]]


School of Distance Educationnk - (Mi) + + xn+* (+ S xnM*)

nE& - hn * BCE =n, + +hhn* ( hi x*BE{i, +{ +zi*)

V - ! x J * i J&*

{ni - BkBh hn +=kh* (Bii hi{jh*)

nE& - n! SSh , E h +SCJ* B xn] V* (&! ixl{, E{ xJ* B xn] V*)

V - xi J! H*

{ni - +


School of Distance Education{ni - +=k { xi+ k&* (+{j%{ xiE& fik&*)

nE& - E {{nh* =+ ikn + n +* (E |{ix* =+{ ij i i*)

V - v! SUfii Enx x*

nE& - E { CEh? (E { iEh?)

V - +l E? iEh*

nE& - ih h CE n* (ix x C i*)

V - |ni |ni h& vi*

nE& -


School of Distance EducationnE& - +{nEhh J ikn * V n+ +h* (+{iCz J

iji J* xJnEx*)

(xGxi&)

{ni - +! {={bxin + =k * V hCE* (+!{E{]xii{j J* zG&*)

nk - B n* + S] i* =CEh`n k =VZ+ +Vk hMMh* +BM* (B i* +l i`i* =iEh`i iVZi +H xMx*+ M*)

S] - ] + hn* ={{n n ]]n+* ( hi* ={{i inifinE*)

{ni - EhJ {* (Ez J |*)

nk - ! {* (! |*)

(


School of Distance Education(Mi)


School of Distance EducationvEE - VVV



V - El?

nE& - ikn {nn nhB nCJn* (iji {ni nx n&Ji*)

V - E?

nE& - {nh+B En* ({nxE Eli*)

V - ! E]*

{ ni MhiS Hv | i xn


School of Distance EducationV - Ej Y* { -

xxi ilifiix E|SUn

xC] {vxPiv&*

M o]x Vxi x ESi Efii

|h |{ V {xx xQ \Si** 4**

nE& - ih


School of Distance EducationV - Bii*

nE& - ih k+ {bn , V +] M+ E* + nk, h+

E{* (


School of Distance EducationV - ({xi) nk!

nk - (il) + =k, h {nn* EhJ n] * xi J

+V+xv+h {bhh nhh h{ k* ( +{j&, x J

{ni* Ez J o]* x JMxvh |iY nxx

x& fik&*)

V - +xiV{j!

nk - n] + h+n J +=k* h Bil ESS Vh* V k+ S] +n] ++S i* (n] {xi J{j&* xjESVVx&* xiEli o] n S i*)

V - |! |! n |iSx*

nk - + ]]* +* (+{ i&! +{*)

V - E E{i?

nk - h h, nCJn* (x x, n&Ji*)

V - tE{i, El xREfii?

nk -



{i vi J! Mi*nMvi i { \Si% hi** 8**

nE& - + +h+ Bn h* + =n+hh REkhhikn Sxi +xih h n] * (+ +xin x* +, =nExxREixx ij iSxii {x o] i*)

V - n in {x vx|ivx*+l n i S** 9**

nE& - nh +kh ++ En* Exi


School of Distance EducationEhhOiMM

h v x** 13**(xGxi& )


School of Distance EducationEE&*

(ii& |i V nES)

V - iJxxn! El x n&ixM VPxl S {i*MMhVEhnhb|ivih** 1**

+{ S, +xMv Pi! i{x x -

hux{x{bixnixxiJx{Mix*

=q S {nixtxi Elix S ix** 2**

nE& - + nh +nk xi{{+* (+nx xij xi{*)

V - ! -

S|{i& E h |ivi&*i i n x { Pi|** 3**

xiE! {VxEzM Pi Efii Qx*

nE& - V +hn* (n xY{i*)

(h Mfii xGxi&)

(|)

|i - Vn]]* BJ h +nMk E\S


School of Distance Education{ni - +=k! {+ \nE Ekxi n* (+{j! | YiE

Efikxi i*)

V - +x{in ii* nk Vx Vx


School of Distance EducationV - (x) +!

