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This PDF is a selection from an out-of-print volume from the NationalBureau of Economic Research
Volume Title: National Income and Its Composition, 1919-1938,Volume II
Volume Author/Editor: Simon Kuznets, assisted by Lillian Epsteinand Elizabeth Jenks
Volume Publisher: NBER
Volume URL: http://www.nber.org/books/kuzn41-3
Publication Date: 1946
Chapter Title: Basic Data, Sources and Methods: Manufacturing
Chapter Author: Simon Kuznets, Lillian Epstein, Elizabeth Jenks
Chapter URL: http://www.nber.org/chapters/c5553
Chapter pages in book: (p. 575 - 638)
Manufacturing
TABLES M1—M28
Whenever two entries are made for 1934 the first is comparable withthose for preceding years in that the Statistics of Income data usedare based on the old industrial classification; the second is compa-ra.ble with those for succeeding years in that the Statistics of Incomedata used are based on the new industrial classification.
Net savings and net income, adjusted, exclude gains and lossesfrom saLes of capital assets, 1929—38, and from changes in inven-tory valuation, Net savings and net income without anyspecific designation are unadjusted, i.e., include these two types ofgain and loss.
576 PART FOUR
M i Gross Income by Major Industrial Divisions(millions of dollars)
(i) (z) (5) (6) (7) (8)1919 14,239 12,271 4,487 1,261 1,762 18,290 5,341 2,856 60,5091920 12,768 12,959 6,igi 1,928 2,268 18,528 6,219 2,995 63,6591921 9,402 8,8gi i,o88 2,068 10,526 4,123 2,099 41,8971922 9,810 4,723 1,230 2,225 10,717 4,995 2,483 46,0451923 10,658 io,88i 5,753 1,480 18,472 5,207 2,739 57,499
1924 ti,ii8 10,409 5,689 1,421 2,488 17,072 4,983 3,001 56,1841925 11,587 11,442 6,056 1.576 2,583 18,634 5,952 2,9981926 11,674 11,557 6,306 1,785 2,762 18,257 6,071 6i ,7391927 12,267 11,409 5,723 1,812 2,846 17,798 5,847 3,078 60,7831928 12,688 11,426 5,796 1,863 3,049 19,620 6,345 3,099 63,889
1929 13,324 11,709 5,704 1,909 3,170 22,669 6,876 3,104 68,4681930 11,876 9,085 4,241 1,674 2,990 15,834 6,129 2,568 54,3991931 9,451 7,386 2,807 1,357 2,497 10,173 4,438 2,029 40,1411932 7,221 5,225 1,678 1,031 1,802 5,574 3,714 1,389 27,6351933 7,519 6,025 i,8oo 1,172 1,733 7,161 5,703 1,440 50,557
1934 10,220 6,076 2,375 1,333 2,011 9,911 4,285 1,699 37,9131935 10,636 7,600 2,792 1,523 2,165 13,273 4,942 2,061 44,9931936 11,944 8,876 3,819 1,836 2,378 17,834 5,887 2,405 54,981
'937 12,568 8,926 4,266 2,060 2,585 20,939 6,674 2,690 60,712
Column Columni Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical3 Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper 9 Total5 Printing
M 2
Net
Inco
me
Ori
gina
ting
by M
ajor
Ind
ustr
ial D
ivis
ions
(m
illio
ns o
f do
llars
)
1919
1920
1921
1922
£923
(1)
1,895
1,674
1,19
51,
569
1,74
4
(2)
3,622
3,022
2,33
92,
982
3,34
3
1,89
32,331
1,26
31,
779
2,352
(4)
382
544
256
338
425
728
938
821
943
995
(6)
6,175
6,663
2,717
3,79
35,726
(7)
1,030
1,072
559
933
975
(8)
1,153
486
934
1,145
(9)
16,882
17,4811
9,63
913,275
16,7
08
(so)
i6,i8o
19,802
12,6
27
16,7
85
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1,76
21,
744
i,8oi
1,82
61,965
2,64
12,
996
2,781
3,164
2,947
2,18
12,
302
2,3821
2,139
2,141
403
445
475
476
476
1,07
11,
126
1,213
1,224
1,308
5,25
05,
862
6,0372
5,55
86,224
gg8
i,i6i
1,364
1,45
0
9o6
1,01
4966
966
g6i
15,2
1416
,654
17,0
2216
,430
17,4
74
15,6
0316
,829
18,1
0517
,200
17,9
24
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
2,038
1,827
1,438
1,074
1,258
2,992
1,970
1,667
1,075
1,74
9
2,172
1,451
757
210
480
498
413
303
183
271
1,407
1,303
1,05
176
5711
7,224
4,797
2,544
987
1,717
i,6og
1,107
582
467
594
g6o
645
503
281
410
18,9
0413
,518
8,848
5,044
7,19
4
19,794
16,257
11,047
6,25
36,625
£934
1934
i,6ig
1,60
21,913
1,912
732
727
353
351
831
824
2,915
2,909
788
718
563
559
9,71
79,
606
9,04
68,
935
1935
1936
1937
1938
1,655
1,870
1,82
51,742
2,19
22,
423
2,42
61,938
950
1,322
1,55
61,
154
376
434
498
367
912
1,00
71,
091
1,004
3,83
65,
045
6,365
3,775
866
1,06
41,223
952
693
8io
874
685
11,484
13,978
15,861
11,619
11,3
7714
,198
15,9
1012,574
Col
umn
iFo
od a
nd to
bacc
o2
Tex
tile
and
leat
her
3C
onst
ruct
ion
mat
eria
ls a
nd f
urni
ture
4Paper
5Printing
Com
para
ble
with
the
figu
res
for
1927
—38
. Ind
udes
div
iden
ds,
inte
rest
, and
sav
ings
of
met
al b
uild
ing
mat
eria
ls c
orpo
ratio
nsw
hich
are
exc
lude
d in
the
earl
ier
year
s. T
he 1
926
figu
re c
ompa
-ra
ble
with
thos
e fo
r 19
19—
25 is
$2,
317
mill
ion.
Col
umn
6M
etal
7C
hem
ical
8Miscellaneous and rubber
gTotal excl. central administrative offices
10Total,
adj.,
md.
cen
tral
adm
inis
trat
ive
offi
ces
2C
ompa
rabl
ew
ith th
e fi
gure
s fo
r 19
27—
38. E
xclu
des
divi
dend
s,in
tere
st,and savings of metal building materials corporations
which
are
incl
uded
in th
e ea
rlie
r ye
ars.
The
192
6 fi
gure
com
pa-
rabl
e w
ith th
ose
for
1919
—25
is $
6,10
2 m
illio
n.
578 PART FOUR
M Total Payments by Type (millions of dollars)
WAGES & ENTREP. PROP. PAY. TOWAGES SALARIES SALARIES WITHDR. DIVIDENDS INTEREST INCOME INDIVIDUALS
(2) (6) (8)1919 9,682 2,785 12,468 523 1,261 86.7 1,3481920 11,577 3,052 14,609 534 1,488 107 16,7591921 7,460 2,451 9,891 404 1,325 138 1,463 11,7601922 7,997 2,485 10,480 1,310 205 1,416 12,2841923 io,16o 2,861 13,021 385 1,763 117 i,88i 15,289
1924 9,493 2,905 12,396 374 1,652 154 i,8o6 14,5781925 9,981 2,978 12,960 571 1,910 153 2,064 15,3961926 10,316 3,187 13,504 569 2,118 151 2,270 16,1431927 10,115 3,424 13,559 565 2,227 2,391 16,2961928 10,198 5,665 13,863 2,518 184 2,703 26,934
1929 io,8g8 4,013 14,911 572 2,749 209 2,952 18,236(930 8,861 3,934 12,795 326 2,616 253 2,849 15,972193% 6,701 3,217 9,918 268 1,895 231 2,127 12,3141932 4,616 2,408 7,024 so6 1,119 200 1,319 8,5501933 4,940 2,109 7,049 1,010 1,196 8,428
7934 6,363 2,457 8,8oo 176 1,297 179 1,476 10,4551934 6,363 2,437 8,8oo i8i 1,224 144 1,368
1935 7,311 2,585 9,897 197 1,583 152 1,7361936 8,460 2,757 11,217 241 2,411 145 2,556 14,0151937 10,112 3,093 13,205 266 2,434 141 2,576 16,0471938 7,719 2,801 10,521 264 1,413 140 1,553 12,339
M Net Income Originating (millions of dollars)
PAY. TO NETINDIVID• NET SAVINGS NET NET SAVINGS, ADJUSTED INCOME,
UALS Entrep. Corp. Total INCOME Entrep. Corp. Total ADJ.
(1) (2) (6) (7) (8) (g)1919 14,559 437 2,305 2,743 17,082 819 1,521 1,841 i6,i8o1920 16,739 48.8 914 963 17,702 297 2,765 8,063 19,8021921 11,760 —184 —1,760 —1,945 9,814 710 867 12,6271922 12,284 156 1,014 1,170 13,455 112 686 7981923 15,289 214 1,410 1,625 16,914 200 1,295 1,496 16,785
1924 14,578 86.6 762 849 15,427 104 920 1,025 15,6031925 151 1,332 1,484 i6,88o 146 1,286 1,453 16,8291926 16,143 88.8 1,090 1,179 17,323 i6i 1,799 1,9611927 16,296 78.7 441 520 16,817 114 788 903 17,2001928 16,934 '75.4 941 1,014 17,949 71.4 gt8 989 17,924
1929 18,236 1,209 1,268 19,504 85.5 1,472 1,557 19,7941930 15,972 —159 —1,758 —1,878 14,094 34.6 250 285 16,2577931 12,524 —194 —2,812 —3,007 9,307 —60.3 —1,206 —1,267 11,0477932 8,550 —221 —2,948 —3,170 5,380 —150 —2,145 —2,296 6,2551933 8,428 —12.3 —935 —948 7,480 —81.1 —1,722 —1,803 6,625
7934 10,455 24.3 —438 —414 10,039 —48.7 —1,407 9,0461934 10,350 25.3 —447 —422 9,928 —52.1 —1,563 —1,415 8,935
1935 11,831 6i.8 —75.8 —14.0 ii,8i6 27.5 —480 —453 11,3771936 34,015 130 177 507 14,322 120 62.6 14,1987937 16,047 6o.i 129 i8g 16,237 34.8 —371 —137 15,9101938 12,339 —33.0 —346 —579 11,959 15.9 219 235 12,574
MANUFACTURING 579M 5 Wages by Major Industrial Divisions (millions of dollars)
(1) (s) (6) ('i) (8)
1919 950 1,954 1,260 214 351 3,946 463 561 9,6821920 1,045 2,297 1,599 297 498 4,566 569 '705 11,5771921 871 i,866 1,022 204 433 2,260 354 446 7,460
855 1,926 1,185 210 448 2,510 372 487 7,997
1929 923 2,237 1,545 252 491 3,672 450 587 io,,6o
1924 go8 i,g86 1,539 251 518 3,312 424 552 9,493
1925 909 2,110 1,593 266 540 3,523 450 586 9,981
1920 917 2,119 1,635 281 578 3,693 483 607 10,316
1927 933 2,231 1,543 274 584 3,461 479 6o6 10,115
1928 956 2,126 1,472 275 591 476 6i8 io,ig8
1929 1,001 2,193 1,488 289 533 10,898
193c' 951 1,790 1,142 266 620 3,080 494 8,86i193! 8ii 214 538 2,017 400 418 6,7011932 1,154 410 i62 414 1,238 313 287 4,616
1933 674 1,286 439 172 355 1,571 331 509 4,940
1934 836 1,533 570 212 411 2,016 393 389 6,3631935 863 1,713 692 255 446 2,501 422 436 7,311
1936 927 1,786 892 260 486 3,152 456 498 8,460
1937 1,051 1,955 1,076 307 533 4,082 571 10,1121938 .,019 1,599 275 508 2,561 501 428 7,719
Column Columni Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical3 Corn truction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Papr 9 Total5 Printing
'I
580 PART FOL
M 6 Wages by Minor Industrial Divisions (millions of dollars)
(i) (2) (6) (7) (8) (g) (ii) (12) (13) (is) (i6) (iv)
1919 826 124 228 80.9 125 254 243 49.8 59.4 990 205 570 io8 58.8 79.9 8n 121
1920 901 144 247 29.9 i6o 528 263 59.8 64.9 1,154 253 472 126 6g.o 93.9 1,015 1271921 750 120 219 25.4 132 263 229 60.4 49.6 978 213 $42 113 59.9 75.4 805
7922 741 114 241 28.5 152 278 225 6o.t 53.4 1,037 221 333 103 6o.o 77.8 796
1923 802 120 265 33.7 i68 299 228 64.0 67.9 1,127 285 425 126 74.7 96.2 i,oo6
1924 793 115 237 23.3 149 266 210 6o.t 61.7 1,009 254 353 121 71.8 85.2 885 91.91925 7gB iii 243 28.1 t68 265 251 66.6 65.3 1,069 248 379 142 85.9 92.2 9481926 8io ioô 242 28.8 177 268 236 65.8 65.4 1,084 226 140 88.o io6 94.91927 828 105 245 32.1 i88 286 272 46.8 78.5 1,149 228 398 140 93.2 126 94.C
'928 857 99.6 252 30.4 i87 276 284 46.1 76.4 1,183 215 354 139 93.4 121 902 90.3
1929 907 94.6 243 29.9 210 279 298 42.7 i,i8i siS 341 137 95.7 130 913
i93o 84.0 200 21.9 '76 221 269 36.4 62.6 987 i6i 264 113 83.4 104 727 75.S
7931 741 69.4 149 190 254 32.6 51.9 151 252 97.4 77.7 92.5 652 6g.'7932 599 55.7 149 12.0 122 134 159 25.0 37.3 639 100 167 63.0 56.7 6i.g 449 46.C
'933 623 50.9 14.4 132 154 20.3 673 128 227 74.1 59.6 69.9 52.4
1934 777 58.4 i86 162 ig6 212 23.2 48.2 844 129 257 90.5 66.i 83.2 626 62.5
1935 804 i8g t6.i 184 254 247 24.0 54.9 950 182 248 95.5 6g.6 g6.o 692 70.41936 864 63.3 '88 194 243 261 23.5 60.5 989 iSo 278 86.3 73.8 104 723 74.C
7937 g8t 70.3 209 20.4 205 255 262 22.9 62.7 197 325 92.4 78.5 ¶ 124 8z8 78.8
7938 951 6i.g 13.7 182 203 237 21.9 897 144 250 67.5 59.4 99.0 64.2
Column . Columni Food io Total wearing apparel (col. g—9)2 Tobacco ii Woolen goods
Boots and shoes, other than rubber 12 Cotton goodsBoots and shoes, rubber 13 Silk and rayon goodsHosiery and knit goods 14 Dyeing and finishing
6 Men's clothing Other textile fabrics7 Women's clothing i6 Total textile fabrics (cot. 11—15)8 Millinery 17 Other leatherg Other wearing apparel
UFACTURING 581
M 6 Wages by Minor Industrial Divisions (millions of dollars)
i) (20) (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (23) (29) (so) (s') (32) (sa) (34) (sri)
5 io6 95.8 1,109 151 gi6 1,253 597 170 '58 2,179 491 359 307 156 121 440 1919
3 151 '55 1,400 '98 1,10! 1,638 372 214 i6i 2,386 592 486 567 202 152 550 7920
i 86.g 872 150 476 844 '55 116 91.7 1,208 318 256 227 127 75.1 371 1921
7 88.o io6 1,004 182 872 109 1,167 430 512 241 130 393 1922
7 '59 152 1,328 216 896 1,271 90.7 212 145 1,720 659 395 297 153 'oS 478 1923
6 132 '55 1,329 215 826 1,171 76.4 142 136 1,526 365 288 107 444 1924
:4 i69 1,555 238 846 1,243 74.3 120 142 382 307 142 120 466 1925145 181 254 88i 1,972 81.2 125 150 1,729 637 394 38° 153 120 487 1926
.9 137 171 1,291 252 829 1,306 87.1 103 139 383 329 149 120 486 1927
5 igo i68 1,229 242 867 1,872 68.4 84.8 '8° 1,655 748 410 334 '43 131 487 1928
0 169 1,231 257 956 1,654 121 135 2,000 733 443 364 i68 127 495 1929
4 100 142 957 767 1,247 91.5 to6 102 1,548 431 532 327 167 Sg.o 426 1930
7 70.0 94.7 62.0 56.1 73.4 95' 85° 240 267 132 63.1 355 19315 42.5 46.7 329 8i.o 257 438 43.6 41.2 49.4 572 255 153 205 ios 46.2 241 1932
3 50.5 41.7 555 472 33.9 35.3 52.5 591 252 '66 223 107 54.7 254 1933
9 64.4 54.2 470 99.3 489 703 47.4 54.8 70.0 876 423 227 268 125 73.0 316 19345 77.8 66.8 127 6o6 872 55.4 55.5 545 283 288 '33 78.3 .1935
:8 101 92.4 732 159 83o 1,097 i8.i 8o.8 100 1,357 626 338 312 144 92.5 406 7936'6 1,8 117 885 190 1,104 1,456 93.7 122 '26 1,799 756 422 176 96.7 474 1937
18 87.6 figo 83.4 Th•9 85.2 1,194 421 305 326 174 67.2 360 7938
ColumnLumber 28 HardwareStone, clay, a:nd glass 29 Tota' machinery (ccl. 25—28)[-teating apparatus 30 Motor vehiclesDiher construction materials 31 Non-ferrous metalPotal construction materials (col. 18—21) 32 Chemical excl. petroleum refiningFurniture 33 Petroleum refiningIron and steel 34 Rubber tires\4ach I nery proper Miscellaneous;hipbuilding)ther transportation equipment excl. mowi
vehkles
MA
NU
FAC
TU
RIN
G
M7
Sala
ries
by
Maj
or I
ndus
tria
l Div
isio
ns (
mill
ions
of
dolla
rs)
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
1929
1930
1931
1932
1933
1934
1935
1936
1937
1938
Col
umn
190
i6o
2,69
0ig
617
32,
753
213
184
2,88
621
519
23,
037
221
191
3,19
0
7Chemical
8M
isce
llane
ous
and
rubb
er9
Tot
al c
xci.
