national mosque malaysia

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NATIONAL MOSQUE ARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II ANALYSIS & REPORT FOONG WING HOE 0320085 ERICA CHIN CHING 0320460 CHONG CHIN PIN 0319595 EE YUN SHAN 0319990 CHONG JIA YI 0320869 TUTOR: MS. SHIRIN

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Page 1: National mosque malaysia

NATIONAL MOSQUEARCHITECTURE CULTURE & HISTORY II

ANALYSIS & REPORT

FOONG WING HOE 0320085ERICA CHIN CHING 0320460CHONG CHIN PIN 0319595EE YUN SHAN 0319990CHONG JIA YI 0320869

TUTOR: MS. SHIRIN

Page 2: National mosque malaysia

CONTENT1- 4 INTRODUCTION

5- 9 SITE ANALYSIS (EE YUN SHAN 0319990)

10-16 ARCHITECTURAL LAYOUT OF THE BUILDING(FOONG WING HOE 0320085 )

17-25 ARCHITECTURE STYLE(CHONG JIA YI 0320869)

26-32 BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE &MATERIALS (ERICA CHIN CHING 0320460)

33-39 ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTS/COMPONENT(CHONG CHIN PIN 0319595 )

40 CONCLUSION

41-43 REFERENCES

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INTRODUCTION

1

The monumental National Mosque was built in

1965 to celebrate the independence of Malaysia

(Expedia,2015). It is one of the largest mosque in

Southeast Asia which can accommodate up to

15,000 people.

National Mosque was designed by a group of

three architects. The 18-pointed star dome

represent the 13 states of Malaysia and five

pillars of Islam. The main dome was once pink

concrete, underwent a major renovation is now

clad with blue and green tiles. There is only one

75 feet minaret that sound the call to prayer.

National Mosque is located at the heart of

the Kuala Lumpur city

Page 4: National mosque malaysia

INTRODUCTIONNational Mosque located in a strategic area of Kuala

Lumpur. It near to old Malayan Railway Station , Earth

Resource Building, Islamic Arts Museum, Post

Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur Bird Park and Lake Gardens.

The mosque was opened in 1965 and named by the

first Prime Minister, Malaysia, Tunku Abdul Rahman.

He recommended the name Masjid Negara which

reflected importance of the Islam in Malaysia. It has a

capacity of 15,000 worshippers. It was designed by

Malay origin, built by Chinese and Indian. Besides,

donation from Muslims, Buddhists, Hindus, Christians

and others. Therefore, the construction of the mosque

also symbolises the spirit of unity and tolerance.

Today, besides used as a praying place, National

mosque used for various academic activities that

include official ceremonies, public lectures, seminars,

training workshops, conference and so on. Besides,

there are many outdoor exhibition areas that can be

used for exhibitions around the National Mosque

without interrupting the praying process. Plus,the

mosque also provides sports facility that can be used

by its members to exercise.

1.1 Quick Facts

2

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INTRODUCTION

Masjid Negara is a national legacy, which built

between 1963 and 1965. The idea to build a

national mosque to memorialize Malaysia’s

independence was suggested by the Federal

Executive Council a month before

independence ceremony. The Chief Ministers

of all eleven states in the-then Federation of

Malaya brought up a proposal to name the

mosque after the country’s first Prime Minister,

Tunku Abdul Rahman Putra Al-Haj in March

1958 to recognize his contribution to the

country’s independence. However, Tunku had

declined this honour and suggested that the

mosque be named Masjid Negara instead, to

symbolize the country’s unity and multi-cultural

harmony, as well as a way to give thanks to

Allah for the country’s peaceful independence

– achieved without a single drop of blood being

shed.

1.2 History

The Mosque’s took about three years for

designing, taking inspiration from the mosque

in India, Pakistan, Iran, Turkey, Saudi Arabia,

the UAE and Spain. Its most significant features

are its 73-metre high minaret, which resembles

a folded umbrella, and its 16-point concrete

roof’s unique design gives one the impression

of standing beneath a gigantic open umbrella.

