National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium

Alternative Fuel Vehicles –

The Rest of the Story

September 21, 2016

Presenter:

Bill Davis, Director

Headquartered at West Virginia University, the NAFTC is the only nationwide curricula development and training organization that focuses on alternative fuel and advanced technology vehicles.

National Alternative Fuels Training

Consortium

Nationwide NAFTC Member

Schools

“To improve air quality and decrease U.S. dependence on foreign oil by promoting, supporting, and expanding the use of advanced technology alternative fuel vehicles.”

NAFTC Mission Statement

• Initiates Strategic Partnerships– For Project Development & Execution– With Industry, Government & Other Organizations

• Manages a Nationwide Training Consortium

• Develops Curricula

• Develops and Conducts Training & Workshops

• Develops and Conducts Outreach & Education

What the NAFTC Does

Classroom Study

Lab

Activities

Hands-on Shop

Applications

NAFTC Classroom Training

NAFTC Course Manuals

• The NAFTC has delivered over 1,100 courses, training over 16,500 individuals from the following audiences:– Instructors (Train-the-Trainer)– Pre-Service and In-Service Technicians– Fleet Managers – Government & Industry Representatives– Students– Consumers– Others

• The NAFTC has conducted over 1,300 workshops and education/awareness events with over 350,000 attendees.

NAFTC Training Audiences

• Natural Gas Vehicles• Propane Autogas Vehicles• Electric Drive Vehicles• Biofuel (Biodiesel and Ethanol) Vehicles• Hydrogen Vehicles• Electric Vehicle Infrastructure• Alternative Fuel Vehicle Awareness Training• First Responder Safety Training for Alternative

Fuel Vehicles:– Firefighters– Law Enforcement– Emergency Medical Services

Technician Courses Available

For:

Why Alternative Fuels

• Reduce Greenhouse Gases

• Reduce Dependence on Foreign Oil

• Reduce Cost of Ownership

• Health

• Economy

• Sustainability

2025 CAFE Standards

EPA’s standards apply to passenger cars, light-duty trucks, and medium-duty passenger vehicles, in MYs 2017 through 2025. The final standards are projected to result in an average industry fleetwide level of 163 grams/mile of carbon dioxide (CO2) in model year 2025, which is equivalent to 54.5 miles per gallon (mpg) if achieved exclusively through fuel economy improvements. Light-duty vehicles are currently responsible for nearly 60 percent of U.S. transportation-related petroleum use and GHG emissions.

-US Environmental Protection Agency - OTAQ

CAFE 2025

• Table 2 Model Year 2025 CO2 and Fuel Economy Targets for Representative MY 2012 Vehicles Vehicle Type

• Example Passenger Cars

• Compact car Honda Fit 131 61.1

• Mid-size car Ford Fusion 147 54.9

• Full-size car Chrysler 300 170 48.0

• Example Light-duty Trucks

• Small SUV 4WD Ford Escape 170 47.5

• Midsize crossover Nissan Murano 188 43.4

• Minivan Toyota Sienna 209 39.2

• Large pickup truck Chevy Silverado (extended cab,6.5 foot base) 252 33.0

Incentives

• Air Conditioning Improvement

• Off Cycle Credits

• Electric Vehicles (EVs)

• Plug-in Hybrid (PHEVs)

• Fuel Cell Vehicles (FCEVs)

• Natural Gas Vehicles (NGVs)

• Mild and Strong Full-size Pickup Hybrid

Electric Vehicles

1-18

Are EVs the Future??

• Short Term – 10-20 Years

• Combination of Fuels

• Dependent Upon Technology

• Unless Another Fuel Rises

1-18

Electric Vehicles

• Types of EVs

– Battery Electric Vehicles

– Hybrid Electric Vehicles

– Plug-In Hybrid Electric Vehicles

– Fuel Cell Electric Vehicles

• Increasing With Each Model Year

• All Major Manufacturers have EVs

1-18

Challenges for Creating a Sustained

Electric Drive Vehicle Market

• Educate new EV drivers

– Responsibilities of owning, maintaining, and charging vehicles

• Develop EV infrastructure supplied with grid electricity

– Home

– Work

– Community

– Interstates for traveling

• Collaborate with services for installation of EV infrastructure

1-18

Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

1-14

• Drivers need EV

infrastructure to “refuel”

vehicles

• Essential component for

sustainability of electric

vehicle market

• Allows EVs to “recharge” by

transferring electricity to

vehicle

• Relies on electric distribution

system

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment (EVSE)

Defined

• Equipment installed for the purpose of delivering energy from premise wiring to plug-in vehicles for charging

Purpose

• Transferring electric energy to a battery or other energy storage device in a plug-in electric vehicle

• Designed to connect safely to the BEV/PHEV

• Safety - EVSE interlock limits the amount of branch circuit electricity

Includes

• Conductors, underground conductors, grounded conductors, equipment grounded conductors

• Electric vehicle connectors

• Attachment plugs

• All other fittings, devices, power outlets, apparatuses 5-2

Three Different Levels of Charge

• EVSE classified into three different levels by rate at which the equipment charges the electric vehicle’s battery.