cent
ral a
dmin
istr
ativ
e of
fice
sio
Cen
tral
adm
inis
trat
ive
offi
ces
iiT
otal
md.
cen
tral
adm
inis
trat
ive
offi
ces
(so)
(11)
200
2,78
5219
3,03
217
52,
431
179
2,48
320
62,
861
213
2,90
322
52,
978
301
3,18
7387
3,42
447
43,
665
322
2,43
733
22,
585
344
2,757
376
3,093
339
2,801
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(g)
343
456
251
59.0
223
216
198
2,58
534
8456
279
59.5
255
979
231
203
2,81
229
035
924
056
.926
072
117
814
82,256
299
391
270
62.6
283
670
i8o
144
2,30
331
245
229
873
.131
583
7204
162
2,65
5
290
423
324
72.5
359
869
285
438
346
76.5
377
290
435
364
83.0
418
8g6
322
468
361
86.3
434
339
500
365
92.2
461
1,01
9
341
527
382
95.9
501
1,11
424
620
334
126o
o4,
013
331
481
365
95.4
521
1,11
724
420
03,
359
575
3,93
429
341
727
589
.544
384
720
618
42,
758
459
3,217
242
308
182
69.3
6o8
163
138
2,072
335
2,408
235
299
149
69.2
306
490
152
120
1,82
228
62,109
262
327
177
8o.6
339
624
178
126
2,11
527
533
8184
77.6
348
685
193
150
2,25
329
235
4201
84.3
366
200
557
2,412
295
343
233
83.7
422
952
212
173
2,71
629
229
521
88i
.6396
822
200
153
2,46
2
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umn
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G
M 9
Wag
es a
nd S
alar
ies
by M
ajor
Ind
ustr
ial D
ivis
ions
(m
illio
ns o
f do
llars
)
1919
1920
1921
1922
1923
1929
1930
1931
1932
'933
1,34
32,
720
1,87
01,
283
2,27
11,
508
1,10
41,
984
1,01
189
71,
442
593
909
1,58
558
8
iF
ood
and
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e an
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athe
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ruct
ion
mat
eria
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urni
ture
4Pa
per
5Pr
intin
g
(6)
273
574
4,78
335
675
45,
546
261
694
2,98
127
373
13,
181
325
807
4,50
9
385
1,13
8.5
,247
362
1,14
14,
197
303
981
2,86
523
277
51,
846
242
662
i,86t
(7)
(8)
(9)
68o
759
12,2
678o
o90
714
,390
533
594
9,71
655
263
110
,300
654
749
12,8
15
(i)1,
293
1,39
31,
162
1,15
51,
235
1,19
81,
194
1,20
71,
256
1,29
5
(2)
2,39
12,
753
2,22
52,
318
2,69
0
2,40
92,
549
2,55
52,
699
2,62
7
1924
1925
1926
1927
1928
(3)
1,51
21,
878
1,26
314
561,
843
1,86
41,
940
2,00
01,
904
1,83
7
324
878
343
918
364
997
361
1,01
936
51,
052
4,18
14,
382
4,59
04,
418
4,70
1
712
646
760
696
792
694
798
698
8io
12,1
8312
,734
13,2
0213
,152
13,3
88
1934
1935
1936
1,09
81,
138
1,22
0
.i,8
6o2,
052
.
2,14
1
747
877
1,09
3
292
313
344
750
795
852
2,64
03,
186
3,90
919
371,
347
2,27
91,
309
391
955
5,03
519
381,
312
i,888
1,05
335
490
53,
383
Col
umn
Col
umn
(10)
12,4
6814
,609
9,89
110
,480
13,0
21
12,3
9612
,960
13,5
0413
,539
13,8
63
14,9
1112
;795
9,91
87,
024
7,04
9
8,8o
o9,
897
11,2
1713
,205
10,5
21
779
14,3
1173
971
612
,220
6o6
602
9,45
947
642
56,
689
484
429
6,76
3
571
516
8478
586
9,56
465
665
510
,872
767
744
12,8
2970
158
1io
,t8i
6M
etal
7C
hem
ical
8M
isce
llane
ous
and
rubb
erg
Tot
al e
xci.
cent
ral a
dmin
istr
ativ
e of
fice
s (c
ol. s
_8)
ioT
otal
mci
. cen
tral
adm
inis
trat
ive
offi
ces
M A
N U
FA
CT
U R
I N
G
M io
Wag
esan
d Sa
lari
es b
y M
inor
Ind
ustr
ial D
ivis
ions
(m
illio
ns o
f do
llars
)
(i)
(2)
(f,)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(ie)
(u)
(12)
(!3?
(II)
(16)
(i6)
(iv)
(*8)
(ig)
1919
1,142
151
1,269
968
153
659
394
157
125
1,517
194
1,070
2,673
585
453
479
200
176
583
1920
1,222
170
1,436
i,i6o
156
765
486
190
1,637
241
1,290
2,954
728
573
549
251
201
705
1921
I,oi6
145
1,187
934
103
483
357
115
117
1,073
*90
6o6
1,64
0400
334
371
162
104
489
1922
1,010
145
1,271
931
1*5
583
390
121
138
1,23
4222
722
1,553
395
384
168
122
1923
i,o86
149
1,16
7126
700
509
174
19$
1,577
26
1,04
72,
206
761
494
460
194
137
612
1924
i,o6o
137
1,26
21,035
112
694
525
169
205
1,595
268
969
2,01
1719
481
440
174
135
577
1925
i,o6o
133
1,325
1,109
114
704
178
218
1,64
029
9990
2,072
833
486
467
i78
607
1926
1,077
130
1,341
1,096
117
697
559
*88
235
i,68i
318
1,017
2,253
8*7
501
503
192
634
1927
1,127
128
1,420
1,162
117
546
179
227
1,587
317
983
2,20
073
350
0505
i88
i6o
1928
1,173
122
1,426
114
6ig
1)1
227
1,526
311
1,028
2,260
874
515
182
*68
642
1929
1,226
117
1,491
i,ii6
112
640
489
176
231
1,557
333
1,12
62,662
870
564
214
158
668
1930
1,177
105
1,279
894
97.8
486
410
145
212
1,255
252
948
2,20
9569
469
526
213
'*6
1931
i,oi8
85.8
1,093
8io
81.2
274
290
112
144
822
*88
607
1,435
466
356
434
172
84.1
-518
1932
829
68.3
821
59.7
156
173
69.4
77.2
476
ii6
350
931
327
237
333
143
64.4
1933
847
62.5
848
66.9
'72
*66
72.6
6i.g
473
114
445
873
309
233
348
72.0
357
1934
1,027
71.3
1,030
751
78.1
221
221
gi.8
77.5
612
134
591
1,233
500
4*3
158
91.3
424
1935
1,067
71.3
1,146
819
86.3
267
252
*02
92.6
714
162
728
1,459
621
376
440
174
97.1
489
1936
1,144
75.9
1,191
91.0
129
120
894
ig8
980
1,77
871
7433
470
*86
1*4
541
1937
1,264
82.4
1,23
2952
94.5
397
371
151
152
1,072
237
1,298
2,327
870
537
546
221
122
622
1938
1,233
79.3
i,o66
745
76.5
333
299
*11
123
804
524
416
477
224
87.8
494
Col
umn
Col
umn
iFood
iiFurniture
2T
obac
co12
Iron
and
ste
el3
Wea
ring
app
arel
13Machinery
Tex
tile
fabr
ics
14Motor
vehi
cles
Oth
er le
athe
r15
Non-ferrous
met
al6
Lum
ber
i6C
hem
ical
cxc
i. pe
trol
eum
ref
inin
g7
Ston
e, c
lay,
and
gla
ss17
Petroleum
refi
ning
8H
eatin
g ap
para
tus
i8R
ubbe
r tir
es9
Oth
er c
onst
ruct
ion
mat
eria
lsig
Mis
cella
neou
sio
Tot
al c
onst
ruct
ion
mat
eria
ls (
col.
6_g)
586 PART FOUR
M ii Dividends by Major Industrial Divisions(millions of dollars)
(i) (2) (6) (7) (8)
1919 154 252 99.3 44.8 198 103 1,2611920 ig6 276 125 59.7 42.1 425 249 112 1,488
1921 i6o 200 io8 48.9 57.2 592 256 100 1,525
1922 154 211 122 34.9 66,7 214 157 1,510
1923 223 246 176 67.8 545 267 i8o 1,763
1924 248 202 159 63.5 624 244 73.4 1,6521925 279 215 186 6o.g 88.3 670 SIp 91.1 1,9101926 274 208 2451 47.7 96.8 7972
345 103 2,1181927 328 211 219 56.6 lOg 863 io6 2,227
1928 353 231 217 99.2 957 495 99.5 2,518
1929 401 216 218 57.1 132 1,113 485 ii8 2,743
1930 434 168 178 51.6 127 6oo 104 2,616193! 567 125 io8 36.6 95.1 628 459 75.' 1,895
1932 292 74.3 48.9 20.7 59.6 300 279 43.7 1,119
1933 278 76.5 4.0.9 27.2 222 296 i,oio
1934 296 115 79.2 58.2 6i.6 286 40.8 1,297
(934 337 114 77.6 39.6 66.6 384 167 36.3 1,224
(935 335 114 94.2 47.0 72.4 580 313 75.0 1,5831936 446 176 169 105 887 453 110 2,4111937 408 170 182 75.4 g8o 416 io6 2,4941938 8s.8 81.4 26.6 74.0 421 290 90.0 1,413
Column Column
1 Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
3 Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper 9 Total5 Printing
1 Comparable with the figures for 1927—98. Includes dividends of metal building materialscorporations which are excluded in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable withthose for 1919—25 IS $210 million.2 Comparable with the figures for 1927—88 Excludes dividends oE metal building materialscorporations which are included in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable withthose for 1919—25 is $832 million.
MA
NU
FAC
TU
RIN
G
M 1
2D
ivid
ends
by
Min
or I
ndus
tria
l Div
isio
ns (
mill
ions
of
dolla
rs)
(1)
(2)
(5)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(to)
(ii)
(12)
(13)
(14)
1926
68.2
129
10.7
114
964
34.5
165
337
228
i8o
—4.
010
7
1927
6g.i
132
9.9
98.8
8i.8
38.5
170
380
230
82.1
i86
66.g
1928
8i.o
138
12.0
103
79.5
34.2
395
279
96.2
232
262
8.0
91.6
1929
85.9
121
8.8
944
86.8
36.9
238
483
281
110
228
257
254
93.3
1930
72.2
89.0
7.4
63.6
75.7
38.8
217
417
234
82.1
278
322
24.6
79.8
193!
50.5
70.7
4.0
30.2
54.2
23.8
125
262
182
59.0
199
259
16.2
58.9
1932
31.1
40.6
2.6
14.3
27.9
6.7
55.3
125
76.6
43.4
170
109
11.0
32.8
1933
29.4
444
2.7
12.9
22.7
5.3
15.3
92.9
73.6
40.2
175
121
5.6
27.9
Col
umn
Col
umn
1W
eari
ng a
ppar
el8
Mac
hine
ry2
Tex
tile
fabr
ics
9M
otor
veh
icle
s
3O
ther
leat
her
toN
on-f
erro
us m
etal
4 L
umbe
rti
Che
mic
al e
xcl.
petr
oleu
m r
efin
ing
5St
one,
cla
y, a
nd g
lass
12Pe
trol
eum
ref
inin
g6
Met
al b
uild
ing
mat
eria
lsR
ubbe
r tir
es7
Iron
and
ste
el14
Mis
cella
neou
s
31.2 —o.6 13.9 14.726.5 —0.8 12.5 12.2
Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Includes interest of metal building materials cor-porations which are excluded in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable with those for1919—25 IS $9.1 million.2 Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Excludes interest of metal building materials cor-porations which are included in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable with those for1919—25 IS $48.4 million.
588 PART FOURM 13 Interest by Major Industrial Divisions(millions of dollars)
(1) (2) (3) (4) (6) (8)1919 25.3 12.8 6.o 4.0 2.6 26.1 0.4 g.6 86.7(920 35.6 11.4 6.7 5.8 2.0 28.2 5.0 17.2 1071921 36.0 14.0 7.3 4.5 3.5 33.5 20.5 19.1 1381922 30.6 11.9 8.9 6.s '.4 18.7 12.2 15.8 1051923 9.4 8.i 1.2 38.8 13.6 11.3 117
1924 40.4 3,2 11.3 8.2 1.9 54.7 20.41925 43.6 4.5 10.9 9.7 3.9 49.4 21.1 io.8 1531926 36.4 2.3 12.2 5.2 45.52 21.4 i6,6 1511927 39.1 5.0 13.3 8.g 36.4 29.2 1631928 42.1 7.4 17.2 15.1 11.3 47.8 27.3 18.7 184
1929 45.0 io,6 22.4 15.3 13,1 61.3 25.6 17.8 2091930 48.3 9.3 25.7 iS.i 15.1 56.3 41.1 19.6 2331931 44.9 7.5 26.2 17.0 15.5 52.6 48.6 19.2 2311932 86.3 0.6 i8.o i6.6 14.1 49.9 50.4 14.5 2001933 51.9 —o.8 '5.9 15.4 49.9 44,3 14.5 185
1934 '3.3 51.6 39.9 15.3 1791934 8.6 46.1 26.8 12.3 144
1935 27.4 2.0 11.2 11.4 8.2 51.1 no.8 io.8 1521936 24.5 2.8 10.9 ii.i 52.9 25.8 8.8 '451937 26.4 7.6 12.5 9.0 52.9 25.2 6.4 1411938 26.1 3.2 7.1 10.7 9.6 50.9 25.9 66 140
Column Columni Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
s Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper 9 Total5 Printing
MANUFACTURING 589
M 14 Property Income by Major Industrial Divisions(millions of dollars)
(t) (2) U) (6) (8) (o)
1979 179 265 99.3 48.8 37.6 406 ig8 112 1,3481930 232 288 132 63.5 44.1 454 252 129 1,5951921 ig6 214 115 53.2 60.7 426 277 119 1,4631922 184 223 13* 41.2 68,i 387 226 153 1,416
1923 255 249 65.2 6g.o 584 280 191 i,88i
1924 289 206 170 45.1 65.5 678 264 87.2 i,8o6
1925 322 219 197 70.6 92.3 719 340 101 2,0641926 310 210 257k 59.9 102 8432 367 119 2,2701927 367 216 232 6g,g ''8 899 360 125 2,3911928 395 238 234 78.1 110 1,004 522 ii8 2,703
1929 444 227 240 72.4 146 1.174 511 136 2,9521930 482 177 203 69.7 '43 1,007 641 124 2,8491031 412 132 134 53.6 110 68i 94.3 2.1271932 328 75.0 66.g 37.3 73.7 350 330 58.0 1,3191933 310 75.6 56.9 43.9 49.0 271 540 47.8 i,ig6
1934 528 114 93.2 52.9 74.9 430 326 56.1 1,4761934 564 113 90.1 75.2 430 194 48.5 1,368
1935 362 ii6 105 58.4 8o.6 581 344 1,7361936 471 179 72.4 113 940 479 119 2,5561937 455 174 8g 87.g 102 1,035 499 112 2,5767938 37' 87.0 88.5 57.5 83.7 472 g6.6
Column Column
1 Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper g Total5 P:rinting
Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Includes dividends and interest payments ofmetal buiding materials corporations which are excluded in the earlier years. The 1926figure comparable with those for 19*9—25 IS $219 million.