{fil Vxni|&*+{ V E ERIixv&** 6**

E\SE& - +l E? Ex&*



V - +! ,

x ni n S |*El x C i nxi{** 11**

vj - + ]]h-=n nk* x Vn M+{+ inB i {f B +{{n Vn+k* Bnhhk =VV


School of Distance Educationo |ii*)

V - E nk&?

{ni - +*

V - ix Qxi*

{ni - +=k! Ehh Ehhh



V - ix ii ii MxE*

|i - V]] +hn* (n iY{i*)

(xGxi)

(ii& |i {ni +xiE |i S)

{ni - Bn Bn +* {+ n hn* (Bii* | i xn*)

+xiE - E E?

{ni - n n ++n* (i i +Mi&*)

+xiE - n] +


School of Distance EducationMxvh& - MxxMxi *

{ni - + +J


School of Distance Educationv& iui E x, = EfihOV, V = , i = |IEVx,{i = Ii*

]{{h - =nxnk{nixiEx |J{jh xxnx +j pRE&*iIh l "SlSx p |Efiil{& {n&'* +Uxn&, iIh l "& {n |lunjil ifii%{* +]n ui SilE {\Sn %%*

fiiMvV xMv& ExxM&*vfi]ii i{xMi Vx&** 2**

+x& - MvV xMv& ExxM& fii& i{xMi& & Vx& vfi] =ii*

J - MvV = nExEMvv, xMv& = xH&, ExxM&= VE{nixS&, fii& = E&, ]il&, i{xMi& = i{x|{i&, & =E&, Vx& = E&, vfi] = i, =ii = nGi* +x]{SUxn&*

vi ii] x& &-x Vx Ej& i{ti*=iH xn{i{ MSi&E% xfii i{xn OEiY** 3**

+x& - v +i i& x& & i] x Ei& Vxj& i{ti* & +iH& xi +{i{& S& M& i& + E& xfii


School of Distance Education+x& - { i +{ B Mi +i +i* {x& i& Vx P

Mi* EGh {ix VMi& M{RH& SG{RH&



+jlxix%RE&* {{iO Uxn&* iIh l "+V xMi E SxV VMS {{iO'*

ilnEx v& Ex nx xn{xxi i{vxx*v| xfi{i x v{b-SUi i{ Eiin&** 6**

+x& - ilnEx v& Ex nx i{vxx xi ={xxi* v| xfi{i i{ v{b x



{i +i in ni* +t E E ni*

J - E = E i{x, Ex = P]x, +l& = |Vx, +ii &,E& E


School of Distance EducationEii, ni, J = E, i = i, {, x = xI{, Ih ={{x, n&J = +inE +ii &* +j-lxix%RE&* +x E+x]{ Uxn&*

{ni x{i jo] {kl & |l |n]*ii|ii Efiin x rC-iiG MSUi v& {Iix** 11**

+x& - & |l |n] {k& o]* +l {ni x{i& j (


School of Distance Educationxnx ioSSGEx{xi jH&*vx j il k iifixi nMv%{nMv** 13**

+x& -


School of Distance Education+vx&*

J - = xSi, + = B& nkIh{&, & = ME, &= nkxI{h H&, +i



J - in = ix , =VVx = =VVxJ +xiVvx, Mi =|{i, +xiVix = |ti{i nk, = SU, o] = +C,E{ = +xSx, +l = n, Mi = |{i, = =nx, Ex = nxx, {\S= {\SRJE&,


School of Distance Education]{{h - +j{RE&* +x E + Uxn&*

{ni i t{ {v&*nkr x i ix x i** 4**

+x& - t{ {v& {ni i i nkr x& ii xi*

J - t{, {v& = { xn Sj v |i& i&, {ni= MvVE, = =nx, i = +i|, i = Exi, nkr =nk r Mx, = nx, x& = Sk, ii x i = x +Ei*+jSUxn&*

+xx {x I{i xi*ii h il {x xfii** 5**

+x& -+xx {x i x& I{i* ii& {x



+x& - x, SUREMh irx E{{x


School of Distance EducationJ - EGh = SGh, {xMin& = {x& & +Mi& ={li&

n& {ix& & +i &, hE = BizE O, ix = +Mxx*iRM] = i nMv +RM]& ixi i, o = +x{, +xixfi{i&= +xiV |ti, P = |x, i = {{hi, ixV = ix,i = x ih i xi, {nx = Ex, Sxi = SxixE, il&* +j ={ HRE&* +x E xiiE Uxn&*

