Nation and Memory in Eastern Europe (19th and 20th century)

Lecture 6Polish History II Week 7

Why was Poland partitioned and what can be done to regain independence?Gods Punishment Sins

Evilness of Prussia, Austria, Russia Break of international law

Weakness of old Polish Constitution Anarchy, not Liberty

Guilt of noble factions - treason

Oppression of peasants

Polish BackwardnessBack to Catholic values, support Catholic Church, pray and live virtuous life

Uprisings, waiting for international crisis, European war

Restitution of May Constitution 1791, liberal Constitution, stronger government

Fight against traitors, replacement of nobility in national leadership

Liberation of peasants, (National) Education of Peasants

Modernisation, Polish Middle Class, Organic Work

Bishop Adam Stanisaw Naruszewicz, 1733-1796History of the Polish Nation

Teki Naruszewicza (Collection of Documents of Polish History)Enlightenment

Free after Norman Davies, Heart of Europe: The Past in Polands Present. New Edition (Oxford, 2001), p. 157Options/PerspectivesNeutralIdeas Moderates Insurgents Partitioning Powers

CollaborationLoyalismSurrenderTreasonDutyResistanceIdealismRebellionDutyTreasonConciliationRealismModerationCollaborationModerationEmigration

Outline

1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. For our and for your freedom...3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

Suchodolski: The death of Jzef Poniatowskis at Leipzig1813

Grand Duchy of Warsaw 1807 1815

Kingdom of Poland 1815 1864 (1831)

Grand Duchy of Posen1815 1848

Crown Land of Galicia and 1867 1918Lodomeria Autonomy or Semi-Autonomy

Outline

1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. For our and for your freedom...3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

November Uprising, 1830

Finis Poloniae1831

Polish EmigrationConservative-aristocratic (Czartoryski in Hotel Lambert)Moderate democratic: Polish National CommitteeRadical: Polish Democratic Society (TDP)

Joachim Lelewel1786-1861Poland, her History and Affairs Surveyed, in 20 vols, Posen, 1853-1876 Karol Szajnocha1818-1868Jadwiga i JagielloRomanticism

Uprisings before 19001794Kosciuszko-Uprising (Russia)Also in Greater Poland (Prussia)

1806Uprising in Greater Poland (Prussia)

1830November Uprising (Russia)

1846Greater Poland (attempt, Prussia) and Galician Slaughter, Krakw (Austria)

1848Greater Poland (Prussia)

1863January Uprising (Russia)

Polish lands, 1840-1848

Polish participation in European revolutions 1848-1849

January Uprising, 1863/64

1863

Outline

1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. For our and for your freedom...3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

Cracow School:Micha Bobrzyski 1849-1935

A short history of Poland, 1879

The Birth of the Polish State, 2 vols., 1914-22Realism and PositivismWarsaw School:Tadeusz Korzon1839-1918

Organic Work

Starting point: failed insurrectionsPoland culturally and economically too underdeveloped to sustain an independent state

New strategy: Improve industry and trade in the Polish provinces Build towns and railways Organize cooperatives and organize Polish peasantry Raise the literacy and the national consciousness of the population

Important advocates: Staczyk group in Cracow and Warsaw positivists

The Polish lands 1863 - 1914Russian Empire Kingdom of Poland becomes Vistula land RussificationDiscrimination of Catholic Church (Uniate Church)University of Warsaw replaced by Imperial University of Warsaw (Teaching in Russian)

German EmpireAnti-Catholic policy under BismarckGermanisation of School systemSchool strike after attempt to introduce German language in religious instructionPolicy to promote settlement of ethnic GermansDiscrimination of ethnic Poles

Micha Drzymaa, his wife and his wagon

Crownland Galicia and Lodomeria, 1910Population: 8 Million

West Galiciain %East Galiciain %TogetherRoman-Catholic2,381,94088.61,349,63025.33,731,57046.5Greek-Catholic86,5853.23,294,42061.73,381,00542.1Jewish213,1737.9658,72212.4871,89510.9Protestant7,9530.330,3710.628,3240.5Orthodox1650.02,6800.02,8450.0

Austria-Hungary after 1867Crownland Galicia and LodomeriaPolish elite profits from imperial reformsClose cooperation with Polish elitesSocial, political, economic and cultural dominance of PolesPolonisation of administration, educationDominance of Polish language in universities in Cracow and LwwModern political parties develop, Hundreds of Polish newspapers and journals, thousands of books are publishedPolish politicians (Polish club in Austrian parliament) very influentialPolish ministers and gouvernors

Galicia the Polish Piedmont

Outline

1. Poland and the Napoleonic Wars2. For our and for your freedom...3. Realism vs. Romanticism4. Conclusion: Problems of Polish nation building

Putzger, Historischer Weltatlas, pp. 106 f.

The Making of the Polish NationPRO Polish language and long tradition of literate culture Influence in Galicia since 1867 German Empire: rule of law Roman-Catholic faith Common history of most of the territory until the end of the 18th c. Existence of a numerous, genuinely Polish elite the nobility Cultural bonds: similar traditions, costumes, songs and so on Emancipation/liberation of peasants in Prussia, Austria, RussiaParadox: creating precondition for Polish nation building

CONTRA Partitions of Poland: no state Living in the Russian Empire, Prussia/German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire. No common present Opportunities for educated Poles in the service of the Empires Small middle class Sharp social conflict between peasants and estate owners Unclear borders Unclear national boundaries (for ex. Polish Jew or Jewish Pole) National 'awakening' of Ukrainians, Lithuanias etc. Policy of Russification and Germanization

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