2 Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Excludes dividends and interest payments of
metal bu:.lding materials corporations which are included in the earlier years. The 1926Figure cooparable with those for 1919—25 is $88o million.
590 PART FOURM Entrepreneurial Withdrawalsby Major Industrial Divisions (millions of dollars)
(1) (2) (4) (6) (7) (8) (9)1919 191 143 56.5 4.8 40.5 45.0 22.7 18.9 5231920 176 137 70.1 6.4 54.4 4.5.4 23.0 20.9 5341921 135 111 45.8 4.7 46.5 28.5 16.7 15.8 4041922 125 107 48.8 4.0 44.8 26.7 15.8 15.0 3881923 124 104 48.0 4.2 43.5 29.8 15.6 14.9 385
1924 117 100 48.3 4.0 44.1 30.0 14.4 15.5 3741925 109 io6 49.7. 4.0 43.4 28,6 14.5 15.1 3711926 112 104 49.1 4.1 42.9 27.8 13.9 15.1 3691927 119 102 42.4 3.7 42.8 26.2 13.6 14.4 3651928 127 96.6 43.4 3.5 41.6 26.3 13.4 15.1 368
1929 130 96.4 44.7 3.4 40.2 27.6 14.1 15.1 3721930 117 35.9 3.1 38.4 23.0 12.5 13.6 3261931 . 100 68.3 25.7 2.7 32.5 16.5 11.0 11.3 2681932 8o.i 47.3 16.5 2.1 33.6 11.0 7.7 7.9 2061933 65.5 47.0 13.2 2.0 31.0 10.0 7.2 7.1 183
1934 65.2 . 45.0 15.3 2.1 22.8 11.4 7.4 7.3 1761934 65.2 45.6 i6.i 2.2 24.7 12.0 7.7 i8t
1935 64.0 18.4 2.5 27.6 14.7 9.1 9.9 1971936 79.0 61.5 24.7 3.0 31.6 19.7 10.9 11.1 2411937 92.9 6i.4 27.6 3.4 33.5 23.3 ii.8 12.2 2661938 94.9 59.9 26.5 3.3 34.2 22.1 1 i.8 11.9 264
Column . Column
1 Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper 9 Total5 Printing
MANUFACTURING 591
M i6. Total Payments to Individualsby Major Industrial Divisions (millions of dollars)
(1) (2) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)1919 1,664 2,799 1,667 326 652 5,235 got 891 14,138 14,339
1920 1,802 3,178 2,081 426 852 6,045 1,076 1,057 16,520 16,739
192! 1,493 2,552 1,424 319 8oi 3,436 827 730 11,585 11,760
1922 1,464 2,649 1,637 318 844 3,594 795 8oo 12,104 12,284
1923 1,615 3,044 2,077 395 919 5,123 951 956 15,083 15,289
1924 1,604 2,716 2,082 373 987 4,890 894 815 14,365 14,578
1925 1,627 2,875 2,187 417 1,053 5,131 1,001 877 15,170 15,396
1926 1,630 2,869 2,306' 428 1,141 5,4612 1,077 927 15,842 16,143
1927 1,743 3,019 2,180 434 i,i8o i,o68. 938. 15,909 16,296
1928 i,8ig 2,962 2,115 447 1,204 5,732 1,233 943 16,459 16,934
:1,919 3,044 2,156 460 1,324 6,449 1,304 977 17,636 18,2361930 :1,884 2,531 1,747 1,323 5,228 1,393 15,397 15,9721931 :i,6i6 2,185 1,171 360 1,125 3,563 1,125 708 11,855 12,314
1932 1,306 1,565 676 271 .882 2,207 814 491 8,214 8,550
1913 1,285 1,7o8 658 287 742 2,143 832 484 8,142 8,428
1914 1,491 2,020 855 848 3,083 905 579 10,131 10,453
1934 1,527 2,019 853 346 850 3,083 774 572 10,028 10,350
'935 1,565 2,220 1,001 374 903 3,782 968 682 11,4981936 1,770 2,381 1,298 420 997 4,869 1,146 786 13,671 14,015
'937 2,515 1,527 482 1,091 6,091 1,218 869 15,671 16,047
1938 1,779 2,035 i,i68 395 1,023 3,878 1,029 6go 11,999 12,339
Column Columni Food and tobacco 7 Chemical2 Textile and leather 8 Miscellaneous and rubber3 Construction materials and furniture 9 Total exci. central administrative4 Paper offices (col. i—8)
5 Printing to Total mci. central administrative6 Metal offices
1Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Includes dividends and interest ofmetal building materials corporations which are excluded in the earlier years.The 1926 figure comparable with those for 1919—25 is $2,268 million.2Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Excludes dividends and interest ofmetal building materials corporations which are included in the earlier years.The 1926 figure comparable with those for 1919—25 $5498 million.
592 PART FOUR
M 17 Entrepreneurial Net Savingsby Major Industrial Divisions (millions of dollars)
(1) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8)1919 4.6 275 47.7 5.4 21.3 57.3 8.g i8.81920 —65.6 1.4 52.7 11.1 18.9 26.7 —7.1 io.6 48.81921 —86.o —27.8 —25.5 —3.0 5.2 —21.4 —12.5 —14.0 —1841922 4.7 28.9 1.3 22.8 o.g 6.g1923 17.9 76.7 61.3 2.7 17.5 26.1 1.9 10.0 214
T924 20.9 —6.i 26.7 i.6 i6.6 18.2 2.5 6.5 86.61925 14.0 57.4 53.0 2.5 18,9 29.6 4.8 ii.i1926 16.2 —8.8 23.5 2.6 i6.6 26.2 6.9 88.81927 2.3 55.2 5.0 2.7 iz.8 13.9 2.4 5.3 78.71928 5.4 9.1 10.2 2.0 i6.g 20.9 6.o 2.8 73.4
1929 2.5 —2.6 5.4 i.8 17.3 27.4 6.o '.i1930 —7.2 —94.2 —27.6 —0.1 2.7 —1.9 0.7 —11.9 —1591931 —24.5 —87.9 —40.1 —7.1 —18.2 —2,6 —12.8 —1941932 —32.4 —82.1 —44.4 —2.6 —17.1 —26.1 —5.3 —14.0 —2211933 8.2 9.9 —15.2 . —2.7 —9.3 1.3 —4.5 —12.3
1934 36.8 —6.9 —8.7 8.o —7.7 3.8 —1.9 24.31934 43.8 0.8 —o.8 —1.0 3.0 —0.9 25.3
1935 41.9 3.1 —2.2 0.8 5.4 7.4 4.0 3.5 6i.81936 53.5 25.1 11.5 1.5 7.1 18.7 6.2 6.81937 11.4 —0.2 12.0 2.0 5.2 22.6 5.1 4.1 6o.i1938 —2.2 —0.2 —9,7 —3.0 —7.7 —9.1 —2.1 1.1 —53.0
Loss of less than $50,000.
Column Column
i Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
Constrllction materials and hirniture S Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper 9 Total5 Printing
MANUFACTURING 593M i8 Entrepreneurial Net Income by Major Industrial Divisions(millions of dollars)
(t) (2) (6) (8) (g)1919 195 417 104 10.2 6i.8 102 37.7 9601920 III 138 122 '7.5 73.4 72.1 15.9 5821922' 49.4 85.4 20,3 i.8 51.8 7.1 4.4 i.8 220(922 129 192 77.7 5.4 32.9 16.7 21.9 5441923 142 181 109 6.8 17.5 25.0 599
1924 IS8 94.6 75.0 5.5 48.1 16.7 22.0 4611923 123 144 82.6 62.3 58.2 26.2 5221926 128 95.2 72.5 6.7 59.6 54.0 20.8 20.7 4571927 122 137 47.4 54.5 40.0 i6.o 19.7 4441928 133 105 53.6 5.6 58.6 47.2 19.4 17.9 441
1929 '33 50.1 5.1 57.5 55.0 20.1 16.2 4311930 110 —12.1 8.4 3.0 41.1 21.1 13.2 1.7 1871931 75.9 —ig.6 1.2 25.4 —,.6 8.4 1.5 73.91932 47.7 —34.8 —27.9 —0.5 '6.6 —15.1 4.4 —6.1 —15.71933 73.7 5641 —2.0 1.9 28.5 0.7 8.5 2.7 170
1934 102 38.2 6.6 5.0 30.8 3.7 11.2 5.3 200'934 io8 35.3 5.0 23.9 11.0 10.7 7.3 207
1935 105 54.6 16.2 3.2 31.0 22.2 15.1 13.4 259132 86.6 4.5 38.4 17.1 17.9 371
1937 104 61.2 5.4 45.9 i6.g 16.3 3261938 92.7 59.7 i6.8 0.4 26.5 9.8 13.0 231
Colu,nn Column1 Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Tatile and leather 7 Chemical
3 Construction materials and furniiure S Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper
. 9 Total5 Printing
594, PART FOURM Corporate Net Savings by Major Industrial Divisions(millions of dollars)
(1) (2) (s) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9)79(9 226 548 178 50.6 54.6 882 120 243 2,305
7920 —62.2 —157 197 io6 66.7 592 3.6 z66 9141921 —212 —185 —135 —59.9 14.5 —697 —255 —229 —t,76o1922 tOO 248 113 19.2 76.2 191 127 1,0141923 lii 222 213 27.5 58.3 576 22.1 179 1,410
1924 136 —68.8 71.9 28.6 341 101 84.2 7621925 1p3 Sg.g 82.5 25.7 53.7 701 155 126 1,3321926 154 —79.8 52.61 44.4 55.0 5502 279 34.0 1,0901927 110 —46.1 39.4 32.0 200 2.2 23.3 4411928 140 —24.7 15.2 26.5 86.8 471 210 14.8 941
1929 —49.3 11.0 35.9 66.o 747 299 —i8.i 1,2091930 —49.5 —467 —268 —21.1 —22.1 —428 —286 —195 —1,7581931 —153 —429 —373 —1,000 —541 —191 —2,812
1932 —199 —407 —421 —85.4 —100 —1,194 —343 —195 —2,948
p933 —35.2 31.5 —162 —16.4 28.5 —416 —238 —69.4 935
1934 90.6 —100 —114 4.9 —25.1 —160 —120 —'3.7 —438
'934 31.1 —96.4 —ii6 —25.4 —173 —12.6 —447
7935 48.1 —31.2 —48.4 1.9 46.3 —io6 8.t —75.87936 46.9 17.0 12.1 12.6 2.9 156 —88.' i6.g 1771937 —6i.i —88.7 17.5 —3.7 250 —0.1 1.0 1297938 —33.9 —96.9 —4.5 —25.4 —11.2 —93.6 —5.8 —346
Column Column
1 Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper 9 Total5 Printing
1 Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Includes the savings of metal building materialscorporations which are excluded in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable with thosefor 1919—25 18 $25.3 million.2 Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Excludes the savings of metal building materialscorporations which are included in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable with thosefor 1919—25 is $577 million.
MA
NU
FAC
TU
RIN
G
M 2
0C
orpo
rate
Net
Sav
ings
by
Min
or I
ndus
tria
l Div
isio
ns (
mill
ions
of
dolla
rs)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(ii)
(12)
(13)
(14)
1926
16.3
_95.
3—
o.8
—29
.454.7
27.2
140
220
154
35.4
io8
171
2.3
31.7
1927
48.8
50.5
10.7
—8o
.829
.85.
019
.911
340
.327
.070
.2—
68.0
—10
.133
.4
1928
u.S
_33.
0—
3.5
—45
.843
.617
.412
623
829
.277.5
96.5
114
—27
.842
.6
1929
7.9
—43
.1—
14.0
—38
.429
.5ig
.820
432
115
171
.212
817
0—26.4
8.3
1930
—12
1—
301
—43
.3—
u8a
—44
.6—
41.6
—98
.5—
176
—.9
6.3
—57
.4—
59.9
—22
6—
77.3
—ui
8
193!
—14
2—246
—40
.9—
214
—94
.2—
64.9
—24
4—
497
—u6
6—
92.2
—76
.1—
465
—34
.1—
157
1932
—15
2—
220
—34
.2—
220
—12
4—
76.8
—32
0—
487
—27
0—
ii6—
126
—21
6—
38.7
_15
619
33—
9.3
34.8
5.9
86.8
—45
.9—
29.5
—11
9—
232
—49
.6—
15.1
—44
.6 —
194
—6.
i—
63.3
Col
umn
Col
umn
1W
eari
ng a
ppar
el8
Mac
hine
ry
aT
extil
e fa
bric
s9
Mot
or v
ehic
les
3O
ther
leat
her
uoN
on-f
erro
us m
etal
4 L
umbe
r11
Chemical
cxci
. pet
role
um r
efin
ing
5St
one,
cla
y, a
nd g
lass
12Pe
trol
eum
ref
inin
g6
Met
al b
uild
ing
mat
eria
ls13
Rub
ber
tires
7Ir
on a
nd s
teel
14M
isce
llane
ous
596 PART FOURM 21 Total Net Savings by Major Industrial Divisions(millions of dollars)
(1) (2) (3) (6) (7) (8) (g)
1919. 231 822 225 56.0 75.9 940 129 262 2,7431920 —127 250 117 85.7 Gig —3.4 gOg1921 —298 —212 —160 —62.8 ig.8 —719 —267 —243 1,9451922 104 392 142 20.5 99.0 igS t341923 129 299 274 30.2 75.8 602 24.0 189 1,625
7924 157 —74.9 98.6 go.i 83.1 360 104 go.8 8491925 117 121 115 28.2 72.6 731 L6° '37 1,484
1926 170 —88.6 76.0' 46.9 71.6 5762 286 39.7 1,1791927 82.9 145 —41.1 42.2 43.8 214 4.6 28.6 5201928 146 25.4 28.6 103 492 216 17.6 1,014
7929 119 —51.9 i6.g 37.7 775 305 —17.0 1,2681930 —56.7 —56' —295 —21.2 —19.4 —430 —285 —207 —1,878193% —178 —517 —413 —',oi8 —543 —204 —3,0071932 —231 —489 —465 —88.i —117 —1,220 —346 —209 —3,1701933 —27.0 41.4 —177 —16.4 —31.2 —426 —237 —73.8 —948
1934 127 —107 —123 5.8 —17.1 —i68 ——''6 —4147934 74.g —106 —125 4.4 —26.3 —174 55.8 —13.4 —422
1933 Bg.g —28.1 —no.6 2.6 8.9 53.7 —102 1 i.6 —14.01936 100 42.2 23.4 14.2 10.0 175 —81.9 23.7 3071937 —49.8 —88.g 29.5 15.7 —0.5 273 5.0 5.1 189
—g6.i —97.2 —14.2 —28.4 —18.9 —102 —77.4 —4.7 —379
Column Columni Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper g Total5 Printing
'Comparable with the figures for 1927—38. Includes net savings of metal building materials
corporations which are excluded in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable withthose for 1919—25 15 $48..8 million.2 Comparable with the figures [or 1927—38. Excludes net savings of metal building materialscorporations which are included in the earlier years. The 1926 figure comparable withthose for 1919—25 is million.