{ ni MhiS Hv | i xn



xxi ilifii x E|SUnx C] {vx Piv&*M o]x Vxi x ESi Efii|h |{ V {xx x Px \Si** 4**

+x& - +xi x, il +ifii E|SUn x* + {vxPiv& C] x* M o]x Vxi ESi x Efii* |h V x|{ {x& Q x \Si*

J - = xSi, = x, +xi x = h x, il =l{, +ifii = +ifii +ihjh +REfii S +, E\Sn{ xvMi E|SUn = E& RESi& |SUn& xS& & ili, x xi*+ = SU, {vx = ={h, Piv& = Pi& nxizOI& +v&, C] x = ni x* M = nx, o]x =xxn, Vxi = =i{ni, ESi = E{, = EIVV, x Efii = xi, |h = Vx&, V = Mh, x = x, |{ = v, {x& = &, Q= ii, = i&, x \Si = x iVi* +jxxRE&* nGbi Uxn&*

xiv{i& i&|lxE Vx xi&*{ |fik xxxiMxxx {ixi&** 5**

+x& - |lxE Vx xi&, xi |fik xxxiMx { B ={ixi&, +xiv{i& i& *

J - =VVxi& iV |i, |lxE = |hE, Vx = +iVx,i{jnE, xvMil&* xi& = h Ei& xi = |hi, |fik ==nMi, xxxiMx = xxxi& xj|xi& Mx Mx, { = +V, B= =nx B, = = I&l, {ixi& = \Sxi&, +xiv{i& = +xiV,i& = VE& nk&, = h E* +j{Vi& Uxn&*

%{{n l Ih*ix iEhx EfiiEni** 6**

+x& - ={n +{ &



J - ={n +{ = nnxEifiEhnxIh +{ & = +xE, = IEnx,



{xxi rx xj|i\Vx*Sj{ Ixi o] nPE J** 10**

+x& - {x +xi rx () Sj +{ Ixi& (nk&) xj|i\VxnPE J o]*

J - {x = {, +xi = +x rx = VMix, =nxx


School of Distance EducationxE&, j{lM = MRM, xn +{ = i +{, ih S = Pi S, i& S =in& , i = =nx, i = E xii &* ERMRE&* nGbiUxn&*

={i xMxpiRMihih nhEnI*EhhOiRMRMh v x** 13**

+x& - xMxpiRMih EhhOiRMRM h v ={i nhEnIi +h x*

J - xMxpiRMih = xMxp& = MVxp& S iRM& = +& S i& ih =ihv, EhhOiRMRM = Ehh& = I{i& B =OiRM& = RE&i& RM& = E]& x = ix, h = h = M + = ix v = RO, ={i = |{, nhEnI = nh = h E =E nI = x{h i = {H, +h = BizE j, x = *{E{& fi]&, +i B RERE&*

%RE&*

iJxxn! El x n&ixM VPxl S {i*MMhVEhnhb|ivih** 1**

+x& - iJxxn, n& ixM VPxl S {i i MMh-VEhnhbEl x |i +h +vi +*

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hux{x{bixJnixxiJx{Mix*=q S {nixtxi Elix S ix** 2**


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iiE {ix{x xv ESxx-vx i v vInh nh*vx xx { nvi fii& Efiii-GbiEEPE]fiRM]E i]E** 41**

