NATIONAL CONFERENCE ONNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON

““A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”A SUSTAINABLE ENERGY FOR CLEANER TOMORROW”

Bio-diesel As a Prospective Diesel Fuel:Bio-diesel As a Prospective Diesel Fuel:Research & Development Pursuits in IIT,Delhi Research & Development Pursuits in IIT,Delhi

“ The earth was not given to us by our parents , it has been loaned to us by our children ”

- Kenyan Proverb

Same feeling exists in all societies

We should handover a safer earth to future generation

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

RELEVANCE OF DIESEL FUEL RELEVANCE OF DIESEL FUEL IN INDIAN CONTEXTIN INDIAN CONTEXT

Public Transportation System

Mechanized Agricultural sector

(irrigation, pumping etc)

Several Decentralized energy units

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

Diesel consumption- about seven times more than that of Petrol

ENGINES AND UNCONVENTIONAL ENGINES AND UNCONVENTIONAL FUELS LAB, IIT DELHIFUELS LAB, IIT DELHI

Hydrogen Compressed Natural Gas(CNG) Bio-Diesel Hydrogen Added Natural Gas Ethanol Methanol Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Biogas Producer Gas

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

USE OF VEGETABLE OILS -USE OF VEGETABLE OILS -NOT A RADICALLY NEW CONCEPTNOT A RADICALLY NEW CONCEPT

“The use of vegetable oils for engine fuels may seem insignificant today, but such oils may become in course of time as important as petroleum and the coal tar products of the present time”

- Rudolf Diesel (1912), Inventor of Diesel engine Address to the Engineering Society of St Louis, Missouri in 1912

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BIO-DIESEL ABROADBIO-DIESEL ABROAD

Saffola Sunflower Soya-bean Peanut Canola Rapeseed

A host of others are being used which are essentially edible in Indian context

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BIODIESEL ABROADBIODIESEL ABROAD

France,Italy, Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Brazil, Argentina, Sweden, USA, Canada and many other countries

Malaysia - largest Biodiesel production unit with annual capacity of 500, 000 tonnes / year using palm oil

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT CONTD…CONTD…

Renewable, can be produced domestically from lots of non-edible/wild crops grown on waste or degraded land.Hence sustained availability of raw materials-Energy security

Can be used in existing diesel engines without major hardware modifications

Low-cost and not-a-very-high-tech route. can be readily implemented even in rural sector.

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXTBIODIESEL IN INDIAN CONTEXT

Clean-burning, safe to handle, transport and store. Non-toxic, biodegradable and free of sulphur and carcinogenic benzene

Absence of sulphur and aromatics in biodiesel is very positive to the lifetime of the catalyst used in automobile exhaust system

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

APPLICATION AREAS OF APPLICATION AREAS OF INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED BIO-INDIGENOUSLY DEVELOPED BIO-DIESELDIESEL

Diesel gensets

Irrigation pumps

Small scale/Home industries

Tractors(self-sufficiency for the farmer)

Transportation (Public & Private sectors)

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

VISCOSITY-VISCOSITY-THE MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCKTHE MAJOR STUMBLING BLOCK

Vegetable oils have larger molecules: upto four times larger than typical diesel molecules

High viscosity of vegetable oils: upto 12 times that of diesel fuel--- interferes with the injection process and leads to poor fuel atomization

Inefficient mixing with air contributes to incomplete combustion which leads to more deposit formation, carbonization of injector tips

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

VEGETABLE OILS TESTED IN IIT, VEGETABLE OILS TESTED IN IIT, DELHI FOR ENGINE APPLICATION DELHI FOR ENGINE APPLICATION

Neat plant oils Azadirachta indica (Neem) Madhuca indica (Mahua) Pongamia pinnata (Karanja) Jatropha Curcas Kusum Palm Rice Bran Oil Linseed

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH PROBLEMS ENCOUNTERED WITH NEAT VEGETABLE OILNEAT VEGETABLE OIL IN IIT DELHI LAB STUDIES IN IIT DELHI LAB STUDIES