MANUFACTURING 597M 22 Wage Earners by Major Industrial Divisions (thousands)
(t) (2) (c,) (6) (7) (8) (g)
1919 Q30 2,041 1,172 209 301 2,895 406 526 8,4821920 900 2,005 1,172 235 314 2,884 375 525 8,413
19fl 78i 1,856 948 i86 281 1,734 302 6,4871922 603 1,971 ig6 293 1,972 328 443 7,1981923 633 2,141 1,313 221 307 2,520 371 496 8,206
1924 1,925 '.284 215 314 2,272 348 459 7,6181925 6oo 2,015 1,323 294 314 2,558 477 7,873£926 '93 2,024 1,342 232 323 2,458 387 487 8,0481927 812 2,082 1,252 226 327 2,303 381 48' 7,86619.28 835 2,031 i,ig8 223 332 2,379 375 486
1939 1372 2,097 1,217 234 358 2,687 422 4981930 842 i,866 987 223 351 2,218 443 7,3301931 'p53 1,746 730 194 316 i,6g6 342 3981932 i388 1,574 541 178 275 1,345 305 336 5,2461933 755 ig6 264 1,452 346 5,787
1934 388 1,937 706 228 290 1,882 391 426
1935 Bgo 2,054 790 235 504 2,085 397 444 7,203'936 932 2,142 921 242 328 2,378 403 474 7,8221937 982 2,210 1,028 264 353 2,796 420 5131938 935 1,919 845 241 339 2,010 575 419 7,o86
Column Columni Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
3 Censtruction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper g Total5 Printing
598 PART F(
M 23 Wage Earners by Minor Industrial Divisions (thousands)
(1) (6) (7) (8) (io) (ii) (12) (id) (i6)1919 773 157 229 32.9 172 256 206 50.8 1,012 202 448 126 57.2 8g.6 924
1920 746 154 212 28.1 179 274 195 52.5 59.5 1,002 i88 449 129 54.3 88.2 910
1921 .150 ig6 23.9 i6i 245 i8o 49.0 911 194 428 121 52,6 77.4 874
1922 656 146 216 26.5 195 268 a68 53.4 55.9 982 214 431 ii8 56.1 83.2 904
1923 687 146 240 29.4 194 279 170 54.2 63.5 1,051 241 498 125 64.6 1,028
1924 66t 220 21.0 175 255 158 49.8 57.3 936 218 432 119 62.1 85.7 915
1925 668 132 222 25.0 186 256 163 58.3 g66 210 471 132 71.7 89.1 9741926 668 125 221 25.9 187 262 169 51.5 6o.i 979 193 474 129 75.0 100 g6g1927 682 129 221 26.8 190 976 190 68.4 i,oo8 197 485 127 74.6 114 9991928 709 125 215 26.4 190 275 206 93.6 67.6 1,015 438 127 75.5 111 943
1929 756 ii6 225 25.7 208 282 222 32.2 68.1 1,064 190 442 130 80.2 ii8 962
193o io8 210 20.6 190 254 215 29.0 59.6 980 153 372 119 75.8 103 8221931 655 99.8 199 15.9 178 242 205 26.6 54.2 922 151 344 109 68.2 769
1932 598 go.8 196 15.0 174 221 376 23.5 49.5 124 509 93.0 61.2 81.4 670
1933 668 87.5 207 i8.i 189 249 187 22.6 54.9 929 157 394 iio 67.0 91.9 821
1934 794 94.3 220 19.5 204 269 225 99.2 58.8 1,019 410 119 72.6 853
'935 8oo 90.5 220 17.2 219 298 255 22.8 65.2 1,097 ig6 584 125 74.7 io8 890
1936 840 91.4 225 18.7 234 314 277 22.2 73.8 195 407 114 75.7 117 9091937 890 92.2 254 18.4 241 320 268 21.6 75.0 1,179 195 456 ii6 77.5 134 9611938 845 90.2 221 13.7 215 277 242 21.1 66.5 1,057 154 375 90.2 71.2 114 803
Column Columni Food io Total wearing apparel (cot. 3-2 Tobacco ' ii Woolen goods
Boots and shoes, other than rubber 12 Cotton goods4 Boots and shoes, rubber 13 Silk and rayon goods
5 Hosiery and knit goods 14 Dyeing and finishing6 Men's clothing 15 Other textile fabrics7 Women's clothing i6 Total textile fabrics (cot. ii—8 Millinery 17 Other leather9 Other wearing apparel
UFACTIJRING 599M 23 Wage Earners by Minor Industrial Divisions (thousands)
) (20) (2') (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (27) (28) (29) (so) (a') (32) (as) (si) (sb)74.8 :L,024 147 582 1,010 387 127 139 1,665 343 304 301 104 87.1 439 1919
I 96.2 94.0 i,Oii i6i 605 i,ii6 207 129 157 1,590 354 334 277 p8.i 8t.g 443 1920
i 68.t 66.2 819 129 359 671 io6 86.3 84.9 949 212 212 221 8o.o 55.5 341 1921
1,035 155 461 708 60.2 105 967 289 253 240 87.8 69.7 . 373 1922
99.0 io6 1,157 176 577 922 62.5 ig8 117 1,241 404 297 275 96.0 74.0 422 1923
I 92.1 109 t,111 173 533 50.7 95.7 log i,o88 g76 273 261 87.4 71.6 387 19243 95.9 115 1,152 190 538 873 50.2 83.2 111 i,iiS 426 276 271 89.4 8t.6 396 1925
99.6 123 1,142 199 553 949 52.9 87.5 111 1,201 422 281 291 g6.o 79.8 407 r926
j 94.0 ii6 1,053 198 526 901 55.0 70.5 io8 1,134 272 288 93.2 78.3 403 /927
1 90.4 115 1,004 194 529 ,925 43.2 101 1,128 434 286 287 88.2 83.2 403 J928
93.5 ii6 1,015 204 577 I,IO6 55.1 80.8 104 1,347 447 514 517 104 415 J929
3 78.7 103 822 164 505 905 58.4 72.1 90.9 1,127 322 262 295 102 59.8 583 /93082.6 592 384 657 45.3 43.0 71.8 817 285 208 256 85.6 49.2 349 .r931
) 50.1 55.1 io8 524 476 6o.o 607 243 170 226 78.8 45.3 291 .1932
7 57.1 51.9 481 114 505 30.9 32.9 62.4 681 243 i88 261 84.2 53.0 316 .1933
67.0 59.4 584 122 476 40.6 50.3 75.7 341 232 295 95.7 6o.8 .1934
1 75.6 67.5 645 144 511 748 44.8 48.3 79.8 920 387 265 301 96.4 57.1 387 193586.2 82.6 6'' 855 57.4 66.o 88.o i,o66 405 294 304 99.1 59.3 415 1936
95.2 92.9 841 '86 72' 1,011 62.3 87.4 *03 1,264 479 531 313 io6 450 1937
72.3 76.6 694 150 532 741 54.4 57.3 77.9 931 283 263 274 lot 47.4 371 rgjR
ColumnLumber 28 Hardwareitone, clay, and glass 29 Total machinery (col. 25—28)E-Ieating apparatus 30 Motor vehiclesDther construction materials 31 Non-ferrous metalFotal construction materials (col. 18—21) 32 Chemical cxci. petroleum refinin.;Furniture 33 Petroleum refining[ron and steel M Rubber tires\'.fachinery prcper Miscellaneousi hi pbu 11 ding)ther transportation equipment cxci. motor vehicles
MA
NU
FAC
TU
RIN
G
1924
140
184
135
27.2
170
379
82.8
68.6
i,i88
1925
135
184
141
28.8
177
361
8i.6
74.7
i,i86
1926
137
179
145
30.6
184
363
87.3
78.7
1,20
71927
143
184
139
30.7
190
374
86.2
79.5
1,229
1928
143
184
135
31.6
191
387
84.8
78.1
1,238
1929
145
184
139
31.6
207
414
93.7
77.8
1,29
4208
1,503
1930
141
172
133
31.7
212
410
93.0
77.1
1,271
196
1,468
1931
129
157
L08
31.7
i88
342
79.7
72.0
1,109
164
1,273
1932
115
134
85.3
27.5
170
285
69.2
64.3
951
134
1,085
1933
120
134
77.4
27.8
154
243
67.5
59.6
884
119
1,003
Col
umn
7Chemical
8Miscellaneous and rubber
M 2
4Sa
lari
ed E
mpl
oyee
s by
Maj
or I
ndus
tria
l Div
isio
ns (
thou
sand
s)
(1)
(2)
(4)
(6)
(7)
1919
191
191
124
24.3
134
417
110
1920
176
i8i
124
20.6
138
421
99.4
1921
149
i6o
io6
22.0
134
300
78.1
1922
158
177
120
23.4
150
303
79.5
1923
153
197
130
27.4
157
375
90.9
(8)
103
96.4
67.8
66.8
72.5
(9)
1,29
61,
258
1,019
1 ,o8o
1,20
5
(10)
(ii)
87.2
1,384
84.3
1,343
68.5
1.08
772
.41,152
8s.i
1,28
6
84.3
84.6
io8
133
143
1,272
1,270
1,3 i6
1,36
21,
381
1934
131
148
-88
.719
35137
152
93.4
1936
143
154
99.3
1937
144
152
107
1938
139
134
105
Column
1Food
and
toba
cco
2Textile and leather
Con
stru
ctio
n m
ater
ials
and
fur
nitu
re4
Pape
r5
Prin
ting
6Metal
31.0
170
299
77.4
6i.8
1,009
129
1,138
31.2
170
319
83.7
71.0
1,058
128
1,18
732
.3i8o
344
86.2
72.9
1,113
127
1.241
32.8
204
407
90.3
77.3
1,217
130
1,348
32.2
i88
369
85.1
70.5
1,124
121
1,246
9T
otal
cxc
i. ce
ntra
l adm
inis
trat
ive
offi
ces
ioC
entr
al a
dmin
istr
ativ
e of
fice
si
iTotal
md.
central
adm
inis
trat
ive
offi
ces
MA
NU
FAC
TU
RIN
G
M 2
5Sa
lari
ed E
mpl
oyee
s by
Min
or I
ndus
tria
l Div
isio
ns (
thou
sand
s)
(i)
(2)
(i,)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(g)
(io)
(ii)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(i6)
(i8)
(19)
1979
176
14.7
124
54.0
12.1
59.0
34.S
15.2
104
70.4
254
47.6
44.y
23.0
73.8
1920
162
14.3
117
52.8
10.7
39.7
32.4
iS.8
15.2
io6
i8.6
69.5
257
54.2
39.8
19.2
23.5
73.1
1921
135
15.8
101
50.4
8.i
35.0
28.9
12.9
12.9
8g.8
16.3
44.4
i88
53.0
35.1
64.4
13.7
12.5
55.3
7922
141
i(i.6
''652
.59.
341
.432
.214
.714
.210
218
.049
.1i8
632
.934
.863
.4i6
.i12
.354
.5
1923
138
14.7
127
9.5
41.3
i6.o
110
20.4
226
45.8
42.8
72.2
18.7
12.5
6o.3
1924
127
13.2
119
55.8
42.3
57.4
15.4
,8.6
115
21.4
57.1
227
50.3
44.5
66.4
12.0
56.6
1925
125
10.5
ii659
.68.
745
.039
.216
.219
.111
724
.25(
i.g21
548
.543
.066
.g14
.714
.4
1926
124.
13.1
114
57.2
8.4
40.6
iS.8
21.0
121
24.0
53.7
228
45.0
56.7
71.6
15.7
16.7
62.0
1937
132
i i.6
114
6,.8
8.5
38.1
40.3
20.6
115
24.2
56.9
227
44.9
45.5
70.9
15.3
17.2
62.5
1928
133
10.1
113
62.2
8.2
38.2
15.0
20.6
110
25.2
55.7
239
44.9
47.6
69.4
15.4
15.6
62.5
1929
135
10.2
111
65.5
38.7
15.7
21.5
112
26.3
256
47.0
75.4
18.5
15.0
64.8
1930
133
8.i
107
6.8
33.5
i6.o
24.6
109
25.8
63.5
247
47.4
74.5
18.5
11.5
65.5
1931
124
5.3
95.0
56.1
5.9
25.2
29.4
15.1
19.8
8g.6
18.4
51.3
208
38.7
44.5
63.7
i6.o
9.1
7932
110
4.4
82.2
46.9
5.2
20.9
21.7
ii.6
15.4
69.7
43.9
172
30.4
58.4
54.4
14.8
8.5
55.9
1933
uS8i.o
i8.8
20.5
10.7
10.9
6i.o
16.4
59.9
140
29.6
52.8
55.2
12.3
8.4
51.2
1934
126
4.9
87.7
54.6
6.5
20.7
24.9
12.5
12.1
70.2
18.4
44.5
175
39.1
40.3
14.5
8.5
53.3
1935
152
5.0
90.8
55.2
22.7
26.5
12.3
13.4
74.9
18.5
50.5
i88
37.2
45.1
66,o
17.8
8.6
62.4
1936
157
5.7
91.9
55,7
6.5
24.5
26.8
13.4
14.4
79.2
20.1
62.5
195
43.9
42.8
68.i
18.1
g.8
63.2
1937
5.7
8g.g
56.2
6.2
25.9
29.8
15.4
15.2
21.6
74.6
232
50.8
49.7
71.8
11.0
66.4
7938
154
5.4
80.4
49.0
4.9
24.3
29.5
14.3
16.4
84.6
20.4
66.t
205
48.0
50.2
64.7
20.5
61.0
Col
umn
Col
umn
iFo
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Furniture
2Tobacco
12Iron
and
stee
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Wea
ring
app
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'3M
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Tex
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fabr
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t4M
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s
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15N
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6 L
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ing
7St
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17Pe
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8H
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.i8
Rub
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tires
Oth
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mat
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Mis
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10T
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Con
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(co
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Maj
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thou
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(1)
(2)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(io)
(ii)
1919
1,12
12,
232
1,29
623
343
63,313
516
629
9,77
987
.2g,
866
1920
1,07
72,
186
1,29
725
545
33,
305
475
9,67
284
.39,
756
192!
931
2,01
61,
054
208
416
2,035
380
464
7,506
68.5
7,574
1922
g6i
2,149
1,311
219
444
2,27
540
751
08,
278
72.4
8,351
1923
987
2,33
81,444
248
464
2,895
462
569
9,411
8i.i
9492
7924
938
2,11
01,
419
242
484
2,65
143
152
78,
8o6
84.3
8,89
019
2593
52,
200
1,46
425
249
12,
720
442
552
g,o6
o84
.619
2693
12,
203
1,48
726
250
72,
822
474
566
9,25
6io
89,
364
7927
955
2,26
61,
391
257
517
2,67
746
756
09,
095
133
9,22
879
2897
92,
215
1,33
425
552
42,
767
460
564
9,10
114
39,
245
7929
i,oi8
2,281
1,356
266
565
3,102
515
576
9,68
12O
89,
890
7930
983
2,038
1,121
255
563
2,628
491
520
8,602
ig6
8,799
'93!