+l nl& Ehk]EMh&*il vxMhih |kVVP** 42**

ii x O rr i]E*|hx h {hE{i** 43**


School of Distance Educationxfi{Yx i]Elx nn*+jh VfiEnx Vxxi** 44**

ij E\Sx \SE|in |n |nzSi*

|inxnix &|iJn & n x*

xxix& Exx%xx{& x S SS** 45**

+{ivixVi-JxIxEx*

iiix {inM{ {i Eti** 46**


School of Distance Education{fi nxix

ix Ex*xpix xMnxMh

|hni& {ixx** 52**

+l xSluiixPxxfilEfii t {*+xi VI V iVxVxii HVI** 53**

+l l |i |li& EE& EEililEli*

{ J ExVx Evx V& E|JSi& E-n-vh-MVJx {h Eifi& {j *

Exi PfiiS ExiVxi*

Exi& zrx& Ex& {x& |iJxi|i{zx-xVixi*

+l nifikxix Exx ix I |iG xxx Sx n Ynk nki& |Efiil &*

{x{ Exi {jx{i& |nnMvkxMvYxki-{nxn{ni*


School of Distance Education+x{ixlix S nx*+EnEGv& {jn&** 59**

+l xxSUnH& & &*xx Vx x\Sn** 60**

{ {iS I{i iVi pfI*i|xiExi xi h V** 61**

ijiEfikE|i ffJV*iEvxiv t& hi &** 62**

jv i i ijnE*lH xi ni


School of Distance Educationiiixfikxi i viRM&*{ M& j {jEq Mi&** 74**

+lx V S {{x*n{ xii{i{ ** 75**

n{%{ n i i fik Ml&*+ii Ei x iiRMh** 76**

ii MEht i{i Ml*n n{M fxi nxv&** 77**

+lSSSUznMxiMMxxi*RERJziHEnxi** 78**

iRMEfi]ihbiRMih*xSUziRMMhO** 79**

+& JJzxxnxpEh*BEnExMnRfn** 80**

+iMixix{{*xViEfiiJ k]** 81**

+{Gxi EiRMh*{{i {iExiV]ExiM** 82**

+vxM & E{nn{M*nv nJMxiEhE{** 83**

+o] i xn ij i] {*Ml v& Gi{Ihxl&** 84**

MRM {iEfiiVi x{irvx*ix ii |zx I{i xn{** 85**

i |S Miii& |Si n*+x {ifiGtHMl{lxM** 86**

Ml Vx& jIj fihi*i {i ii& xi V jh ix** 87**

i i]x Vx |{jn {iflx*Ml& { |{ {{hxl&** 88**


School of Distance Education+l nlEhiMlEli i RP C { Ei

Mvxxnx{fiSUi* %{Si*

{ J h vxk lv |fik x {& |nnixvx iv{hx E*

i Vxx niix& ixx E{ {j vE {iS SxiE{S i{SS*

i Eix h& iv{h& {nEiESE{{zxp{jixhMiinV`& {iv M xt xVM*

ni{ niixfikxi ix{ JhbxJhbx {ii& Ei j]{|]*

ii& -

+IEVi& ESx{i&*i xxj vv {** 89**

inx iuix ixx xfi{ix Efiiil& V{j Mx jij xlxxi l |i |li& |i{k Mi |n iqxH ElilEli*

+jMnMivnxxV]x {l xp&* S Gv xfih fih o S xSE** 90**

xinMi {xH *



inx VxEx vnSi izE{v& ixxn Pxxnxi*

i`x Ijfik xMn x-il ij v xv& |nii*

ix |liknx x x{i SEGxi i i |SV ExnE ** 95**

iuSEi i{vMivvxM %{ xk vnj{{ nhbx xxvzxviVxil*

ii% ViE& IjkV& {



+ xnn ixni*l{xEn uVx S** 98**


School of Distance Education|l| {hPii& E x {h RMii** 104**

x&E`xEhj]iS{Vx Ih-q unvREfii& Efiii{iMi&*VMihEiESSiEiRMx-|h{]vx |li ivx&** 105**

ij nl& i{hEfiixSVxE|inii& {i{M-xl{Mi*

iEiiEi vMiM Jxt& {ifixxi x Vxi*


School of Distance Education+n iiMh v ij

xv hv i{vxi*iVVi nxx x

iPu &** 112**

i fiM S{nhbVnMx*|lE P{iMh i** 113**M{i|{iMhS{M&*@Vi Gi |{ Gi{ ilV** 114**

iiiiIhPx P& h M Mi v*

lx ii*

xx Vxx { i |H-M& { inx{ |i*

Efii MvuMi& IhxinM& {Mii |{n** 115**

+l RGxi VnMxH{n {z {zM{fifMV RMvx{Q nl& {J { {xi -ixrv nEx nxnExix {{xwh xxwi-MI& E]I& xn\Sii{\U&{\Ui{jhvi{j& |*

VVnnG-ivi{iJx*


School of Distance Education+x& - Si VMi =SSMi& vi& nvi,i | S EfiiEi& SxSi i

S |Ex Si & in i|h& ix +xih C x x{ii?