In the middle of the roof are engravings of

Quranic verses on aluminium, inspired by

Istanbul’s Blue Mosque. The mosque had

undergone major renovations in 1987,

replacing the colour of the concrete dome from

pink to a more striking green-and-blue (Islamic

Tourism Centre of Malaysia, 2015).

3

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INTRODUCTION1.3 ArchitectHoward Ashley

- Scottish architecture

- Practicing in Malaya since 1952

- Worked for public works department of Malaysia for 11 years

- Awarded the pan pacific award citation

- Received this award for significant contributions

- Building presentation (national mosque, federal building in petaling jaya)

Baharuddin Abu Kassim

- From university Manchester

- Diploma architecture(1956), diploma town planning(1958)

- Worked for public works department from assistant architect later

to senior architect

- Worked with jurubina bertiga international partnership(JBIP) and

ATSA architects Sdn Bhd

- Appointed consultant architect by Malaysian government for high

commission projects in New Delhi, India and Islamabad

- Appointed as one of the national architectural competition of

Negeri Sembilan state mosque

Dato dr ikmal hisham albakri

- From Sheffield university in 1962

- Diploma in Tropical AA School of Architecture in the United

Kingdom.

- became executive director of the Group of Architects Sdn. Bhd

- appointed as President of the Malaysian Institute of Architects from

1967 to 1969 & 1973 to 1975

- Built of reinforced concrete with a finish of Italian marble, the

building is also in accordance with the principles of Islam and Modernist.4

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SITEANALYSISBy: Ee Yun Shan 0319990Site analysis is a preliminary step that we as architects take in architectural or urban design processes

which is dedicated to climatic, geographical, historical, legal, and infrastructural context of a specific

site. A site analysis is to design a good relationship with the building and its site. Working with building’

s surrounding to supporting and get value to each other. As architects, we must be look to building

immediate site to analyse what is that around could be lead our building to be successful. Is that the

element permanent or the issues that can used to inform your architectural site analysis. In this case,

we have chosen National Mosque to be our site to study about its site context.

5

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2.1 Building accessibility

The National Mosque is strategically located in a section of the government administration

enclave in Kuala Lumpur. It stands diagonally opposite the central railway station on 13 acres of

flow, flat land along Sultan Hishamuddin Road at the east, young road at the north and lembah

venning road at the south boundary. There is an underground walkway that connects the mosque

to the railway station, providing easy access to and from any part of the city. The mosque faces

the main road where public facilities like schools and other prominent buildings such as the

General Post Office headquarters and recreational parks like the lake garden are located.

.

2.0 Site Analysis

At pasar seni station, after you get off the train

and pass by ticket counter, you will see a bridge

that links the station with Kuala lumpur station.

The bridge also across Kelang river .Walk through

the bridge about 5 minutes until you see Kuala

Lumpur KTM station. Then, go straight until u see

a tunnel that cross the jalan kinabalu about 10

minutes. The mosque is located at the end of the

tunnel.

2.2 Transportation

National mosque situated nearby pasar seni

station (KLJ) and kuala lumpur station (KTM).

6

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2.3 Relationship of building and surrounding

.

2.0 Site Analysis

Dayabumi Complex

Dayabumi complex is one of the buildings which nearby the national

mosque. The dayabumi was loosely inspired by Moorish Islamic buildings,

covered with stunning latticework elegantly patterned with the eight-

point stars of the Islamic motifs and painted white to represent the purity

of islam. There are elements which also found in national mosque.

Sultan abdulsamad building

Sultan abdulsamad building the landmark located near

national mosque. The verandas have various styles of

arches, including horseshoe arches and point arches

which are present in many Mughal buildings. The

different between it and national mosque is national

mosque has large and wide veranda and it has narrow

veranda and veranda of national mosque are also

without any arches and it is open.

7

Distance between buildings surrounding and national mosque(walking diastance)

Dayabumi complex - 13minutesSultan abdulsamad building - 15 minutesOld railway station - 8 minutesIslamic art museum - 3 minutes

This few buildings are quite famous in Kuala Lumpur and located surrounding of National Mosque. There are some differences and similarities compare to National Mosque about design element, architecture style, purpose and others.