882
1,903
838
226
505
2,03
8422
470
7,28
8164
7452
7932
803
1,709
626
205
445
1,63
0374
400
6,19
713
46,
331
7933
875
1,941
673
224
418
1,695
413
428
6,672
119
6,79
1
1934
1,01
92,
086
795
259
461
2,181
468
488
7,76
0129
7,890
'935
1,02
82,207
883
266
475
2,40
448
1515
8,26
2128
8,390
7936
1,07
52,
296
1,020
274
508
2,723
489
547
8,93
512
79,
063
1937
1,12
72,
362
1,136
297
557
3,20
4510
590
9,78
613
09,
917
1938
1,07
52,
054
950
273
527
2,38
0460
489
8,211
121
8,33
2
Col
umn
Col
umn
1Fo
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7C
hem
ical
2Textile and leather
8Miscellaneous and rubber
3C
onst
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materials and furniture
gTotal excl. central administrative offices
4Pa
per
io
Central administrative offices
5Pr
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6Metal
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604 PART FOUR
M 28 Entrepreneurs by Major Industrial Divisions (thousands)
(1) (3) (4) (6) ('i) (8) (g)
1919 80.0 40.2 51.6 1.3 29.5 28.5 6.6 12.9 2501920 38.6 42.1 1.3 27.6 25.9 6.i 11.2 2211921 53.4 35.5 25.8 1,3 22.0 20.9 5.0 8.81922 50.3 33.9 23.4 1.2 19.9 iS.6 8.3 i6o1923 47.6 32.7 20.8 1.0 1'7.9 16.5 4.1 7.8 148
1924 44.3 30.1 20.8 i.o i8.i 3.8 1401925 40.8 27.8 2o.8 1.0 18.2 13.7 3.4 7.3 133
1926 41.5 29.0 19.2 0.9 18.3 5.4 7.2 133
1927 42.2 30.3 17.1 o.8 18.4 13.5 3.3 7.0 152
1928 43.3 28.4 20.7 o.8 i6.6 12.9 3.5 6.9 135
1929 44.5 26.6 23.8 0.7 14.8 12.2 5.6 6.81930 40.1 23.7 i8.g 0.7 14.1 11.4 3.4 6.o ii81931 35.2 20.2 15.3 o.6 13.2 10.3 3.1 5.2 103
1932 29.6 15.9 10.4 0.5 11.9 8.8 2.6 4.4 84.21933 25.7 14.1 7.4 0.4 io.8 7.7 2.5 3.9 72.5
'934 25.2 14.3 9.3 0.5 ii.8 8.2 2,6 4.6 76.51935 24.7 14.5 11.5 o.6 is.' 8.9 2.8 5.5 81.51936 30.1 15.4 12.6 o.6 14.2 9.3 2.9 5.5 90.61937 35.2 i6.i 13.7 0.7 15.2 9.7 3.0 5.6 99.31938 35.2 i6,i 13.7 0.7 15.2
Column Columni Food and tobacco 6 Metal2 Textile and leather 7 Chemical
Construction materials and furniture 8 Miscellaneous and rubber4 Paper 9 Total5 Printing
MANUFACTURING 605
Classification of Biennial Census of ManufacturesIndustries by Industrial Divisions
The basic data for estimates of wages and salaries originating inmanufacturing for both major and minor industrial divisions arereported for several hundred industries in the Biennial Census ofManufactures. The industrial divisions in our estimates have beenformed by grouping numerous Census industries. Since the num-ber of industries in the Biennial Census of Manufactures variessomewhat from year to year, the exact grouping into our indus-trial divisions also is subject to change from one Census year tothe next. But as these changes are minor, it was deemed sufficientto give in detail the contents of our industrial divisions, in termsof Census industries, for one Census year alone. The classificationbelow is for '929, the year in which the Census was especiallydetailed.
Grouping of Biennial Census of Manufactures Industries for 1929into Our Major and Minor Industrial Divisions
FOOD AND
FOODBaking powders, yeast & other leaven-ing compounds
BeveragesBread & other bakery productsButterCanning & preserving: fish, crabs,shrinips, oysters, & clams
Canning Sc preserving: fruits & vege-tables:: pickles, jellies, preserves, Scsauces
Cereal preparationsCheeseChewing gumChocolate Sc cocoa products, cxci.confe( tionery
Coffee k spice, roasting & grindingCondensed Sc evaporated milkConfectioneryCorn sirup, corn sugar, corn oil Scstarch
Feeds, prepared, for animals Sc [owlsFlavoring extracts & flavoring sirupsFlour Sc other grain mill products
Food preparations, n.e.c.Ice cream
TOBACCO
Ice, mfd.Liquors, vinousMacaroni, spaghetti, vermicelli, Scnoodles
MaltMeat packing, wholesaleOleomargarine, not made in meatpacking establishments
Peanuts, walnuts, Sc other nuts,processed or shelled
Poultry killing, dressing, & packing,wholesale
Rice cleaning & polishingSausage, meat puddings, headcheese,etc., & sausage casings, not made inmeat packing establishments
Shortenings (cxci. lard) & vegetablecooking oils
Sugar, beetSugar, cane, excl. products of refineriesSugar refining, caneVinegar Sc cider
TOBACCOCigars & cigarettesTobacco: chewing Sc smoking, & snuff
6o6 PART FOUR
MillineryMillinery
TEXTILET'VoolenCarpetsCarpets
TEXTILE AND LEATHERWEARING APPARELBoots and Shoes, other than RubberBoot & shoe cut stock, not made inboot & shoe factories
Boot & shoe findings, not made in boot& shoe factories
Boots & shoes, other than rubber
Boots and Shoes, RubberBoots & shoes, rubber
Hosiery and Knit GoodsKnit goods
Men's ClothingClothing (except work clothing),men's, youths, & boys', n.e.c.
Clothing, men's, buttonholesClothing, work (mci. sheep lined andblanket lined work coats but excl.shirts), men's
Collars, men'sFurnishing goods, men's, n.e.c.ShirtsSuspenders, garters, & other elasticwoven goods, made from purchasedwebbing
Women's ClothingClothing, women's, n.e.c.Corsets & allied garmentsFeathers, plumes Sc mis. thereofFur goodsFurs, dressed
Felt goods, wool, hair, or juteWool en goodsWool pullingWool scouringWool shoddyWorsted goods
Cotton GoodsCotton goodsCotton small waresLinen goods
Silk and Rayon GoodsSilk & rayon mfs.
Dyeing and FinishingCloth sponging & refinishingDyeing & finishing textiles
Other Textile FabricsArtificial Sc preserved flowers & plainsArtificial leatherAsphalted felt base floor coveringAwnings, tents, sails, Sc canvas coversBags, other than paper, not made in
textile millsBelting, other than leather Sc rubber.not made in textile mills
Cordage & twineEmbroideriesFlags & bannersFlax Sc hemp, dressedHairciothHorse blankets, fly nets, Sc relatedproducts
House furnishing goods, n.e.c.jute goodsLace goodsLinoleumMats & matting, grass & coirMattresses Sc bed springs, n.e.c.Nets & seinesOilclothRegalia, badges, & emblemsTrimmings (not made in textile mills)Sc stamped art goods for embroidering
Upholstering materials, n.e.c.Waste
Other Leather GoodsLeather goods, n.e.c.Leather: tanned, curried, & finishedSaddlery & harnessTrunks, suitcases, Sc bagsWhips
Other Wearing ApparelGloves & mittens, cloth or cloth &leather combined, made from pur-chased fabrics
Gloves & mittens, leatherHandkerchiefsHat Sc cap materials, men'sHats & caps, except felt Sc straw, men'sHats, fur feltHats, straw, men'sHats, wool feltPocketbooks, purses, Sc cardcasesUmbrellas, parasols, Sc canes
FABRICSCoo dsSc rugs, ragSc rugs. wool, other than rag
MANUFACTURING 607
CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND FURNITURE
CONSTKUCFION MATERIALSLumberLumber k timber products, n.e.c.Planing mill products (md. generalmill work) not made in planing millscotinected with sawmills
Stone, Clay, and GlassAsbestos products, other than steampacking & pipe boiler covering
CementClay products (other than pottery) &non-clay refractories
Concrete productsCrucible;Emery wheels & other abrasive &polishir.g appliances
GlassGlass products (except mirrors) made
from purchased glassGraphite', ground & refinedHones, whetstones, & similar productsLimeMarble, granite, slate, & other stoneproducrs
Minerals & earths, ground or other-wise treated
Paving materials: asphalt, tar, crushedslag, & mixtures
Roofing, built-tip & roll; asphaltshingles; roof coatings, other thanpaint
Sand-lime brick\Vall plaster, wall board, insulatingboard, & floor composition
Heating ApparatusSteam & other packing, pipe & boiler
covering, & gaskets, n.e.c.Steam fittings & steam & hot waterheating apparatus
Stoves and ranges (other than electric)& warm-air furnaces
Other Construction MaterialsCast-iron pipeDoors, shutters, & window sash &
frames, metalPlumbers' supplies, exci. pipe orvitreous-china sanitary ware
Structural & ornamental iron & steelwork, not made in plants operated inconnection with rolling mills
Window & door screens & weather strip
FURNITUREBilliard & pool tables, bowling alleys,& accessories
Furniture, md. store & office fixturesMirror Sc picture framesMirrors, framed & unframed
PAPERBags, paper, excl, those made in papermills
Boxes, paper, n.e.c.Cardboard, not made in paper millsCard cutting & designingEnvelopesLabels 8: tags
PaperPulp (wood & other fiber)Paper goods, n.e.c.Sandpaper, emery paper, & otherabrasive paper & cloth
Wall paper
PRINTING AND PUBLISHING
Bookbinding Sc blank-book makingEngravers' materialsEngraving (other than steel, copper-plate, or wood), chasing. etching, &diesinking
]Engravi:ng, steel & copperplate, & plateprinting
Engraving, woodLi tlrngraphingPhoto-engraving, not done in printing
establishments
Printing & publishing, book & jobPrinting & publishing, musicPrinting & publishing, newspaper &periodical
Printing materials, exci. type or inkStereotyping & electrotyping, not donein printing establishments
Type-founding
6o8 PART FOUR
METAL
IRON AND STEELBolts, nuts, washers, & rivets, not madein plants operated in connectionwith rolling mills
Forgings, iron & steel, not made inplants operated in connection withrolling mills
Galvanizing & other coating, not donein plants operated in connectionwith rolling mills
Iron & steel: blast furnacesIron & steel: steel works & rolling millsIron & steel, processedNails, spikes, etc., not made in wiremills or in plants operated in con-nection with rolling mills
Screw-machine products & wood screwsSprings, steel, except wire, not madein plants operated in connection withrolling mills
Steel barrels, kegs & drumsTin cans & other tin ware, n.e.c.Wire, drawn from purchased bars orrods
Wirework, n.e.c.Wrought pipe, welded & heavy riveted,not made in plants operated in con-nection with rolling mills
MACHINERYMachinery, ProperAgricultural implementsCash registers & adding, calculating, &card-tabulating machines
Dairymen's supplies; creamery, cheese-factory, & butter factory equipment;poultrymen's & apiarists' supplies
Electrical machinery, apparatus, &s "pp11 Cs
Engines, turbines, tractors, & waterwheels
Foundry & machine-shop products,n.e.c.
Gas machines, gas meters, & water &other liquid meters
Machine-tool accessories & smallmetal-working tools, n.e.c.
Machine toolsPumps (hand & power) Sc pumpingequipment
Refrigerators & refrigerator cabinets,exclusive of mechanical refrigeratingequipment
Refrigerators, mechanical
Scales & balancesSewing machines & attachmentsTextile machinery & partsTypewriters & partsWashing machines, wringers, driers, &ironing machines, for household use
Windmills Sc windmill towers
ShipbuildingShip Sc boat building, steel Sc wooden,md. repair work
Other Transportation Equipment,exci. Motor Vehicles
Aircraft & partsCarriage, wagon, sleighs, Sc sledmaterials
Carriages Sc sleds, children'sCarriage, wagon, sleigh, & sled
Cars, electric & steam railroad, notbuilt in railroad repair shops
Locomotives, not made in railroadrepair shops
Motorcycles, bicycles, Sc parts
HardwareCutlery (excl. silver Sc plated cutlery)Sc edge tools
FilesFirearmsHardware, n.e.c.Safes Sc vaultsSawsTools, excl. edge tools, machine tools.files, or saws
Motor VehiclesMotor-vehicle bodies Sc motor-vehicleparts
Motor vehicles, exci. motorcycles
Non-Ferrous MetalAluminum mis.Clocks, dock movements, time-record-ing devices, Sc time stamps
Collapsible tubesCopper, tin, & sheet-iron work, mci.galvanized iron-work, n.e.c.
ElectroplatingFire extinguishers, chemicalGas & electric fixtures; lamps, lanternsSc reflectors
Gold Leaf & foil
MANUFACTURING 609
METAL
Non-Ferrous Metal (concl.)Cold, silver, & platinum, reducing &refining, not from the ore
JewelryNeedles, pins, hooks & eyes, & snapfasteners
Non-ferrous-metal alloys & products,excl. aluminum products
Plated wareSi lversm i thing & silverwareSmelting & refining, copperSmelting & refining, lead
CHEMICAL, INCLUDING
CHEMICAL, PROPERAlcohol, ethyl, & distilled liquorsAmmunition & related productsBlacking, stains, & dressingsRI ui tigBone black, carbon black, & lampblack
CandlesChemicals, n.e-c.Cleaning & polishing preparationsCompressed & liquefied gasesDruggists' preparationsDrug grindingExplosivesFertilizersFireworksGlue & gelatinGrease & tallow, excl. lubricatinggrease
Ink, printingInk, writingMucilage, paste, & other adhesives,except glue & rubber cement
Oil, cake, & meal, cottonseed
(conc 1.)
Smelting & refining, metals other thangold, silver, or platinum, not fromthe ore
Smelting & refining, zincStamped ware, enameled ware, Scmetal stamping, enanieling, japan-ning, & lacquering
Tin & other foils, excl. gold foilWatch & clock materials Sc parts,except watch cases
Watch casesWatches & watch movements
PETROLEUM REFIN INC
Oil, cake, & meal, linseedOils, essentialOils, n.e.c.Paints & varnishesPatent or proprietary medicines Sccompounds
Perfumes, cosmetics, & other toiletpreparations
Rayon & allied productsSaltSoapTanning materials, natural dyestufts,mordants & assistants, Sc sizes
Turpentine & rosinWood distillation & charcoal mann-facture
PETROLEUM REFININGCoke, exci. gas-house cokeFuel: briquettes and bouletsLubricating oils and not made
in petroleum refineriesPetroleum refining
MISCELLANEOUS AND RUBBER
RUBBERRubber tires & inner tubes
MISCELLANEOUS, PROPERArtists' materialsBaskets Sc rattan & willow ware, excl.furniture
Belting, leatherBoxes, cigar, woodenBoxes, wooden, except cigar boxesBroomsBrushes, other than rubber
ButtonsCarbon paper & inked ribbonsCaskets, coffins, burial cases, & othermorticians' goods
China firing Sc decorating, not done inpotteries
Combs Sc hairpins, not made frommetal or rubber
CooperageCork productsDental goods & equipmentExcelsior
6io PART FOUR
MISCELLANEOUS AND RUBBER (conci.)
MISCELLANEOUS, PROPER (ccnwl.)Fancy & miscellaneous articles, n.e.c.Foundry suppliesHair workHand stamps & stencils & brandstristrumen is, professional & scientificivory, shell, & bone work, excl.buttons, combs, or hairpins
Jewelry & instrument casesLapidary workLasts & related productsMatchesModels & patterns, exd. paperpatterns
Musical instrument parts & materials:piano & organ
Musical instruments & parts &materials, n.e.c.
Musical instruments: organsMusical instruments: pianosOptical goodsPencils, lead (mc!. mechanical)Pens, fountain & stylographic; penpoints, gold, steel, & brass
PhonographsPhotographic apparatus & materialsPipes (tobacco)Pottery, md. porcelain warePulp goodsRubber goods, other than tires, innertubes, & boots & shoes
Signs & advertising noveltiesSoda water apparatusSporting & athletic goods, cxci. (Ire.arms or ammunition
Stationery goods, n.e.c.Statuary & art goods, factory productSurgical & orthopedic appliances, mci.
artificial limbsTheatrical scenery & stage equipmentToys (cxci. children's wheel goods or
sleds), games, & playground equip-ment
Window shades & fixturesWood preservingWood turned & shaped & otherwooden goods, n.e.c.
TABLE M i
Gross Income by Major Industrial Divisions
The entries for odd years are the sums of value of product figuresfrom the Biennial Census of Manufactures and grouped accordingto our classification. The intercensal year estimates, except thatin col. 8 for 1924, are interpolated by corporate data on gross income for 1919—22 and on gross sales for 1922—33 and 1935—37(Statistics of Income). Beginning with 1928 the estimates for thechemical group are the sum of the interpolated figures for pe-troleum refining and other chemicals. The estimates for i arebased on indexes derived by multiplying production indexes (theNBER. series are those prepared by F. C. Mills) by wholesale priceindexes, weighting in each case by the average of the 1933 and'935 value of product figures for the specific Census group. Thebasic series are given in the accompanying table.