Clogging of Fuel Lines

Carbonization of injector tips

Deposit on Cylinder Walls

Poor Ignition and combustion due to improper atomization

Lube oil Contamination

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP CARBON DEPOSIT ON INJECTOR TIP USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL USING NEAT VEGETABLE OIL (WITHOUT TRANSESTERIFICATION)(WITHOUT TRANSESTERIFICATION)IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

FUEL FORMULATION TECHNIQUES FUEL FORMULATION TECHNIQUES ADOPTEDTO ADOPTEDTO OVERCOME PROBLEMSOVERCOME PROBLEMS

Blending Emulsification Esterification

Transesterification was eventually successful in bringing about the viscosity close to conventional diesel.

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

FORMULATION OF BIO-DIESELFORMULATION OF BIO-DIESELTRANSNSESTERIFICATIONTRANSNSESTERIFICATION

Transesterification is the process of using an alcohol (e.g., methanol or ethanol) in the presence of a catalyst, such as sodium hydroxide or potassium hydroxide, to chemically break the molecule of the raw renewable oil into methyl or ethyl esters of the renewable oil with glycerol as a by-product.

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

TRANSESTERIFICATION (IN LAB)TRANSESTERIFICATION (IN LAB)

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

Karanja Oil

Alcohol (Methanol/Ethanol)

Biodiesel(unrefined)

Glycerine(unrefined)

KOH

(Catalyst)

Byproduct : separated from biodiesel by settling

Alcohol free Biodiesel

Biodiesel (with moisture)

Washing with water

NeatBiodiesel

(B100)

Moisture removal by Anhydrous Sodium Sulphate or by heating

Neat or blended with diesel

CI Engine

Waste water

Removal of excess alcohol by vacuum distillation

TRANSESTERIFICATIONTRANSESTERIFICATION

The glycerine can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered. The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel.

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

PRODUCTION PROCESS PRODUCTION PROCESS TRANSESTERIFICATIONTRANSESTERIFICATION

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

methanol 12%

Catalyst 1%

Neutralizing Agent 1%

Oil 86%

Methanol 4%

Fertilizaer 1 %

Glycerine 9%

Methyl Ester 86%

Process Input Levels = Process Output Levels

Nothing Is WastedSource: NBB

VALUE ADDED BY-PRODUCT VALUE ADDED BY-PRODUCT (GLYCERINE)(GLYCERINE)

The glycerin can be used to make soap (or any other product) and the methyl ester is washed and filtered

The resulting biodiesel fuel when used directly in a Diesel engine burns much cleaner than petroleum–based Diesel fuel

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BIODIESEL DEVELOPED BIODIESEL DEVELOPED IN IIT, DELHIIN IIT, DELHI

Biodiesel Developed After Transesterification

Madhuca indica (Mahua)

Mahua Oil Methy Ester (MOME)

Pongamia pinnata (Karanja)

Karanja Oil Methy Ester (KOME)

Linseed

Linseed Oil Methy Ester (LOME)

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INVESTIGATION VARIOUS ASPECTS OF INVESTIGATION IN IITD ON DIESEL ENGINESIN IITD ON DIESEL ENGINES

Studies on neat vegetable oils Development of biodiesel in lab Performance characteristics Exhaust emission characteristics Combustion studies Endurance tests Tribological studies

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

ENGINE TESTS DONE IN IIT, DELHI ENGINE TESTS DONE IN IIT, DELHI (5% TO 100%) OF BIODIESEL(5% TO 100%) OF BIODIESEL

Performance Tests

Fuel Consumption

Brake Mean Effective Pressure

Thermal Efficiency

Brake Specific Energy Consumption

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

KARANJA FRUITS ON THE TREE KARANJA FRUITS ON THE TREE (IIT DELHI CAMPUS)(IIT DELHI CAMPUS)

Karanja (Pongamia pinnata) belongs to the family Leguminaceae.

It is a hardy tree borne oilseed.

Grows under a wide range of agroclimatic conditions.