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2.3 Relationship of building and surrounding

.

2.0 Site Analysis

The old railway station

The old railway station is mixture

of western and Mughal similar to

Moorish revival or indo-saracenic

architecture. Therefore, the

national mosque and this old

railway station are share the same

architecture style.

The Islamic art museum

The Islamic art museum is one of

the most attractions in kuala

lumpur. It is Islamic architecture

style. The religion place will have

more Arabic calligraphy draw on

the columns and other places on

the structure. Its architecture style

is same with national mosque

which is Islamic architecture.

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2.4 Respond to climate

.

2.0 Site Analysis

The mosque’s design is suitable for the local climate. The main roof is reminiscent of an open

umbrella. The folded plates of the concrete main roof are a creative solution to achieving the large

spans required in the main gathering hall. Reflecting pools and fountains spread throughout the

compound it can cool down the temperature of the surrounding. These design a suitable for Malaysia’

s climate which rain throughout the year.

The open large and large veranda surrounding the mosque and provides the building good ventilation.

Prayers can be shading in the afternoon and also not be wet when raining. Its block some of the hot

sunlight entering the Mosque to keep the Mosque in a comfortable temperature.

Covered but opened walkway for ventilation purpose

Folded plate of concrete roof to achieve large span

9

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ARCHITECTURE LAYOUT & PLANBy: Foong Wing Hoe 0320085In aspect of architecture, an architectural plan is a design and planning for a building. It contain

architectural drawings, specifications of the design, calculations, time planning of the building

process, and other documentation. The term "Architectural plan" can have multiple related

meanings such as plan for an architectural project, documentation of written and graphic

descriptions of the architectural elements of a building project including sketches, drawings and

details, architectural design and floor plan

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3.1 PlansThe early Modernist principle of ‘form follow function’, the internal space is organized along the principal

function of a mosque.

3.0 Architecture layout and plan

Site plan Floor plan

Elevation on photo

Elevation

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3.2 CirculationThe relationship of the pathway and spaces is “pass by spaces”. The configuration of the path from

entrance to Warriors’ tomb is flexible. However the location of the space establishes that path,

which is the Warriors’ tomb. The path-space relationship is used to approach and enter functionally

or symbolically important spaces.

3.0 Architecture layout and plan

Linear path. The path lead to the Warriors’ tomb is linear.

Passes by the “Dewan Syarahan Utama”

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3.3 Organization Analysis

Geometry

The Makam Pahlawan, or Warriors’ tomb, was built in 1965 within the complex of the National

Mosque as a mausoleum for heads of state in Malaysia. It is one of the earliest post-Independence

Modernist landmarks in Kuala Lumpur.

.

3.0 Architecture layout and plan

Mausoleums: National Mosque, Warriors’ tomb

Mausoleums are large, open, pavilion-like structures designed to create a well-defined space to

shelter the tombs within rather than as elaborate edifices. Other than that, security for the

tombs is provided as well, and for visitor and well-wishers who come to offer prayers is

protected by the shelter.

Two architectural elements: a circular plinth, which provides

shelter but dispenses with the need for walls and columns.

13

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3.3 Organization Analysis

.

3.0 Architecture layout and plan

Mausoleums are large, open, pavilion-like structures designed to create a well-defined space to

shelter the tombs within rather than as elaborate edifices. Other than that, security for the

tombs is provided as well, and for visitor and well-wishers who come to offer prayers is

protected by the shelter.

The triangular openings between the folds, which are large enough to allow a breeze

to flow through the structure, also allow an uninterrupted view of the outside. A

feeling of being ‘in the inside of an outside space’ is thus cleverly achieved.

Built in 1965, the architectural style of Warriors’ Tomb, National Mosque, is based on a combination of

Islamic and Modernist design principles. It is built or reinforced concrete with Italian marble finishing.

The whiteness of the concrete roof and the colour, texture and coolness of the marble further

enhance the quality of space and light in the interior of the mausoleum.