MANUFACTURING 6iiC
Production and Price Indexes Used in EstimatingValue of Product in 1934
WHOLESALE 1'RICE
DIVISION PRODUCTION INDEX INDEX
i Food & i;obacco FRB food BLS foodFRB tobacco BLS tobacco
2 Textile & leather FRB textiles BLS textilesFRB leather BLS leather
3 Construction materials&: furniture (sum of a and b)a Lumber NBER lumber BLS lumberb Other construction FRB cement BLS cement
materials FRB glass BLS glass
4 Paper NBER paper BLS paper
5 Printing Publishers' Weekly BLS book paperno. of editions printedFRB newsprint consumption BLS newsprint paper
6 Metal NBER steel works & rollingmills
NBER blast furnacesNBER cast iron pipeNBER motor vehicles & ELS metals
bodies & partsNBER smelting & refiningNBER non-ferrous metals &alloys
Chemical (weighted avg. of a, b, and c)a Cherntcal [weighted avg. of (i), (2), and
(3)'i) Fertilizers NBER fertilizers
NBER explosivesNBER cottonseed oil and BLS chemicals, drugs,
cake and fertilizersNBER wood distillation
2) Paints & varnishes NBER paints & varnishes 1BLS paints andNBER turpentine & rosin j varnishes
3) Rayon NBER rayon BLS rayonb Petroleum FRB petroleum BLS petroleumc Coke FRB coke BLS coke
8 Misc. & rubber FRB rubber tires & tubes BLS rubberFRB total mfg. BLS all commodities
other than farmproducts
612 PART FOUR
TABLE M 2
Net Income Originating by Major Industrial Divisions
Sum of payments to individuals (Table M i6) and net savings(Table M 21).
TABLE M 3
Total Payments by Type
Col. .r Wages: see Table MCol. 2 Salaries: see Table M 7.Col. 3 Wages and salaries: sum of col. i and 2.Cot Entrepreneurial withdrawals: see Table M 15.Col. Dividends: see Table M ii.Col. 6 Interest: see Table MCot 7 Property income: sum of col. 5 and 6.Col. 8 Total payments: sum of col. 4, and 7.
TABLE M 4
Net Income Originating
Col. i Total see Table M col. 8.Col. 2 Entrepreneurial net savings: see Table M 17.Col. 3 Corporate net savings: see Table M 19.Col. .j Total net savings: sum of col. 2 and 3.Col. Net income originating: sum of col. i and 4.
TABLE M5
Wages by Major Industrial Divisions
Col. i Food and tobacco: see Table M 6, col. i and 2.Col. 2 Textile and leather: see Table M 6, col. 10, i6, and 17.Col. Construction materials and furniture: see Table M 6, col.22 and 23.Col. Paper: the entries for odd years are the sums of wage figuresfrom the Biennial Census of Manufactures and grouped according
MANUFACTURING 613
to our classification. Interpolation for intercensal years and ex-trapolation for 1938 are made separately for paper boxes and forother paper and are by BLS payrolls indexes for the specific groups.Cot. 5 Printing: see the notes to col. 4. For 1919—23 interpolationis l)y the BLS payrolls index for paper and printing; for 1924 andlater years, by the weighted average of the BLS payrolls indexesfor book and job printing and for newspaper and periodical print-ing. The weights for 1923—29 are the 1923 Census figures and for1929 and later years, those given in BLS Bulletin 6w.Cot. 6 Metal: see Table M 6, col. 24, 29, 30, and 31.Got. 7 Chemical: see Table M 6, col. 32 and 33.Cot. 8 Misc. and rubber: see Table M 6, col. 34 andCot. Total: sum of col. i—8.
TABLE M 6
Wages by Minor Industrial Divisions
The entries for odd years are the sums of wage figures from theBiennial Census of Manufactures and grouped according to ourclassification. Except when indicated, interpolation for intercensalyears and extrapolation for 1938 are by BLS payrolls indexes forthe specific groups. When the interpolating series is a weightedaverage of two or more indexes, the weights used for 1923—29 arethose in the Federal Reserve Bulletin, November 1929, and for1929 and later years those in BLS Bulletin 6io. The notes belowrefer only to exceptions to the general procedure just described.Cal. Boots and shoes, rubber: for 1919—23 interpolation is bythe BLS rubber boots and shoes index, available since 1923, ex-trapolated by the index for boots and shoes other than rubber.Col. 6 Men's clothing: for 1919—31 interpolation is by the weightedaverage of the BLS indexes for men's clothing and for shirts andcollars; for 1931 and later years, by the weighted average of theindexes for men's clothing, shirts and collars, and for men's furnish-ings.Go!. 8 Millinery: for 1919—26 lace goods and trimmings are in-cluded. The estimate for 1926 is extrapolated from 1925 by thesame index.
614 PART FOUR
Col. Other wearing apparel: interpolation is by the BLS indexfor wearing apparel.Col. zo Total wearing apparel: sum of col. 3—9.Col. ii Woolen goods: for 1919—23 interpolation is by the BLStextile fabrics index; for 1923 and later years, by the weightedaverage of the BLS indexes for woolen and worsted goods and forcarpets and rugs. The 1923 Census figures are used as weights for1923—29.
Col. 12 Cotton goods: for 1919—31 interpolation is by the BLSindex for, Cotton goods; for 1931 and later years, by the weightedaverage of the indexes for cotton goods and for cotton smaliwares.Col. '5 Other textile fabrics: interpolation is by the BLS indexfor textile fabrics.Col. i6 Total textile fabrics: sum of col. 11—15.Col. i8 Lumber: for '9 19—23 interpolation is by the BLS index forlumber and allied products; for 1923 and later years, by theweighted average of the BLS indexes for sawmills and for millwork.Col. 19 Stone, clay, and glass: for 1919—23 interpolation is by theBLS index for all stone, clay, and glass products; for 1923—31 bythe weighted average of the BLS indexes for brick, tile and terracotta, cement, and glass. The index for marble, granite, etc., wasadded for 1931 and later years.Col. 20 Heating apparatus: for 1919—23 interpolation is by theBLS index for machinery excluding transportation equipment;for 1923 and later years, by the weighted average of the BLS in-dexes for steam and hot water heating apparatus and steam fittings,and for stoves.Col. 21 Other construction materials: for 1919—23 interpolation is
by the BLS index for iron and steel excluding machinery; for1923—3 i by the weighted average of the BLS indexes for structuraland ornamental metal work and for cast iron pipe. The indexfor plumbers' supplies was added for 1931 and later years.Col. 22 Total construction materials: sum of col. 18—21.Col. 24 Iron and steel: for 1919—23 interpolation is by the BLSindex for blast furnaces and products excluding machinery; for1923—31, by the BLS index for blast furnaces, steel works, androlling mills. For 1931 and later years the latter index is combinedwith those for bolts, nuts, etc., forgings, tin cans and other tin-.ware, and wirework.
MANUFACTURING 615
Cot. 26 Shipbuilding: total wages in 1920 and 1922 are the productof the estimated number of wage earners (see the notes to TableM 23) and the estimated average wage. The average wage is in-terpolated between Census years by the weighted average of datafor Massachusetts, New York, and Pennsylvania. For the sourcesof the state data and the weights used in combining them see thenotes to M 23.Col. 27 Other transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles:total wages in 1920 and 1922 are the product of the estimated num-ber of wage earners (see the notes to Table M 23) and the esti-mated average wage. The average wage is interpolated betweenCensus years by the weighted average of data for Pennsylvaniatransportation equipment, excluding shipbuilding and automo-biles (Report on Productive Industries, Public Utilities and Mis-cellaneous Statistics), and New York railroad equipment and carrepair shops (Labor Market Bulletin, Jan. 1919—Dec. 1920, andthe N. Y. Department of Labor Special Bulletin 171). The weightsare the employment figures reported in the 1923 Biennial Censusof Manufactures.
For 1923—31 interpolation is by the weighted average of theBLS indexes for cars and for locomotives; for the years since 1931the index for aircraft is added. The weights for 1923—29 are the1923 Census figures.Col. 28 Hardware: for 1919—3 1 interpolation is by the BLS indexfor hardware; for 1931 and later years, by the weighted averageof the indexes for hardware, cutlery, and tools.Col. 29 Total machinery: sum of col. 25—28.Col. 31 Non-ferrous metal: for 1919—23 interpolation is by theFRB payrolls index for non-ferrous metals as given in the FederalReserve Bulletin, November 1929; for 1923 and later years, by theBLS index for non-ferrous metals estimated for 1926, 1928, and1930 on the basis of the weighted average of the indexes for brass,bronze, and copper products, and for stamped and enamelledware.Col. 32 Chemical excluding petroleum refining: for 1919—23 in-terpolation is by the FRB payrolls index for chemicals excludingpetroleum refining as given in the Federal Reserve Bulletin, No-vember 1929; for 1923 and later years, by the BLS index.Cot. 33 Petroleum refining: wages in 1920 and 1922 are interpolated
6i6 PART FOUR
by the sum of wages paid in Pennsylvania (Report on ProductiveIndustries, Public Utilities and Miscellaneous Statistics) and Ohiopetroleum refining. The Ohio data for 1919, 1920, 1921, and 1923are from Industrial and Commercial Ohio, Vol. JJ, which reportswages also for all chemicals and allied products for 192 1—2 3. The1922 figure for Ohio petroleum refining is obtained by applying tothe 1922 wages for all chemicals the average of the 1921 and 1923ratios of petroleum refining wages to total chemical wages.Col. Rubber tires: total wages in 1920 and 1922 are interpolatedby total wages paid in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and Massachusetts.Sources for Pennsylvania and Massachusetts data are those cited inthe notes to Table M 23. Ohio data are reported in Industrial andCommercial Ohio, Vol. II, the 1922 figure being estimated on thebasis of the average of the 1921 and 1923 ratios of wages for tiresand tubes to wages for all rubber goods.Col. Miscellaneous: interpolation is by the BLS index for allmanufacturing.
TABLE M 7
Salaries by Major Industrial Divisions
The entries for odd years, except 1931, are the sums of the salaryfigures from the Biennial Census of Manufactures and groupedaccording to our classification. The 1919, 1921, and 1923 figuresreported are adjusted to exclude salaries paid at central administra-tive offices. The basis for this adjustment is the ratio, for all manu-facturing, of the total excluding central administrative offices tothe total including central administrative offices as reported for1925 in the Biennial Census of Manufactures. Salaries, as reportedfor 1933 in the Biennial Census of Manufactures, exclude salariesof principal officers. These we estimate on the basis of the ratio ofsalaries of principal officers to other salaries as reported in the 1935Biennial Census of Manufactures.
The method of estimating salaries for intercensal years is thesame, in general, for all industrial divisions: multiplying the num-ber of salaried workers (see the notes to Table M 24) by the averagesalary. The average salary is computed for Census years and inter-polated for intercensal years by average salary data for Pennsyl-
MANUFACTURING 617
vania, Ohio, and New York. The Pennsylvania figures are from thePennsylvania Report on Productive Industries, Public Utilitiesand Miscellaneous Statistics and advance tables for recent yearsfrom the Department of Internal Affairs; those for Ohio, from theDepartment of Industrial Relations. The New York figures are ob-tained by multiplying by 52 the weekly earnings of office workersas repori:ed in the Industrial Bulletin. The specific data used foreach industrial branch are indicated below.Col. i Food and tobacco: interpolation of the average salary forfood ancE tobacco combined, 1919—29, is by the average salary forfood and tobacco in Pennsylvania and New York. For 1929—38data for the Ohio food and tobacco groups are added.Col. 2 Textile and leather: see Table M 8, col. 3—5.Col. Construction materials and furniture: see Table M 8, col.io and Li.Ccl. arid Paper and printing: salaries for intercensal years areestimated for paper and printing combined. The industrial dis-tribution of the total is based on the ratio of salaries in eachindustry to total salaries. This ratio, derived for Census years, isinterpolated for other years by state data.
Interpolation of the average salary for paper and printing com-bined, 1919—29, is by the average salary in New York pulp andpaper, and printing and paper goods, and Pennsylvania paperboxes, paper bags, cutting and designing, labels and tags, paper(building, printing, stationery, toilet, tissue, wrapping, miscel-laneous), pulp goods, sand and emery paper, wall and roofingpaper, electroplating, photo-engraving, printing and publishing,stereotyping, and for 1921 and later years, bookbinding. For 1929and later years Pennsylvania sand and emery paper and electro-plating are excluded and typefounding is included; flbreboard andfibre containers are added in 1933. In addition, for 1929—37, Ohiodata for paper boxes, paper bags, envelopes, paper, photo-en-graving, printing and publishing, stereotyping and electrotypingare included; labels and tags were added in 1933 and later years.
In estimating salaries for each branch of paper and printingPennsylvania data are used for 1919—29 and 1938, and Pennsyl-vania and Ohio data for 1929—37; the products are those coveredin the average salary series.Col. 6 Metal: interpolation of the average salary, 19 19—29, is by
6i8 PART FOUR
the average salary in the New York metals and machinery groupand in the following industries in Pennsylvania classified by thegroups used to subdivide total salaries:Iron and steel: bars, billets, ferro-alloys, ingots, pig iron, plates,sheets, tinpiate, wire rods, bolts, nuts, castings, forgings, nails andspikes, springs and wire productsMachinery: refrigerators, washing machines, agricultural imple-ments, elevators, engines, machinery, machine tools, meters, motors,pumps, scales, typewriters, carriages, sleds, bicycles (through 1923only), cars, railroad engines, and shipbuilding, axes and edgetools, cutlery, files, firearms (through 1921 only), hardware, horse-shoes, safes, saws and shovelsMotor vehicles: automobiles, automobile bodies, automobile partsNon-ferrous: aluminum, babbitt metal, brass and bronze products,cornices, fixtures, needles, silverware, smelting and refining, tin-ware, enamelware, watches, jewelry and gold and silver leaf andfoil, and from 1921 Ofl, copper, zinc, gold, etc.
For 1929 and later years the Pennsylvania iron and steel grouphas, in addition, rails, axles, chains, frogs and switches, hoops,bands and cotton ties, shafting and shapes, but excludes iron rods.The machinery group, for 1929 and later years, excludes horse-shoes, and includes pulleys, apiarists', dairymen's, and poultry-men's supplies, railroad supplies, aircraft and parts, and, since1933, includes electric refrigerators. Additions to the non-ferrousgroup, for 1929 and later years, are sheet metal products, n.e.c.,welding and brazing, manganese-ferro, magnesia products, lamps,chimneys and reflectors, and electroplating. Data for the followingOhio industries are also included for 1929—37:Iron and steel: blast furnace products. bolts and nuts, forgings,springs, steel works and rolling mills, tinpiate and terneplate, wire,wireworkMachinery: calculating machines, foundry and. machine shopproducts, gas engines and tractors, pumps, agricultural implements,batteries, electric machines, washing machines, clothes wringers,scales and balances, dairymen's supplies, the vehicle group exclud-ing automobiles, cutlery and tools, safes and vaultsMotor vehicles: automobiles and partsNon-ferrous: total non-ferrous group excluding metal caskets andfurniture
MANUFACTURING 619
Col. Chemical: see Table M 8, col. i6 and 17.Col. 8 Misc. and rubber: see Table M 8, col. i8 and ig.Col. 9 Total: sum of col. i—S.Col. io Central administrative offices: salaries for 1919, 1921, 1923are estirriated on the basis of the 1925 ratio to total salaries, includ-ing those at central administrative offices; for 1925, 1929, and 1937they are reported in the Biennial Census of Manufactures. For allother years they are interpolated and extrapolated by total salariesexcluding those at central administrative offices.Col. ii Total: sum of col. 9 and io.