J - Si = n, VMi = , =SS& Mi& = Mtkx x{i&,vi& ni& Mn =k|{iEvxix xn]& Vi]n& M i,"Vi]x Vi ME&'


School of Distance Education+ E {r ={RE&* " Sv CC ={u&'


School of Distance Educationx i {h i +{*

J - |Mx S xi i |S = x{hEVxx nEx,Ex = EE{nEx, |l& = +t&, & = ph |hifiix |Ji&,Mx = "=i{k | S ixMi Mi* k tt\S S Mxi**


School of Distance Education+l VxY fikEnx |I o] |iS*ixi E n hJvhix Mn &** 6**

+x& - +l Vx& +Y vhix Mn & |iS o] Enx fik |I n hJ Eixi*

J - +l = h& ivxxxi, V = E, Mi hxni,x& = Eh, =i{klx, %, i Vx& = h& +Y = +nx,v& = +fiih&, & hi& = H&, i = REnREfiixEix, M = {ri, ni = ={n], % Mn = ={n], &= @| E&, |iS o] = i|Efi]nx{ ix IiE Eil Mo] , E = {hi, n n = n, ix x = o, = Mi Sxp, fik = fikxi, |I = +{I, = iflh Hflh\SEhE, n = Mx { S v, = , +x = lx,hEixixlY, h


School of Distance EducationExiEnui{nxi*+ixx VMx E{ IMxpp xJVMiIh VME** 8**

+x& - +i& n |& Iv& V ExiE-nui{nxiIM VMx xJVMiIh VME xpp E{ +ixx nn*

J - +i& = xii, n = E n, = Exix,|& = i&, Iv& = IM, V` = vM, E = E,=xi& = Ei&, E = xE, n = {j, ui = o,+{nxi = |{xi, IM = {inEv, VMx = , xJ&= Efiix& VMi&, Ih = {x, VME = ii vx, E{ = +xSx,xpp = Mxp, +ixx = +xi, Mxi nn


School of Distance EducationM{thxi +iHRE&* fik\Sj xnGxi*

xh xxiSx,xi*xxSSvEVxn-x{] { x& {** 10**

+x& - xxiSx xi xxSSvE-Vxnx{]{ { xh x&*

J - xx


School of Distance EducationxMi Bx {xhxM Sni*

J - & = VxfiI&, iun& = +iinMh{zii ik&, V& =iJE& V&, xVi& = {Vi&, IV& = E&, x% ili& =x +Y , +ix = iEfiix, VMxi i VxSh = I,V = SGi, xv& = hxE&, xM = {i,


School of Distance Educationv Ei {hE j** 15**

+x& - {i& {v |l E |hv +ni, |hv +rEExp {j |ni* Bi n ix& {i& +S v j{hE +Ei*

J - {i& = V nl&, E Y%{i j E, i E =O, |l = |l, { = +Mxx Mxi nk i { n, iv,ii& +r = +] {r M, EExp = EEnv{i&, {j = EE,|hx = xx, v = vMhH, |ni = nkx, V nl&* EE&+i|{nii i |hv |ni V nl&* inxxi Bi n = EEE, i = S\S, x& = Sk, + ili, { i +|nk, v {ix j Ex |Eh { |{xi


School of Distance EducationMn h{n{ni E { B** 17**

+x& - +iiI& ({) v ixii +x +E +i, Mn(E) h{n{ni E +{ B +i*

J - +i = Efihh, +i = ifii, +Ih & i& +iiI&= E&, { v = vM&, ixii = +ixiEfiii, +x =+Yx, +oxi i, +Ei = +E o]ii, iio =SIinil&* Exi Mn = Mi{k& \Vi i, E = +ExkI, { = {i{, h& = {E {ix&, M{h tx, {n =lx, i +{ni = Vi, B = +E B +i*