14

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3.3 Organization Analysis

.

3.0 Architecture layout and plan

Western and Modernist influences on

mosques

The most significant event in the history of

early Modernism in Malaysian architecture

was the construction of the National

Mosque, in Kuala Lumpur in 1965. In its

design this exceptional building was the first

to depart from the struct symmetry of earlier

mosque, resulting in a ‘free plan’ skin to that

advocated by Le Corbusier (1887-1965 ), the

renowned French architect.

Reinforcing this interpretation, the building,

comprising two levels, rests on pilote

columns. The galleries surrounding in the

main prayer hall are treated like wide-open

verandas.

The prayer hall

Reinforcing this interpretation, the building, comprising two levels, rests on pilote columns. The

galleries surrounding in the main prayer hall are treated like wide-open verandas.

15

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3.3 Organization Analysis

3.0 Architecture layout and plan

The lower floor houses the public facilities, such as the administration office for the collection of ‘zakat’

(tithes), a clinic, and classroom for religious instruction. Probably the most radical departure from

mosque traditions, however, is the ‘umbrella’ roof. It is a creative construction solution (a 360 degree

folded plate structure ) and an ingenious combination of the two main traditions in Malaysia mosque

architecture: the dome inspired by imported Middle Eastern and Mogul architecture and the roof

inspired by the pyramidal forms of more indigenous origin. Because of the success of the design of

National Mosque, and coinciding with an international trend, structural expressionism ( the attachment

of symbolic meanings to the structure of a building ) became the predominant inspiration for early post-

independence mosques in Malaysia.

A grid organization consists of forms and spaces whose

positions in space and relationships with one another are

regulated by a three-dimensional grid pattern or field. The

pillars is perpendicular sets of parallel lines that establish a

regular pattern of points at their intersections. The

organizing power of a grid result from the regularity and

continuity of its pattern that pervades the elements its

organizes. a stable set of reference points and lines in space

with which the spaces of a grid organization, although

dissimilar in size, form or function can share a common

relationship.

Geometrically

patterned grillwork

forms the walls.

Grid organization

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ARCHITECTURE STYLEArchitecture style is is characterized by the features that make a

building or other structure notable or historically identifiable.

Elements as form, method of construction, building materials,

function of the building and cultural context of site might

influence the architecture style of the building. Furthermore,

architecture style also change chronologically reflecting changing

of fashions, beliefs and religion, as well as emergence of new

ideas, technology or materials. Moreover, architecture styles also

can be spread or influence by foreign culture.

By: Chong Jia Yi 0320869

17

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4.1 Islamic architecture

4.0 Architecture style

Masjid define as a mosque that used for daily

prayer but not for the friday worship. Typical

masjid has mihrab but no minbar. There are two

ancillary structures that a mosque should have,

which is the minaret which muezzin can give call to

prayer and a fountain for abulation.

There are two different type of islamic belief which

is Shia and Sunni. In Malaysia, majority of the

mosque are Sunni including National mosque. Shia

mosques have a lot of symbolism such as floral

designs on the tile work, while Sunni mosques

emphasize more on calligraphy designs. Sunni

mosques have different entrances and prayer

spaces for men and women, while Shia have only

one. Moreover, Shia mosque have one or more

than one minaret while Sunni mosque have only

one minaret.

.

One minaret

Calligraphy designt

Nine entrance doorsDiagram of elements in a mosque18

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4.1 Islamic architecture

4.0 Architecture style

National mosque also shows that Islam as a progressive and dynamic religion as it respect the spirit of

the age in relation to its technology, availability of materials. For example, the traditional timber

mosques of Malaysia were built according to their spirit of the times in relation to the construction and

structural technology of that period. Therefore, National Mosque that was built in the modern era of

reinforced concrete construction. Unlike the Middle east mosque built in the past, it has wide span of

beams, use of hyper roofs and the huge folded plate roof covering the prayer hall instead of arches and

small fenestration which pretend to imitate the masonry construction of the past. Thus, it shows that

National mosque portray mosque architectural expression concerns the idea of spirit of the times.