– Level 1 AC

– Level 2 AC

– DC Fast Charging or Quick Charging

• Rate – EVSE charging adds range/miles to electric vehicle among 3 levels depends on:

– Electric vehicle

– Battery type

– EVSE level of charge

5-11

Levels of Charge; Level 1 AC Charging

Level 1 AC Electrical Requirements

• 120 volt, AC receptacle, 15 to 20 amperes

• Dedicated 20 to 25 amp circuit for overcurrent protection

– EVSE requires 125% overcurrent protection (continuous electric charge/load 3 hours + )

PHEVs and BEVs will come with a Level 1 EVSE portable cord set

• kept with the vehicle at all times

• used when the driver is running low on charge

5-12Rate of charge adds about 2 to 5 miles of range to the vehicle per hour of charging time.

Levels of Charge; Level 2 AC Charging

Level 2 AC Electrical Requirements

• 240 volts of AC, 30amps to 80amps

• Dedicated circuit and separate manual service disconnect

• Enclosure – (EVSE unit may be hardwired or plugged into a dedicated circuit) NEMA Type 3R

How to Use the Level 2 AC EVSE

• Charging unit may be either plugged into 240V receptacle or hardwired to dedicated circuit

• Level 2 AC typically used for charging at home and public locations

5-13

Rate of charge adds 10-20 miles of range to vehicle per hour of charging time (depends on vehicle; PHEV or BEV)

Levels of Charge; DC Fast Charging

DC Fast Charging Electrical Requirements

• 240 to 600 volts of direct current (DC) from off-board charger, 150 to 400amps

• Dedicated circuit (require separate manual service disconnect)

• Enclosure – EVSE unit will be hardwired

Electric Vehicle’s Equivalence to Commercial Gas Station

• Primarily commercial charging

How to Use the DC Fast Charging EVSE

• Uses CHAdeMO or SAE J1772 Combo connector and plug into electric vehicle inlet

5-14Provide nearly (80%) 60 to 80 miles of range to the vehicle in 20 to 30 minutes of time

Charge Method Electrical Rating

Overview and comparison of the different levels of charge.

5-17

EVSE Mounting Styles

Floor Mount or Pedestal Mount

• Securely mounted onto ground

• Common for Level 1, 2, & DC fast charging

• Parking lots

• Parking garages

• Street

• Protective bollards & wheel stops used to prevent vehicle impact

5-21

EVSE Mounting Styles

Wall Mount or Pole Mount

• Mounted onto a wall or securely attached to a pole

• Flexible placement options

5-22

Services Involved in the Installation

of Electric Vehicle Infrastructure

1-15

Professional Service Roles and Responsibilities

Automotive Manufacturers Produce and place EVs on the market.

Automotive Dealers Informs customers about EVs for sale.

Electric Vehicle Supply Equipment Manufacturers

Manufacture and supply charging station equipment.

Consumers & Fleet Owners Adopt new methods of refueling EVs.

Electricians Provide expertise to install charging equipment in different locations.

Utility Companies Provide electricity and power to the charging stations.

Municipalities Provide authority for infrastructure design and placement.

Government Provide policies focused on economic, environmental improvement.

EV Charging Costs

• Various utility rate options for charging EVs may be available

• EV customers will add vehicle usage to existing rate schedule

– Same as any other additional appliance to home

• Rate pricing

– Dependent upon utility

• Information utility company and customer need to discuss

– Discounted rates for EV charging

– Demand-Response programs

– Meter Options

– Electricity cost assessment for added EV charging load

5-25

On Peak Charging versus Off Peak Charging

Drivers Can Make Informed EV Charging Decisions

• Location and access to charging station (home, work, public)

• Time of day availability to charge (day or night)

• Level of charge at charging station (Level 1, 2 or DC fast charging)

• Length of time needed to recharge the battery

5-26

On Peak Charging / 14-26₵ kWh

• Charging that occurs during the day

• Greater strain on electric grid• People, businesses, factories,

schools, stores all using electricity

• Electric rates more expensive during day

**Rates for charging EV during day will be more expensive also

On Peak cost range - 14-26₵ kWh

Off Peak Charging / 4-11₵ kWh

• Charging that occurs during the night

• Less strain on electric grid• Preferred by utility companies

• Common time for EV charging• People return home from work &

plug in EV to recharge for morning

**Rates for charging EV are cheaper

Off Peak cost range - 4-11₵ kWh

Costs of EVSE

7-1

SAFETY

• Electricity common source of energy essential to everyday life

• Electricity is used without much thought to electrical work hazards

• Electrical injury more likely to be fatal than other types of injury

• Estimated that one worker is electrocuted every day on the job

• Qualified electrician is needed for installing, maintaining, and repairing different types of electrical systems

17 Steps for EVSE Installation Process

1. Overview

2. Identify Location

3. Communication

4. EVSE Site Area Analysis

5. EVSE Placement Area Analysis

6. EVSE Mounting Style

7. Desired Level of Charge

8. Electrical Load Analysis

9. EVSE Load Analysis

9-2

17 Steps for EVSE Installation Process

10.Rate Plan Decisions

11.Installation Cost Estimate

12.Permit

13.Electrical Service Upgrade

14.Electrical Panel Upgrade

15.Installation Process

16.Test the EV Charging Station

17.Charge the Electric Vehicle

9-2

38

How to Implement Natural Gas

Get buy-in

Create long-term objectives

Avoid setting reduction goals in absolute

numbers

Anticipate obstacles

Move slowly

Improve vehicle use

Track and report progress

39

Tax Incentives

Tax incentives for natural gas fuel,

vehicles, and infrastructure have been

provided through federal law

In addition to federal incentives, 25 states

currently offer to help in the

development of the market

40

Currently, there are 300,000 miles of

natural gas pipelines in U.S.