TABLE M 8
Salaries by Minor Industrial Divisions
The procedure followed in estimating salaries paid by minor in-dustrial divisions is that described for Table M 7. The specific dataused for each minor industrial division are indicated below.Go!. i and 2 Food and tobacco: total salaries for food and tobacco(see Table M 7) are distributed on the basis of the ratio of salariesin each industry to total salaries. This ratio, derived for Censusyears, is interpolated for intervening years by Pennsylvania datafor 1919—29 and 1938, and Pennsylvania and Ohio data for 1929—37; the products are those covered in the average salary series.Go!. Wearing apparel: interpolation of the average salary, 1919—29, is by the average salary in Pennsylvania men's clothing, women'sclothing, corsets, gloves other than leather, hats and caps, hosieryand knit goods, millinery, neckwear, overalls, shirts, shirtwaists,underwear, leather boots and shoes, sole leather, handkerchiefs,umbrel]as and parasols; and in New York furs, leather and rubber,and clothing and millinery. For 1929 and later years data for thefollowing Pennsylvania industries are also included: leather gloves,fur goods, men's furnishing goods, n.e.c., and suspenders. For1929—37 data for the following Ohio industries are included: men'sand women's clothing, hosiery and knit goods, and boots and shoes.Cot. Textile fabrics: interpolation of the average salary, 1919—29,is by th.e average salary in Pennsylvania awnings, bags, blankets,braids, carpets, cordage and twine, cotton goods and yarn, curtains,dyeing and finishing textiles, flags, haircioth, lace goods, shoddy
620 PART FOUR
and waste, silk goods and yarns, woolen yarns, woolen goods, woolpulling, artificial flowers, house furnishings, n.e.c., mattresses andoilcloth, and in New York textiles. For 1929 and later years thePennsylvania data for plush and velvet are also included, and for1933 and later years, jute and, burlap. Included also for 1929—37are Ohio data for awnings, flags, banners and regalia, mattressesand pillows, oilcloth and linoleum (through 1933 only), silk andsilk goods, woolens and worsteds, and house furnishing goods(through 1933 only).Col. 5 Other leather: interpolation of the average salary, 19 19—29,is by the average salary in Pennsylvania tanned leather, trunks,miscellaneous or unclassified leather goods. For 1929 and later yearsPennsylvania data for hides and skins are also included, and for1929—37 Ohio data for the leather and leather products group, ex-cluding boots and shoes.Col. 6 Lumber: salaries for intercensal years are estimated for lum-ber and furniture combined. The industrial distribution of thetotal is made by the method described in the notes to col. i and 2.
Interpolation of the average salary for lumber and furniture com-bined, 1919—2 1, is by the average salary in Pennsylvania lumberand timber products, planing mill products, mirrors, billiard tables,frames and furniture, and in New York wood manufactures. In192 1—29 Pennsylvania data on billiard tables and frames aredropped. In 1929 and later years beds and bed springs are included;in 1933 and later years metal furniture; and in 1929—37 Ohiosawmill and planing mill products and furniture, wooden andmetal.Col. Stone, clay, and glass: interpolation of the average salary,19 19—29, 15 by the average salary in New York stone, clay, and glassproducts; and in Pennsylvania artificial stone, building brick,cement, crucibles, emery wheels, plate glass, window glass, lime,paving brick, other paving materials, and asbestos products; in1921 ganister brick is added; in 1927 artificial stone is dropped andconcrete added. In 1929 and later years Pennsylvania terra cotta,etc., and wallplaster are included also, and for 1929—37 Ohioroofing materials and the stone, clay, and glass group, excludingpottery.Ccl. 8 Heating apparatus: interpolation of the average salary forthe entire period is by the average salary for Pennsylvania. radia-
MANUFACTURING 621
tors, stoves; etc. and steam packing; in 1929—37 Ohio stoves andfurnaces are included.Col. Other construction materials: interpolation of the averagesalary, 1919—29, j5 by the average salary in Pennsylvania fireescapes, plumbers' supplies, boilers, tanks, etc., cornices, orna-mental iron and steel; in 1921 structural iron and steel is added.In 1929 and later years Pennsylvania pipes and tubing, and tinners'and roofers' supplies are included also; and in 1929—37, Ohio steelworks and rolling mills, doors and shutters, and boilers and tanks.
.Col. zo Total construction materials: sum of col. 6—9.Col. xi Furniture: see the notes to col. 6.Go!. £2, 13, 14, and 15 Iron and steel, machinery, motor vehicles,and non-ferrous metal: see the notes to col. i and 2 for the proce-dure by which total metal salaries (see Table M 7, col. 6) are dis-tributeil among the minor industrial divisions.Col. z6 Chemical excluding petroleum refining: interpolation ofthe average salary, 1919—29, is by the average salary in the Penn-sylvania chemical group, excluding gasoline and lubricating oil,and in the New York chemical group. In 1929—37 the Ohio chemi-cal group, excluding petroleum refining, is added. From thePennsylvania sample for 1929 and later years data for fuel oil areexcluded; and after 1933 kerosene oil also.Go!. x;' Petroleum refining: interpolation of the average salary,1919—29, is by the average salary in Pennsylvania gasoline, lubri-cating oil, coke, and manufactured fuel; in 1929—37 the averagesalary in Ohio petroleum refining is included; and in '933 andlater years, Pennsylvania kerosene oil.Col. z8 Rubber tires: interpolation of the average salary for 1926and for 1938 is by the average salary in Pennsylvania rubber tiresand tubes. In 1929—37 Ohio rubber tires and tubes are included.The estimates for 1920, 1922, 1924, and 1928 are interpolatedalong a straight line.Col. 19 Miscellaneous: interpolation of the average salary, 1919—29, is by the average salary in Pennsylvania glass bottles, cut glass,decorative glass, table glass, leather belting, rubber goods ex-cluding tires and tubes, hose, barrels, bobbins, cigar boxes, pack-ing boxes, pulp goods, models (not paper), wood (turned), pro-fessional and scientific instruments, pens, and the miscellaneousgroup excluding apiarists' supplies, artificial flowers, awnings,
622 PART FOUR
asbestos products, coke, flags (when given), manufactured fuel,gold and silver leaf (when given), house furnishings, mattresses,oilcloth, steam packing, shipbuilding, and laundry work (whengiven). In 1929 and later years the Pennsylvania industries forwhich the average salary is used are glass bottles and jars, cutglass, decorative glass, glass tableware, miscellaneous glass, leatherbelting, unclassified rubber, rubber hose, barrels, bobbins, cigarboxes, packing boxes, models and patterns, wood turned andcarved, instruments, pens, advertising novelties, artificial limbs,baskets, brooms, brushes, buttons, caskets, cork, curled hair, dentalsupplies, fancy articles, hair work, hand stamps, musical instru-ments, optical goods, lead pencils, phonographs, photographic ap-paratus, pianos, signs, soda water apparatus, sporting and athleticgoods, statuary and art goods, surgical appliances, teeth, toys andgames, window shades, pottery, stationery goods, n.e.c., and radios.In 1929—37 the Ohio lumber group excluding furniture and saw-mill products, metal caskets, the rubber group excluding tires andtubes, pottery, the miscellaneous group excluding agriculturalimplements, dairymen's supplies, electrical machines, ice, roofingmaterials, batteries, and washing machines are included.
TABLE M g
Wages and Salaries by Major Industrial Divisions
Sum for each industrial division of wages (Table M and salaries(Table M 7).
TABLE M 10
Wages and Salaries by Minor Industrial Divisions
Sum for each industrial division of wages (Table M 6) and salaries(Table M 8).
TABLE M iiDividends by Major Industrial Divisions
Net dividends are the difference between total dividends paidand dividends received by corporations. Dividends paid, 1922—37,are from Statistics of Income. The estimates of dividenas paid,
MANUFACTURING 623
1919—21, are obtained by extrapolating the 1922 figures, and for1938 by extrapolating the 1937 figures by the dividend paymentsof a corporate sample for the industry.
Dividends received, 1922—37, are also from Statistics of Income.The 1g:Lg—21 estimates are made on the assumption that the in-dustrial distribution of dividends received by all corporations, asreported in Statistics of Income, is the same as in 1922. The 1938estimates are assumed to have the same relation to dividends paidas inCcl. Construction materials and furniture: includes net divi-dends paid by metal building materials corporations in 1926 andlater years. They are covered by Statistics of Income in the metalsgroup but are reported separately for 1926—34 in the special tabu-lation of Statistics of Income data. The 1934 estimate, by the classi-fication by business reported for 1933, is obtained by applying tothe total for the metals group, by the same classification, the ratioof the metal building materials group to the total for the metalsgroup by the classification by business reported for 1934. Thesame method is used in estimating later years.Col. 6 Metal: excluded, in 1926 and later years, are net dividendspaid by metal building materials corporations (see the notes tocol. Included are net dividends paid by shipbuilding corp6ra-dons, covered in Statistics of Income under construction. Thefigures are reported for 1926—37 in the special tabulation ofStatistics of Income data (except for 1934 classified by businessreported in 1933, in which case the method outlined in col. 3 formetal building materials corporations is applied). For the yearsbefore 1926 the estimates are extrapolated by preliminary esti-mates obtained by applying, to total dividends paid and receivedby all construction corporations, the ratio of shipbuilding grossincome to total construction gross income. The data are reportedin Statistics of Income.Go!. 9 Total: sum of col. i—8.
TABLE M 12Dividends by Minor Industrial Divisions
The method is outlined in the notes to Table M 1 i; the source isthe special tabulation of Statistics of Income data.
624 PART FOUR
TABLE M i3
Interest by Major Industrial Divisions
Net long term interest is the difference between total interest paidon long term debt and interest received on tax-exempt obligations.Total interest, 1922—35, is estimated by applying to the par valueof long term debt the average interest rate of the corporate samplefor the industry. Long term debt outstanding on December 31,1921, 1923, 1924, 1926—35 is reported in Statistics of Income. The1921 figures as reported in capital stock tax returns are assumedto be complete; the 1923 And 1924 figures are raised by the ratio ofthe fair value of the stock of all corporations to the fair value ofthe stock of corporations reporting assets and liabilities. For 1926—31 the reported figures on par value of long term debt are raised bythe 1931 ratio of compiled receipts of all corporations to compiledreceipts of corporations reporting assets and liabilities. The com-piled receipts ratios for 1932—35 are used to raise the reportedfigures for the respective years.
Long term debt outstanding on December 31, 1922 and 1925is interpolated by the corporate sample for the industry, whenavailable, and along a straight line, in other cases. The year-endfigures are averaged to give average long term debt outstandingduring the year; multiplying these averages by the estimated in-terest rates yields total long term interest, 1922—35. The estimatesof total long term interest, 1919—21 and 1936—38, are extrapolatedfrom 1922 and 1935 respectively by the long term interest paidby the corporate sample for the industry.
Interest received, 1922—37, is interest received on tax-exemptobligations as reported in Statistics of Income. The industrial dis-tribution of interest received on tax-exempt obligations by allcorporations, as reported in Statistics of Income for 1919—2 1, is
assumed to be the same as in 1922. The 1938 estimates are assumedto bear the same relation to total interest paid as in 1937.Gol. Construction materials and furniture: in 1926 and lateryears net interest paid by metal building materials corporations,covered in Statistics of Income in the metals group, is included.Long term debt for these corporations is reported for 1930—33 inthe special tabulation of Statistics of income data. For the earlier
MANUFACTURING 625
years it is estimated by applying to the debt of the metals groupthe ratio of the debt of the metal building materials group to thetotal debt of the metals group. Basic figures for this ratio are fromthe special tabulation of Statistics of Income data for 1930. Theratio was extrapolated for the earlier years by the ratio of the grosssales of the metal building materials group to the sales of the totalmetals group. Total interest paid is estimated as outlined above;net interest is obtained by subtracting interest received on tax-exempt obligations (special tabulation of Statistics of Income data).For 1934 and later years net interest paid by metal building mate-rials corporations is obtained by applying its ratio to net interestpaid by the total metals group in 1933, extrapolated by the ratioof the gross income of the part to the whole, to net interest paidby the total metals group in the respective years.Cal. 6 Metal: excluded in 1926 and later years is net interest paidby metal building materials corporations (see the notes to col. 3).Included is net interest paid by shipbuilding corporations, coveredin Statistics of Income under construction. Total long term debtis repori:ed for 1930—35 in the special tabulation of the Statisticsof Income data, and estimated for other years by a proceduresimilar to that used for dividends paid (see the notes to Table M 1 1,col. 6). Interest received is reported fof 1926—37 in the specialtabulation and is estimated for other years by a procedure similarto that used for dividends received.
TABLE M 14
Property income by Major Industrial Divisions
Sum for each industrial division of net dividends paid (TableM ii) and net interest paid (Table M is).
TABLE M 15
Entrepreneurial Withdrawals by Major Industrial Divisions
Product. of the number of entrepreneurs (see the notes to TableM 28) and the estimated average withdrawal. The methods aresimilar for most industrial divisions.
626 PART FOUR
Preliminary estimates of total withdrawals are obtained for19 19—37 by applying to the non-corporate value of product (seethe notes to Table M iS) two estimated, withdrawal ratios. Thefirst, derived from Statistics of Income, is the ratio of dividendsand officers' compensation to gross sales of corporations. Thesecond is obtained by applying an adjustment factor to the cor-porate ratio of officers' compensation to gross sales, basic data forwhich are also from Statistics of Income. This adjustment factoris obtained as follows: from the 1931 Statistics of Income data forcorporations having no net income, gross sales per corporationand the ratio of officers' compensation to gross sales, by assetclasses, are derived. The regression line of the ratio of officers'compensation to sales on the logs of sales per corporation is com-puted and plotted. From this curve are read off ratios of officers'compensation to gross sales per corporation and per individualenterprise of the size indicated in each year by the actual sales percorporation and the value of product per entrepreneur. The rela-tion of this expected ratio for the average individual concern tothe expected ratio for the average corporation is the factor bywhich the ratio of officers' compensation to sales is adjusted to yieldthe second withdrawal ratio. The second withdrawal ratio for1934, comparable with that for 1933, is extrapolated from '933 to1934 by the ratio of officers' compensation to gross sales of cor-porations filing unconsolidated returns as reported in Statistics ofIncome.
Both withdrawal ratios were applied to the estimated non-cor-porate value of product to yield two sets of preliminary estimatesof total withdrawals, from which preliminary withdrawals perentrepreneur were computed. The first ratio yielded average levelsof withdrawals per entrepreneur which, with a single exception,were in reasonable agreement with those that might be expectedfrom average sales per entrepreneur; the second ratio yieldedwithdrawal estimates whose year to year changes were in reason-able agreement with the expected relative stability of what areessentially per family expenditure levels. The final estimate ofaverage withdrawals was obtained by applying to the preliminaryfigure resulting from the second withdrawal ratio the ratio of thesum of the first withdrawal ratio for 1919—33 to the sum of the
MANUFACTURING 627
second for the same period. The average withdrawal for 1938 wasextrapolated from 1937 by the average salary in the industry.Cot. i Food and tobacco: the above method gives unreasonably lowresults for the food and tobacco group. For it, the expected ratio ofofficers' compensation to gross sales for individual concerns of thesize given is applied to the average value of product per entre-preneur to obtain a preliminary average withdrawal figure in eachyear. The average difference (per year) between the sum of thepreliminary withdrawal figures and the sum of the average salaryfigures for 1919—35 is added to the average salary to yield theaverage withdrawal in each year.Cot. 9 Total: sum of col. '—8.
TABLE M i6
Total Payments to Individuals by Major Industrial Divisions
Sum for each industrial division of wages and salaries (Table M 9),property income (Table M 14), and entrepreneurial withdrawals(Table lvi is).
TABLE M 17
Entrepreneurial Net Savings by Major Industrial Divisions
Difference for each industrial division between entrepreneurial netincome (Table M i8) and entrepreneurial withdrawals (TableM 15).
TABLE M i8
Entrepreneurial Net Income by Major Industrial Divisiops
Entrepreneurial net income is obtained by multiplying the non-corporate value of kroduct by an estimated net income ratio. Thenon-corporate value of product for each industrial division is ob-tained by multiplying the total value of product (see the notes toTable M 1) by the ratio of the non-corporate to the total, derivedfrom the Biennial Census of Manufactures for 1919 and 1929, inter-polated along a straight line for the intervening years, and keptconstant at the 1929 level for all later years.
