Latin II

NATIONAL LATIN EXAMCRASH COURSE!

NOUNS All the declensions! All the cases!

Nominative Genitive Dative Accusative Ablative

You know all those! BUT There are a couple of new uses

you need to learn.

THE ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE Milite vulnerātō, nemo me custodiēbat. The highlighted thing: an ABLATIVE

ABSOLUTE. An Ablative Absolute is made of a noun and

a participle in the ablative. You translate it in any of the following ways:

“After the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice of participle]

“With the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice of participle]

“When the [noun] [verb respecting tense + voice of participle]

ALWAYS TRANSLATE THE NOUN FIRST! So the example sentence is translated thus:

After the soldier was wounded, no one was protecting me.

With the soldier wounded, no one was protecting me.

When the soldier was wounded, no one was protecting me.

Go with whichever sounds best.

FOUR EXAMPLES Mē ingressō, Cogidubnus mē salutavit.

After I had entered, Cogidubnus greeted me.

Sōle lucente, mercator Arabs forum transiit. As the sun shone, the Arab merchant

crossed the forum. Rege mortuō, Salvius Britanniam

occupāre potuit. With the king dead, Salvius could take over

Britain. Oratiōne datā, omnēs plausērunt.

After the speech was given, everyone applauded.

Why is it called “absolute”? Latin solvō (loosen, untie, cut off) + ab: the

ablative absolute is not attached or connected to the rest of the sentence.

What this means for you: if you refer to something in the rest of the sentence, then you have translated the abl. abs. wrong.

COMMON ABLATIVE ABSOLUTE MISTAKES Hīs verbīs dictīs, Cogidubnus exiit. “After he said these words,

Cogidubnus left.” What’s wrong with this translation? 1. They didn’t translate the noun in the

ablative absolute first! The noun is verbīs.

2. They didn’t respect the voice of the participle! It is a passive participle. They are words having been said.

3. They referred to the rest of the sentence! “He” (Cogidubnus) is not in the ablative absolute.

How would you translate this correctly?

“After these words were said, Cogidubnus left.”

“With these words having been said, Cogidubnus left.”

THE ABLATIVE OF INSTRUMENT Used to indicate with what, or in

what way, something was done. Examples!

Retiarius murmillonem gladiō interfecit.

The net-fighter killed the murmillo with a sword.

Caecilius voce laetā dicebat. Caecilius was speaking in a happy

voice. Servus dominum delectat cibō. The slave pleases the master with

food.

THE ACCUSATIVE AND ABLATIVE OF TIME The accusative of time signifies

duration. Examples:

Trēs diēs ambulavī. I walked for three days. Multōs annōs vīxit. He lived for many years.

The ablative of time signifies a point in time.

Examples: Tertiō diē advēnī. I arrived on the third day. Proximō annō periit. He died the next year.

TWO PREPOSITIONSTHAT TAKE THE ACCUSATIVE ob propter These both mean something like

“on account of” or “because of”, though their meanings are loose.

Examples!! Celeriter cucurrī ob gravitatem

discriminis. I ran quickly on account of the

seriousness of the crisis. Imperatorī propter metum parent. They obey the emperor because of

fear. Heard of the “post hoc” fallacy?

Post hoc, propter hoc: After this, (therefore) because of this.

PRONOUNS & DEMONSTRATIVES Know the charts and meanings

of: hic, haec, hoc ille, illa, illud is, ea, id qui, quae, quod Personal pronouns (ego, tu, nos,

vos) Reflexive pronoun (sē) Interrogative pronouns (Quis?

Quid?)

VERBS This is where it gets

complicated… You need to know SIX tenses in

both ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE (twelve charts!!!) Present Imperfect Future Perfect Pluperfect Future Perfect

No new subjunctives, though.

FUTURE ACTIVE INDICATIVE Translate: “will [verb]” This tense conjugates a little

differently in different conjugations.

In the 1st and 2nd conjugations: [present stem] + bi + {ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt}

In the 3rd, 3io, and 4th : [present stem] + (i)ē + {m, s, t, mus, tis, nt}

EXAMPLES laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus

laudābō laudābis laudābit laudābimus laudābitis laudābunt

capiō, capere, cēpī, captus capiam capiēs capiet capiēmus capiētis capient

FUTURE OF SUMerōeriseriterimuseritiserunt

FUTURE PERFECT ACTIVE INDICATIVE Translate: “will have [verbed]” Formation:

[perfect stem] + eri + {ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt}

Example laudaverō: I will have praised laudaveris: You will have praised laudaverit etc. laudaverimus laudaveritis laudaverint

How would you do the future perfect of sum?

THE PASSIVE VOICE Passive: the subject does not do

the action, it receives the action. English example

Active: “Sassenberg graded the quiz”

Passive: “The quiz was graded by Sassenberg”

There is a set of PASSIVE PERSONAL ENDINGS. They are:rristurmurminīntur

3 PASSIVE TENSES Present, Imperfect, and Future

form exactly the same in the Passive, you just use {r, ris, tur, mur, minī, ntur} instead of {ō, s, t, mus, tis, nt.}

So let’s conjugate!