Most public fueling stations are CNG

because fleets using LNG have dedicated

infrastructure

Consumption has increased 145%

nationwide since 2005

Natural Gas Availability and Cost

41

Reduced greenhouse gas and particulate

matter emissions

Reduced long term operating costs

Domestically produced

Higher compression ratios

Natural Gas Advantages

42

Things to Consider

Limited vehicle availability and initial cost

Shorter driving range

Limited public fueling stations

43

Performance

Conversions have similar performance

May sacrifice some power

Dedicated and purposed built may have better

performance

Can utilize higher compression ratio for

increased engine efficiency

Natural Gas Performance and Safety

44

Safety

NGVs have excellent safety record:

Integrity of the NGV’s fuel storage and

delivery system

Properties of the fuel itself

Natural gas is highly flammable

Excellent for combustion

Should be handled with same care given to

other combustible fuels

PROPANE

AUTOGAS

Propane Autogas

• Lower total cost-of-ownership.

• Quieter engine for a safer ride.

• Buses from all major OEMs.

• Cleaner operation compared with older diesel buses.

• Lower cost of infrastructure.

Lower Total Cost-of-Ownership

• For long-term savings, think beyond the pump.

• Propane autogas eliminates the costs associated with diesel engines over a vehicle’s lifetime.

Fluids Fuel Filters

Lower Total Cost-of-Ownership

• Diesel repairs and replacement parts drain funds one problem at a time. Common areas of concern:– Injectors.

– EGR valves and coolers.

– Turbochargers.

– CCV (closed crankcase ventilation) filters.

• After-treatment systems add complexity to diesel engines, ensuring that the engine’s fuel, fluids, cooling, and emissions systems will require extra attention down the road.

Lower Total Cost-of-Ownership

• Propane autogas performs in the coldest climates.

• Every issue means more downtime due to increased maintenance requirements and repair expenses.

• Propane’s lowest total cost-of-ownership allows districts to put more money back into the classroom — where it matters most.

Buses from All Major Manufacturers

• Proven OEM-backed performance for school districts and private contractors across the country.– Blue Bird Type A Micro Bird and Type C Vision in

partnership with Ford and Roush CleanTech.

– Collins Type A NexBus in partnership with General Motors and CleanFuelUSA.

– IC Bus CE Series school bus powered by the Power Solutions International LP propane engine.

– Thomas Built Type A Minotaur in partnership with General Motors and CleanFuel USA and Type C Saf-T-Liner in partnership with Freightliner Custom Chassis Corp., Powertrain Integration, and CleanFuel USA.

Cleaner Operation

Schools can switch to propane autogas buses to protect students from dangerous diesel exhaust, a known carcinogen identified by the World Health Organization and the Environmental Protection Agency.

– The shorter height of younger students puts them face-to-face with a black cloud of diesel smoke every school day.

– Children in wheelchairs are especially vulnerable to inhaling diesel exhaust.– Propane autogas buses do not aggravate the symptoms of students with asthma or

other breathing-related issues.

Districts that choose propane autogas buses are making

a smarter decision for students and the neighborhoods

they live in.

Quieter Engine for a Safer Ride

• Compared with diesel engines, propane autogas engines are noticeably quieter when operating, which has a big impact on safety.

• Bus drivers are responsible for students’ safety during transportation.– On a noisy diesel bus, the driver

may not be able to hear important situations happening in the rear of the bus or outside.

– A quieter bus allows bus drivers to perform their jobs in a much less chaotic environment.

Question 1/5

Can you hear what’s happening in or around this diesel bus?

• What did you hear?A. Children singing in the back.B. An emergency vehicle passing by.C. A student talking on their cell phone.D. A busy construction site near the bus.

Correct answer: B, an emergency vehicle passing by.

Because propane buses are significantly quieter than diesel buses, drivers can stay better aware of busy traffic outside and in the rear of the bus.

Hear the difference on a propane bus.

Other Alternative Fuels

• Biodiesel

– Used in heavy duty market

– Numerous methods of production

• Ethanol

– Significant quantity used in standard gasoline

– Used in racing series

• Hydrogen

– Production is still the issue

– Most effective use is in fuel cells

What is the best reason to make the switch to alternative fuel

vehicles?

Contact Information

William A. (Bill) Davis, DirectorBill.Davis@mail.wvu.edu

National Alternative Fuels Training ConsortiumRidgeview Business Park

1100 Frederick LaneMorgantown, WV 26508

Phone: 304-293-7882www.naftc.wvu.edu