628 PART FOUR
The net income ratio is, for all industries except food andtobacco, the corporate ratio to gross sales of the sum of statutorynet income before taxes, officers' compensation, and estimatedlong term interest paid. The interest item is our estimate of totallong term interest paid. The other items, except gross sales,1919—21, and officers' compensation, 1925—27, are from Statisticsof Income. Gross sales, 1919—21, are extrapolated from 1922 byStatistics of Income data on gross income. Officers' compensationin 1Q25, 1926, and 1927 is obtained by interpolating between 1924and 1928 by corporate sales. The net income ratio is derived for allyears, 1919—37. The '934 ratio comparable with that for 1933 isestimated by applying to the 1933 figure the percentage changefrom 1933 to 1934 in the net income ratio, excluding the interestitem, for unconsolidated returns as derived from the 1934 Statisticsof Income.
Net income is extrapolated from 1937 to 1938 by corporate netincome.Col. i Food and tobacco: the ratio of net to gross income for thevarious subgroups and their relative weights in the non-corporatevalue of product made the net income ratio for food and tobaccoas derived by the above method seem too low. It was thereforeraised 75 per cent, the approximate adjustment based on the shareof high net income industries in the total non-corporate value ofproduct and the relation of their net income ratios to the netincome ratio for all food and tobacco.Col. Chemical: since the use of the data for the group as a wholegave undue weight to petroleum refining, the non-corporate valueof product is estimated separately for petroleum refining andchemicals proper.
The net income ratios for 1926 and later years for the minordivisions are based on statutory net income, since officers' com-pensation and long term interest are reported solely for the entiregroup. As corporate gross sales for the minor divisions are notavailable before 1926, preliminary estimates of entrepreneurial netprofit are derived by applying to statutory net income of corpo-rations the ratio of the non-corporate to the corporate value ofproduct. These estimates are used to extrapolate the 1926 figureback to 1919. To the sum of the resulting partial net income figuresfor petroleum refining and chemicals proper is added the amount
MANUFACTURING 629
derived by applying, to the non-corporate value of product forthe entire chemicals group, the ratio of officers' compensation andlong term interest to gross sales.Cot ci Total: sum of col. i—8.
TABLE M 19
Corporate Net Savings by Major Industrial Divisions
Difference between compiled net profits and total dividends paid.Compiled net profits are from Statistics of Income for 1922—37.The 1938 figures are extrapolated from 1937 by the corporatesamples For each industrial division. Compiled net profits for1919—21 are the sum of statutory net income after taxes (Statisticsof Income) and dividends and interest received on governmentholdings. The latter two items are estimated on the assumptionthat the industrial distribution of the total as reported in the 1922Statistics of Income applies to the totals reported for 1919, 1920,and 1921. For the derivation of total dividends see the notes toTable M ii.Col. 3 Construction materials and furniture: included in 1926 andlater years are the savings of metal building materials corporations,covered in Statistics of Income under the metals group. The basicdata are reported in the special tabulation of Statistics of In comedata for 1926—34. The estimate for '934 comparable with that for1933 is obtained by applying to the total savings of the metalsgroup, comparable with that for 1933, the ratio of the savings ofmetal building materials corporations to the savings of all metalscorporations recorded in the special tabulation on the basis ofbusiness reported in 1934. For 1935—37 the net profit of metalbuilding materials corporations is obtained by applying to the netprofit of metals corporations the ratio of statutory net income(after taxes) of the part to the whole, reported in Statistics ofIncome. From the resulting figure for net profit, total dividendspaid are subtracted to yield net savings of metal building mate-ria.ls corporations.Col. 6 Metal: excluded in 1926 and later years are the net savingsof metal building materials corporations (see the notes to col.Included, are the net savings of shipbuilding corporations, covered
6go PART FOUR
in Statistics of Income under construction. Figures for 192 6—37 arefrom the special tabulation of Statistics of Income data, except for1934, classified by business reported in 1933, in which case theprocedure outlined for metal building materials corporations incol. is applied. For the years before 1926 shipbuilding corporateprofit is the sum of statutory net income and dividends andinterest received.
TABLE M 20
Corporate Net Savings by Minor Industrial Divisions
The method is outlined in the notes to Table M the source isthe special tabulation of Statistics of Income data.
TABLE M 21
Total Net Savings by Major Industrial Divisions
Sum for each industrial division of entrepreneurial savings (TableM 17) and corporate net savings (Table M ig).
TABLE M 22
Wage Earners by Major Industrial Divisions
Cot. x Food and tobacco: see Table M 23, col. i and 2.
Cot 2 Textile and leather: see Table M 23, col. to, i6, and 17.Cot. Construction materials and furniture: see Table M 23, col.22 and 23.Cot. j Paper: see the notes to Table M col. 4.Col. Printing: see the notes to Table M 5, col. 5. For 1919—23interpolation is by the FRB employment index for printing (Fed-eral Reserve Bulletin, Nov.Go!. 6 Metal: see Table M 23, col. 24, 29, 30, andGo!. Chemical: see Table M 23, col. 32 andCol. 8 Misc. and rubber: see Table M 23, col. 34 and 35.Cot. g Total: sum of col. i—S.
MANUFACTURING
TABLE M 23
Wage Earners by Minor Industrial Divisions
The entries for odd years are the sums of the number of wageearners from the Biennial Census of Manufactures and groupedaccording to our classification. Unless otherwise noted, the inter-polating and extrapolating series are identical with respect tocoverage and source with those used in estimating total wages.Cot. Woolen goods: for '9 19—23 interpolation is by the FRBemployment index for woolen and worsted manufactures (FederalReserve Bulletin) Nov. 1930).Cot. rB Lumber: for '9 19—23 interpolation is by the FRB employ-ment index for lumber (Federal Reserve Bulletin, Nov. 1930).Col. 20 Heating apparatus: for 1919—23 interpolation is by theFRB employment index for heating apparatus (Federal ReserveBulletin, Nov. 1930).Cot. 26 Shipbuilding: for '9 19—23 interpolation is by the weightedaverage of employment in shipbuilding in Massachusetts, NewYork, Ohio, and Pennsylvania, with the 1923 Census employmentfigures as weights. The Massachusetts data are from the AnnualReport of the Department of Labor and Industries of that statefor the year ending November 30, 1932. The New York data for1919 and 1920 are from the Labor Market Bulletin, and for 192 1—23 from the N. Y. Department of Labor Special Bulletin 171. TheOhio data are from BLS Bulletin The Pennsylvania data arefrom the Report on Productive Industries, Public Utilities andMiscellaneous Statistics for that state.Cot. 27 Other transportation equipment excluding motor vehicles:for 1919-23 interpolation is by the FRB employment index forcar building and repairing (Federal Reserve Bulletin, Nov. 1930).Col. Petroleum refining: for '919—23 interpolation is by thesum of the number of wage earners, reported for Ohio in BLSBulletin and for Pennsylvania, in the Report on ProductiveIndustries, Public Utilities and Miscellaneous Statistics.Col. Rubber tires: for 1919—23 interpolation is by the sum ofthe number of wage earners reported for Ohio and Pennsylvania
632 PART FOUR
(see the notes to col. for the sources) and for Massachusetts. TheMassachusetts data are for the rubber group excludingshoes (1931Annual Report of the Department of Labor and Industries).
TABLE M 24
Salaried Employees by Major Industrial Divisions
The entries for odd years, except 1931, are the sums of the num-ber of salaried employees from the Biennial Census of MaWufac-tures and grouped according to our classification. The 1919, 1921,and 1923 figures reported are adjusted to exclude salaried em-ployees at central administrative offices on the basis of the ratiofor all manufacturing of the total excluding central administrativeoffices to the total including central administrative offices as re-ported in the 1925 Census. Salaried employees reported in the1933 Census exclude principal officers. These we estimate on thebasis of the ratio of the number of principal salaried officers toother salaried employees as reported in the 1935 Census.
The method of estimating salaried employees is the same ingeneral for all industrial divisions. Salaried employees for inter-censal years are estimated by multiplying the number of wageearners (see the notes to Tables M 22 and M 23) by the ratio ofsalaried employees to wage earners. The ratio of salaried employeesto wage earners is derived from Census data for odd years andinterpolated for other years by ratios calculated from state data.The state data are from the sources cited in the notes to TablesM 7 and M 8 and cover the same industries. However, Ohio em-ployee data are available not only for 1929—37 but also for '9 '9—28(BLS Bulletin 553). The Ohio industries covered in each year,1919—29, are listed below for each industrial division. The dataas reported are monthly employment figures from which annualaverages are taken. The New York data are from the annualsurvey which covers office employees in October. The number ofwage earners for New York used here are the difference betweentotal employees and office employees.Cal. i Food and tobacco: interpolation of the ratio of salaried em-ployees to wage earners is by the ratio of salaried employees towage earners in Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. The Ohio
MANUFACTURING 633
industries covered in 1919—29 are the food, liquor, and tobaccogroups, and manufactured ice.Col. 2 Textile and leather: see Table M 25, col. 3, 4, and 5.Col. y Construction materials and furniture: see Table M 25, col.wand ii.Col. and 5 Paper and printing: the two are estimated as a wholean.d then divided. Interpolation of the ratio of salaried employeesto wage earners for paper and printing is by the ratio for Penn-sylvania, New York, and Ohio. The Ohio industries covered in19 19—29 ztre paper boxes, other paper including stationery, andprinting and publishing.
The total of salaried employees in paper and printing is dividedinto subgroups on the basis of the percentage distribution inCensus years, interpolated by the percentage distribution for Ohkand Pennsylvania, and extrapolated for 1938 by that for Penn-sylvania alone.Col. 6 Metal: interpolation of the ratio of salaried employees :.wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania, New York, and Ohio.The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 are, by subgroups:Iron and steel: blast furnaces, bolts and nuts, forgings, steel works,tinpiate, wire and wireworkMachinery: calculating machines, foundry and machine shopproducts, gas engines, pumps, electric machines, agricultural im-plements, dairymen's supplies (after 192 i), all vehicles except auto-mobiles, cutlery and safesMotor vehicles: automobiles and partsNon-ferrous: metal and metal products other than iron and steel.Col. Chemical:.see Table M 25, col. i6 and 17.CoL 8 Misc, and rubber: see Table M 25, col. '8 and ig.Col. Total: sum of col. '—8.Col. 10 Central administrative offices: for 1919, 1921, and 1923estimated by applying, to total salaried employees including thoseat central administrative offices, reported in the Census, the 1925ratio of salaried employees at central administrative offices to thetotal including those at central administrative offices, derived fromthe 1925 Biennial Census of Manufactures. The 1925, 1929, and1937 figures are reported in the Census. For 1920, 1922, 1924, 1926,
634 PART FOUR
1927, 1928, 193o—36, Sand 1938 the figures are interpolated andextrapolated by the number of other salaried employees.Cot. ii Total: sum of col. 9 and io.
TABLE M 25
Salaried Employees by Minor Industrial Divisions
Estimated by the procedure described for Table M 24. The specificdata used for each industrial division are indicated below.
Cot. i and 2 Food and tobacco: the total of salaried employees infood and tobacco (see Table M 24) is distributed on the basis ofratios of those in food to those in food and tobacco, and of thosein tobacco to those in food and tobacco, derived from Census datafor odd years and interpolated for other years by the ratios for Penn-sylvania and Ohio(for 1938 by the ratio for Pennsylvania alone).The estimates for each subgroup are adjusted by the ratio of thecorrect total for the group to the sum of the parts.Col. Wearing apparel: interpolation of the ratio of salaried em-ployees to wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania, NewYork, and Ohio. The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 aremen's clothing, women's clothing, boots and shoes, and hosiery;in 1923 and later years custom tailoring also is included.Cot. Tex tile fabrics: interpolation of the ratio of salaried em-ployees to wage earners is by the ratio in Pennsylvania, New York,and Ohio. The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 are the textilegroup excluding the industries listed under col. 3.Cot. Other leather: interpolation of the ratio of salaried em-ployees to wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania and Ohio.The Ohio industries covered in 19 19—29 are the leather and leatherproducts group excluding boots and shoes.Col. 6 Lumber: salaried employees are estimated for the entirelumber group, including furniture, and then divided. Interpola-tion of the ratio of salaried employees to wage earners for the totallumber group is by the ratio for Pennsylvania, New York, andOhio. The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 are sawmill andplaning mill products and furniture. The division of the total intolumber construction materials and furniture is by the methoddescribed for col. i and 2.
MANUFACTURING 635
Col. 7 Stone, clay, and glass: interpolation of the ratio of salariedemployees to wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania, NewYork, arid Ohio. The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 areroofing materials and the stone, clay, and glass group excludingpottery.Cot. 8 Heating apparatus: interpolation of the ratio of salariedemployees to wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania andOhio. The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 are stoves andfurnaces.Col. Other construction materials: interpolation of the ratio ofsalaried employees to wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsyl-vania and Ohio. The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 aresteel works and rolling mills; doors and shutters are added in 1921;boilers and tanks, in 1923.Cal. io Total construction materials: sum of col. 6—g.Cal. ix Furniture: see the notes to col. 6.Cal. n Iron and steel: the total of salaried employees in the metalsgroup (Table M 24, col. 6) is divided into iron and steel, ma-chinery, motor vehicles, and non-ferrous metal by ihe proceduredescribed for col. i and 2. The specific Ohio sample industries in-cluded under the minor group headings are indicated in thenotes to Table M 24, col. 6.Col. i; Machinery: see the notes to col. 12.Col. Motor vehicles: see the notes to col. 12.Cal. Non-ferrous metal: see the notes to col. 12.Cal. '6 Chemical excluding petroleum refining:'interpolation ofthe ratio of salaried employees to wage earners is by the ratio forPennsylvania, New York, and Ohio. The Ohio industries coveredin 1919--29 are the chemical group excluding petroleum refining.
Col. q Petroleum refining: interpolation of the ratio of salariedemployees to wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania andOhio. The Ohio industry covered in 1919—29 is petroleum refining.
Cal. '8 Rubber tires: interpolation of the ratio of salaried em-ployees to wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania and Ohio.The Ohio industry covered in 1919—29 is rubber tires and tubes.
Col. 19 Miscellaneous: interpolation of the ratio of salaried em-
636 PART FOUR
ployees tq wage earners is by the ratio for Pennsylvania and Ohio.The Ohio industries covered in 1919—29 are lumber excludingfurniture and sawmill products, rubber excluding tires and tubes,pottery, and the miscellaneous group excluding agricultural im-plements, dairymen's supplies (for 1921 and later years), electricmachines, ice, and roofing materials.
TABLE M 26
Employees by Major Industrial Divisions
Sum for each industrial division of wage earners (Table M 22) andsalaried employees (Table M 24).
TABLE M 27
Employees by Minor Industrial Divisions
Sum for each industrial division of wage earners (Table M 23)and salaried employees (Table M 25).
TABLE M 28
Entrepreneurs by Major Industrial Divisions
The entries for odd years, except 1931, are the sums of the numberof entrepreneurs from the Biennial Census of Manufactures andgrouped according to our classification. We assumed that thenumber was the same in 1938 as in 1937. Interpolation, unlessotherwise indicated, is by the number of failures reported in Dun'sReview annually, the assumption being that a decline in thenumber of entrepreneurs from Census year to Census year isdirectly proportional and an increase inversely proportional tofailures. The interpolating series for the various industrial divi-sions are as follows:Col. i Food and tobacco: failures in milling and bakers and liquorsand tobacco, 1919—35; in food and tobacco products, 1935—37.
Col. 2 Textiles and leather: failures in woolens and woolen goods,cottons and cotton goods, clothing and millinery, hats, gloves and
MANUFACTURING 637
furs, and leather, shoes and harness, 1919—35; in textiles, leatherand fur;, 1935—37.Col. Construction materials and furniture: failures in lumberand lumber products and glass, earthenware, and brick, 1919—37.
Ccl. j Paper: straight-line interpolation except for 1936 when thenumber of failures in paper and paper products is used.Col. Printing: failures in printing and engraving, 1919—35; inprinting and publishing, 1935—37.Col. 6 Metal: failures in iron and steel and machinery and tools,1919—35; in iron and steel, machinery, automobiles, all othertranspo:rtation equipment and non-ferrous metals, 1935—37.Col. 7 Chemical: failures in chemicals and drugs and paints andoils, 19:19—35; and, in addition, in petroleum, '935—37.Col. 8 Misc. and rubber: failures in all other manufacturing,1919—35; and in rubber goods, general supplies, and all othermiscellaneous manufacturing, 1935—37.Cot 9 2 oW: sum of col. i—8.