+j E {kM& +iHtxii i& RE&* +j lri fik"i{xM lri


School of Distance Education& E&, M& = S, x = xYi |{x, Ph = Px Y,+x = , +\SE = REfiix, ihi &* +jx]fik*

ixxVxi jjiMxiV&*+OVxExiiiEkMh&** 20**

+x& - ixx i& i& Ek& Mh& +OVxExi& jiMxiV& j& +Vxi*

J - i = iSUn +j |JilE&, Bx = Mxi Sxp, +x = {Si,i& i& = -inE&, hiC&, Ek& = +EE& ni i, Mh&= E{EE& inE&, +OV = V i& Sxp, +xExi&= +xEh Exi&, jiMxiV& = +x-M{i-nIhxxMxx ni xjiMxi, i iV


School of Distance EducationEn&, EREh = nix, RP& = &, RE] = RE, n = {,fiRM]E = Si{l, & i ilH, nvi = nvx, vx = k, xx =vEh, nh = RE, v = H, Inx = +fiC{REx, +h = Hh,H\Viil&, {i = , +xxi i {i&, i x = x, {x= SE, ESi = +i RE, i]E = S I Vxx, x& = j,+vx = {xlx, i = , v = xri* +j nGbi fik* +jREh{RE&*

& - iiE - i E iiE* EfiiiGbiERERP-RE]fiRM]E- i Efii i +ix Gbx EREh RP& i& RE] i fiRM]E& , i ilv EfiiiGbiERE-RPRE]fiRM]E* vInh- v Inx +h vInh* {ix{x - {i +xxi i{i&, i x {x {ix{x*

|inxnix &,|iJn& n x*xxix& Exx%xx{& x S SS** 23**

+x& - +ni& x & |iJn& & |inx n x +xExx xxi& x{& S x x& SS*

J - +ni& = |z&, MHii xxi&Eh&, x & - x = xi{n, i i&, |i = xi Mi&, = VMi&, Jn& =Vxh{h{v&, i i& ili&, & = &, |inx =xxi, n = r{E, x = +v`x, +x = { ox, Exx= +h, & = Sx&, xx = xO, i& = Ehi, xOii i,x =



ii


School of Distance Educationni& |h& +xMh xMi*

J - {fi = hx, u|ix, nxix =nnxEhOix xY{zx S, xnix = inx-p{vix,np{{hx, h = h,


School of Distance Education+EnEGv& {jn&** 28**+x& - +l {jn& +EGv& +ix +x{ix nx S

+Ei*

J - +l = inxxi, {j = +iV, +x = +|{i, n& ==i{k ili&, {j|{iVxi


School of Distance EducationJ - % = +vY, & = +&, Gn = I, { =

h, h =


School of Distance Education=z = +xi C, xxnx = nx xxnxtx, ph = fiIh,xnE{fiInEx, Eh = |h & ili BEnE = E V{i,i x& = +E&, M = {l, nRf& = n Yxx&, n& = &, ili& %J {{i*

MRM {iEfiiVi x{irvx*ix ii |zx I{i xn{** 36**

+x& - {iEfii& Vi MRM vvx x{ii, ii |zx ix xn{I{i*

J - %JMSUxi MRM = Ml, {iEfii& = {i v H,Vi = \Vi,


School of Distance EducationE]|{i, J S = {x& {{{ |i |{i{ J S, V& B i& = Eh, = +i, i = V{n i&, V Mhx = VxEx |Efiix MhxH ,Efii Mi = EEi Mi,



o, % xln, E +E x |Eh x i,Sxp& x |Ei, ix |Eh % V jRE{ xv xxiVSi,ilv jRE n = ME, , +{ = l{* +j RE&


School of Distance EducationnMvx, M|{i& BExv& = Ji, M|{E, xv& = i xnEx, & = HE{&, |lS {& |l{& = Mx h&, B Gb& ={v&, i n] = nxi B, & Gb& = S&, i& =B{z&, ii& = VxC& Vxx& n&, l = Bizx xM,VMi = E, iEM = iEMfi, +& = Elxiil&* B{ ilxM