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, TRANSESTERIFICATION IN LAB, IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT)IIT DELHI (1 LITRE/BATCH UNIT)

Methanol/oil molar

ratio: 12:1

Volume ratio: 1:2

Catalyst: 1% KOH (w/v)

Temperature: 60oC

Reaction time: 3 hrs

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

6 LITRES / BATCH CAPACITY6 LITRES / BATCH CAPACITY

Transesterification

Unit with

Alcohol Recovery

Unit

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

GLYCEROL SEPARATION &GLYCEROL SEPARATION &WASHING BIODIESEL WITH WATERWASHING BIODIESEL WITH WATER

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

6 LITRES/BATCH CAPACITY6 LITRES/BATCH CAPACITY

The excess methanol was removed by vacuum distillation

The product was allowed to stand for 24 hrs

Upper (biodiesel) layer was separated from lower (glycerine) layer

Biodiesel was washed with water

Heated to 70oC for 15 min to remove moisture

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

The yield of Karanja oil methyl ester was > 90% (v/v)

VISCOSITY EFFECT VISCOSITY EFFECT IN DIFFERENT SAMPLESIN DIFFERENT SAMPLES

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BIODIESEL-SETUPBIODIESEL-SETUP

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

LUBRICITYLUBRICITY

Our studies agree with many International Researchers that biodiesel have excellent lubricity

Even 1% of biodiesel blend can provide adequate lubricity as compared to petro-diesel.

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BLEND LEVELBLEND LEVEL

Biodiesel mixes with petro-diesel in any blend level thus making it a very flexible additive

Our lab studies in IITD shows that a blend of 20% biodiesel with 80% diesel is best for optimum performance and minimum emission characteristics

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS Contd…Contd…

Totally miscible with diesel in any proportion. B100 has been suggested in some parts of USA Biodiesel viscosity comes very close to diesel Flash point gets lowered after esterification Cetane number gets improved Even lower concentrations of biodiesel act as

cetane number improver for diesel fuel

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

SOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTSSOME IMPORTANT TEST RESULTS

Thermal efficiency gets improved NOx level is slightly (2-4%) higher in some

cases. NOx level lowered by retarding the injection timing

Exhaust gas is free from SO2, Lead Biodiesel offers lower exhaust emissions of

CO, HC and particulates) than diesel fuel Smoke opacity gets lowered

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

PERFORMANCE STUIDES

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

PEAK THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS PEAK THERMAL EFFICIENCY VS BLEND LEVELBLEND LEVEL

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

20% biodiesel: optimum concentration for biodiesel blend with improved performance

THERMAL EFFICIENCY Vs BMEPTHERMAL EFFICIENCY Vs BMEP

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

EMISSION STUDIES

SMOKE OPACITY Vs BMEPSMOKE OPACITY Vs BMEP

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

NOx Vs BMEPNOx Vs BMEP

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

BENZENE IN LUBE OILBENZENE IN LUBE OIL

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

0

1

2

3

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Hours of lube oil usage

Be

nz

en

e i

ns

olu

ble

s (

%)

Biodiesel

Diesel

LONG TERM ENDURANCE TESTSLONG TERM ENDURANCE TESTS(512 HRS)(512 HRS)

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi Dimensions of critical parts measured before

and after the tests shows that carbon deposits on the piston head of the biodiesel operated system are substantially lesser in comparison to diesel operated one.

The carbonization of biodiesel injector tip was lesser in comparison to diesel injector after 200 hrs of operation.

Problems of carbon deposits and coking of injector tip have completely disappeared after the esterification of vegetable oils.

CONCLUSIONSCONCLUSIONS

Diesel engine can perform satisfactory for long run on biodiesel without any major system hardware modifications

Transesterification - an effective process Flash point, density, pour point, cetane number,

calorific value of the biodiesel comes in very close range to that of Petro diesel

Diesel engine can perform satisfactorily for prolonged operation on biodiesel without any major hardware modifications

IIT DelhiIIT Delhi

Thank you

Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi