national best practices conference covered bridge preservation analyzing covered bridges for live...
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Analyzing Covered Bridges for Live Loads
Analyzing Covered Bridges for Live LoadsCovered Bridge PreservationNational Best Practices ConferenceJune 5-7, 2003
Presented by: Matthew J. Low, P.E. Hoyle, Tanner & Associates, Inc. Manchester, New Hampshire Burlington, Vermont
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OutlineOutline
• Background• Snow Load• Wind Load• Vehicular Load• Pedestrian Load• Load Combinations• Conclusions• Questions
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• Majority of covered bridge construction from 1820 to 1910 prior to modern vehicle loads
• AASHTO Specifications introduced in 1931
• Specifications include little guidance for application of live loads to covered bridges, specifically:– Snow Loads– Wind Loads
BackgroundBackground
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• Consider use of other codes
• Other codes are available:
• IBC 2000
• NFPA 5000
• ASCE 7-02 Minimum Design Loads for Building and Other Structures
• State/City Building Codes
• Covered bridge load combinations must be developed
BackgroundBackground
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• Snow load is ignored for conventional bridges per AASHTO
• 25 states have covered bridges and experience snow fall
• Covered bridges act as “unheated structures”
Snow LoadSnow Load
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• Roof snow load may be determined by ASCE 7-02, IBC 2000, etc.
• First determine local ground snow load
Snow LoadSnow Load
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• Steps to determine roof snow load by ASCE 7-02
Ps = (Cs)(0.7)(Ce)(Ct)(I)(Pg)
Ps = Sloped Roof Snow Load
Cs = Cold Roof Slope Factor
Ce = Exposure Factor
Ct = Thermal Factor
I = Importance Factor
Pg = Ground Snow Load
Snow LoadSnow Load
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• Example with 6:12 Pitch Roof
Ce = 1.0 (Table 7-2)
Ct = 1.2 for unheated structure (Table 7-3)
Cs = 0.8 +/- (Figure 7-2)
I = 1.0 (Category I)
Pg = 40 PSF (Burlington, VT)
Therefore, Ps = 26.9 PSF
• This value is hardly insignificant
Snow LoadSnow Load
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Wind LoadWind Load
• Covered bridges are susceptible to significant wind pressures
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• Wind load in AASHTO very conservative
• Not developed for Covered Bridges
• AASHTO:
• 100 mph base wind velocity
• Wind pressure = 75 PSF for Truss Bridges
• Wind pressure = 50 PSF for Girder Bridges
Wind LoadWind Load
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• ASCE 7-02, Method I
= Simple Diaphragm Buildings
• Ps = (I) (Ps30)
= Adjustment Factor
I = Importance Factor
Ps30 = Wind Pressure for Exposure B, h = 30 feet and I = 1.0
Wind LoadWind Load
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• Example With Exposure B, Height = 30 Feet, 6:12 Pitch Roof
I = 0.87 (Table 6-1, Table 1-1)= 1.0
Basic wind speed = 100 MPH
Therefore, According to ASCE 7-02, Figure 6-2
Ps Wall = 0.87 * 14.4 PSF = 12.5 PSF
Ps Roof = 0.87 * 3.3 PSF = 2.9 PSF
• Significantly less than AASHTO values
Wind LoadWind Load
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• Use AASHTO and State DOT Provisions
• Apply H, HS or Lane Load to Produce Maximum Stress
Vehicular LoadVehicular Load
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• Use AASHTO Provisions
• Standard Specifications for Highway Bridges
• Guide Specifications for Design of Pedestrian Bridges
• Typically ranges from 65 PSF to 85 PSF
Pedestrian LoadPedestrian Load
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• Create rational load combinations
• Evaluate snow load at Operating Level
• Evaluate pedestrian load at Operating Level
Load CombinationsLoad Combinations
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• Design/Rating Load Cases
1. DL + Vehicular @ 100%/Inventory Level
2. DL + Vehicular + Pedestrian @ 133%/Operating Level
3. DL + Vehicular + Snow @ 133%/Operating Level
Load CombinationsLoad Combinations
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• Wind Load Combination
• Wind @ 100%
Load CombinationsLoad Combinations
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• AASHTO Specifications do not adequately address covered bridges
• Other codes are available
• ASCE 7-02
• IBC 2000
• NFPA 5000
ConclusionsConclusions
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• Snow load and wind loads determined by ASCE 7-02
• Load cases based on probability of occurrence and experience
• Design and rating combinations proposed for DL, vehicular, pedestrian, snow loads
• Wind loads analyzed separately
ConclusionsConclusions
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• Method allows for preservation, not intended to increase capacity
ConclusionsConclusions
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QuestionsQuestions
Matthew J. Low, P.E. Hoyle, Tanner & Associates, Inc. 150 Dow Street Manchester, New Hampshire (603) 669-5555 [email protected]