School of Distance Education= Ij&, i B iSUnE = hi {E, i , Vi = P,xnxSi Vixni, il = , & = I&, |l| =|l|E, {hPh = {hSxnx,


School of Distance EducationMx h{ {ji Mi&, i = vj, x = Y nlx, Vxi = Vxi, = |Jii +vv{i&, = M nl, =xJ = +J,l i il, |RJxi& = SSxi&, &, xnxEixn = lvV{iEli&,xnxi = +Exi, = Bizx Ex,{ix{hOi


School of Distance EducationfiM{inS |i p*+VM VhS{kEi-ni{i nn EE%x** 49**

+x& - +l i |z nlh +fihx fiM{i& |i p


School of Distance EducationJ - fiMS S fiM = fiMxh, i B & = Eh, & i, +l

fiM = |{iVh, fiMx S & = =i{k&, i fiM,S{nhbVnMx = vx]VnMx, i = {H, u, E = +ixi,| = +{h|H xi, xxii, + = +i, Px = h,+{i& = +{i&, Mh& = vi S, i, +l P = p, +{i& ={i&, Mh& = {G&, kMhS, i i&*

+\UE iMiRE&* "|iix ilx E ivi&* +{ Mij i iMi**


School of Distance Educationn h fiMi& xi& x |iMSUi in vM {vixS& xxi, ixxi S* xxM {li h Sxp& n x{i in h& |z&E& ixj& Sxp {i*

J - B& = +, fiMRE%{ = Sxp%{, fiM = +J]&, ij & +& =Jn&, ix {xi& = Jnix&, {


School of Distance Educationxnx& = |x&, +& = +V&, EnES, Vi Efiix Vix= {REEfiix, ixx = Vvx, i fixnEifixn, {Sx{= {ixxJx{, Ex = {{h, {ix = +v&{ix, REx& ==i|Ih Eh&, E{i \Vi h xOii i Mi&, {x& = &,{{xni = Si{, Ei lSUi, |& = l&, x = x, xi = Vxi*

(3) B xnxxMiixx& inivxi Sixx-v,ri& |i |GxinMxinxinxiExihEhl-{]iI&l& lExxh



rrix, S x nix = nix xx, i +Exni = +Ghi, ExnE&= {i&, fixnMh = nx, +xE& = x&, {h& = xI {] h&,l ilH&, nx{ IE


School of Distance Education* `& i |iJix* {x& & E v* `{jhnnEx v VM* i S Grxi& i {i Shbi |{&* {x& &h{h j hEi*

J - +l& = +xxi, BEn, j& = ifini&, Ij& = IjE|i&,"IjnP'


School of Distance EducationE


School of Distance EducationRGxi = |ii, VnMx = {, H{n = l{k,{z = fir, +iniRGhxi hiV{zi i, {zM{fif= VMxp, M& = E&, iiE{ V, + = xY, = xVix, + = xxi, +RM = +, vx = , ={Q = +QhEfii, EfiSUzMi {j {i VQii jS|r&, {J = {]]h EhxJiVnMh


School of Distance Education| nlixni*

xn|RM - VVSi S{hv E EhbnMfii%x MtJhb Ehi - nlixi xY Ih x&j& Mi



E*

xn|RM - VV|hi S{hxE E EhbnMfii%x MtJhb Sxp jfikxi x VxE{v& ixxn H i -x&{ |ix i i Ii {jxi ni j& =ti * {xij |i j{j& x SG&* ix Gr& & {jx {i ShbxSE* u Ml Sxp{xp |t + x&{ S I*

J - +i {ix xn&, Mx = n{z& j&, xV =+ix&, ix = {j, xx = |i{hx, B = x&{, Ii = +i,=xJ& = =ti&, x, {RJ& = xxRMEh |iE&, i& = j{j&,xnn& = xn& +n i i& = iV& YRPxEifi&, {x ={|nxx u, `{jh = nnx, n = Shbi, nk = |n,Mlux = u Ml, |i = |z,

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