PRESENT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,

laudātus laudor: I am praised laudāris: You are praised laudātur: He/she/it is praised laudāmur: We are praised laudāminī: Y’all are praised laudāntur: They are praised

Coquus ā dominō salutātur The cook is greeted by the

master

IMPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,

laudātus laudābar: I was being praised

(sometimes simply “was praised”) laudābāris: You were being

praised laudābātur: etc. laudābāmur laudābāminī laudābantur

Milites inspiciēbantur. The soldiers were being

inspected.

FUTURE PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,

laudātus laudābor laudāberis laudābitur laudābimur laudābiminī laudābuntur

Crās ā Imperatore laudābor. Tomorrow I will be praised by

the emperor.

3 MORE PASSIVE TENSES These are easy! Perfect Passive Indicative:

[4th principal part] + [present of sum]

Pluperfect Passive Indicative: [4th principal part] + [imperfect

of sum] Future Passive Indicative:

[4th principal part] + [future of sum]

PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,

laudātus laudātus sum: I was praised or I

have been praised laudātus es: You were praised or You

have been praised laudātus est: etc. laudātī sumus laudātī estis laudātī sunt

Numquam graviter vulnerātus sum

I have never been seriously injured

PLUPERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE laudō, laudāre, laudāvī,

laudātus laudātus eram: I had been

praised laudātus erās: You had been

praised laudātus erat: etc. laudātī erāmus laudātī erātis laudātī erant

Cena iam cocta erat ubi Caecilius advēnit.

Dinner had already been cooked when Caecilius arrived. Why “cocta”? The participle has to agree

with the subject.

FUTURE PERFECT PASSIVE INDICATIVE(WHAT A MOUTHFUL)

laudō, laudāre, laudāvī, laudātus laudātus erō: I will have been

praised laudātus eris: You will have

been praised laudātus erit: etc. laudātī erimus laudātī eritis laudātī erunt

Crās hostēs superātī erunt. (By) tomorrow the enemies

will have been defeated.

INFINITIVES There is more than one

infinitive! You know the present active

already. laudāre: “to praise”

The present passive infinitive is formed thus: In 1st, 2nd, and 4th conjugations,

remove the final “e” and put in an “ī” instead.

In 3rd, and 3io, remove the “ere” or “īre” and put in the “ī”.

portāre portārī: “to be carried”docēre docērī: “to be taught” trahere trahī: “to be dragged”capere capī: “to be captured”audīre audīrī: “to be heard”

INFINITIVES PART TWO The perfect active infinitive

looks suspiciously similar to the pluperfect subjunctive!

You form it like this: [perfect stem] + isse

laudāvisse: “to have praised” cēpisse: “to have captured” The perfect passive infinitive

is formed like this: [4th principle part] + esse

laudātus esse: “to have been praised”

captus esse: “to have been captured”

FUTURE ACTIVE PARTICIPLE Take the 4th principal part and

stick an “ūr” before the “us” to form the future participle.

laudātūrus: “going to praise, about to praise”

captūrus: “going to capture, about to capture”

There is also a future active infinitive:

laudātūrus esse: “to be about to praise”

captūrus esse: “to be about to capture”

INDIRECT STATEMENTS!

INDIRECT STATEMENTS If your eyes glazed over and

your mind started to wander in the last few slides (I don’t blame you), pay attention again for a sec because this is really important!

An INDIRECT STATEMENT is a bit like an indirect question except it doesn’t use the subjunctive.

Examples in English:Direct statement: “I went to the

forum.” Indirect statement: “Grumio

said that I went to the forum.”

INDIRECT STATEMENTS: THE SECOND SLIDE Take this example again:

Direct statement: “I walked to the forum.”

Indirect statement: “Grumio said that I walked to the forum.”

Here’s how you do this in Latin:Direct statement: “Ad forum

ambulāvī.” Indirect statement: “Grumiō mē

ad forum ambulāre dīxit.”Grammatically, how did the

direct statement change?The main verb within the indirect

statement becomes an infinitive and the subject is put in the accusative.

The indirect statement is set up by a head verb (a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, etc.)

EXAMPLES Audiō militēs venīre.

I hear that the soldiers are coming.

Ancilla putat omnēs eam amāre.The slave girl thinks that

everybody loves her. Barbarīs superātīs, Romanī

nuntiavērunt sē victorēs esse.After the barbarians were

defeated (ablative absolute!) the Romans anounced that they (the Romans, not the barbarians) were the winners.

HARDER EXAMPLES Remember all those new

infinitives? Indirect statements can use those too!

Credō Romanōs semper victorēs futurōs esse. I believe the Romans will

always be winners. Ea nescit nōs laborem domūs

nōn fēcisse.She doesn’t know we didn’t do

the homework. Salvius mē ā Imperatore laudarī

scit.Salvius knows that I am

praised by the emperor.

IMPERSONAL VERBS Verbs where the subject is an

implied “it.” Licet – It is allowed Placet – It pleases These take the dative. Examples!

Servō nōn licet ad forum īre. It is not allowed for the slave

to go to the forum.(The slave is not allowed to go

to the forum)

Tibi placet? Is it pleasing to you?(Do you like it?)

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS You already know some

(et…et) Here are more!

Nec…nec = Neither…nor

Aut…aut = Either…or

THE END It’s over