The architecture and design of National

mosque was influenced by Middle east

islamic architecture such as the uses of

horseshoe arch in mihrab. It also a

reminiscent of the Grand Mosque in Mecca,

which featuring abstract shapes and

geometric lattice incorporated into its

roofing and ironworks.

Geometric design

Folded plate roof constructed by reinforced concrete

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4.2 Modernist Expressionism

4.0 Architecture style

Dome that symbolize

folded umbrella

To grasp an idea about architecture style of National Mosque in Malaysia, first you need to

understand its’ context in aspect of time and geographic location. It built in a country which Islam

came from outsiders, which might lead to inevitably influence from other culture in terms of

architecture. However, It also built shortly after Malaysia’s independence in 1965, which

modernism architecture flourish in that period of time.

It fall in the category of Modernist expressionism, which the architecture rejects classic revivalism in

any form, that rejects ornamentation in any form, that celebrates abstraction in forms and the

structural expression in architecture. For example, the architect was inspired by how royalty would

always be escorted with an umbrella when stepping outside when he design the roof. Moreover,

the umbrella roof also symbolizes under the protection of Allah.

In terms of building construction and technology, reinforced concrete construction of the building

also affect the architecture style of National mosque too. It ease the construction of the building as

well as result to the simplistic and clarity of form of the architecture.

20

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4.3 Local adaption of modernism

4.0 Architecture style

Water courtyard for cooling and ventilation

purpose.

In aspect of cultural context, it architectural

expression does not suggest any other foreign

influence but is uniquely suited within

Malaysia socio-cultural context.It also reflects

a modern interpretation of traditional Malay

architecture and Islamic architecture with a

folded plate ‘dome’ that resemble of a royal

umbrella which signifying the importance of

the building as a national monument. The

architecture of the mosque also reflects the

independence of Malaysia. The uses of folded

plate dome as it reject any form of colonial

style of dome.

Malaysia is a country with hot and humid

tropical climate. To provide sufficient daylight

and passive cooling to the building, the

architect designed an extensive set of serambi

or verandah space with light courts and air

wells in National Mosque. It also built on a

raised platform on pilotti with high ceilings

and large fenestration for ventilation.

Therefore, it not only imbued with the

technological and spiritual qualities but

preserve the spirit of true Malaysian

architecture.

Screening installed in the interior verandah provide

shading while allow enter of sufficient amount of

daylight

21

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4.4 Seven Unifying principle of islamic architecture

4.0 Architecture style

Interior of prayer hall

Prayer Hall

The prayer hall are facing the "Qiblah" which is

the direction of 'KA'BAH' in Mecca since every

muslim must pray in the direction of the Kaabah.

It signifies that Islam is the religion of Unity and

declaring God’s oneness as there is no God except

Allah and nothing comparable to Him. This prayer

hall able to accommodate up to 3000 prayers at a

time with a floor area of 23,409 square feet.

Entrance

The prayer hall can be accessed from 3 different

direction through 9 glass doors entrance, while

uniting the prayers into one space.

Tawhid: Unity and Uniquity of Allah

Tawhid is an important in the conceptual framework for Islamic architecture. It define as asserting the

unity or oneness of Allah. The choice of location and orientation of national mosques are influenced by

the architecture of Tawhid.

Dikr : Remembrance

The manifestation of contemplation suggest a sense

of unity through the rhythm and repetition. It show

eternal and infinite nature of God's essence.

Repetition elements such as repeated geometric

form ornaments that includes nature or Quranic

inscriptions surrounding the building usually

applied in islamic architecture. National mosque

portray the principal of Dikr, repetitive columns as

part of its architecture to symbolize the eternal and

infinite nature of the Allah S.W.T.

Repetitive elements throughout the facade of the building 22

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4.4 Seven unifying principle of islamic architecture

4.0 Architecture style

Geometric screening

Geometric subtraction throughout the design of building that inspired by nature

Haya : Modesty

A sense of humility is best to shown by shielding

activities happening within from public view from

an architectural perspective. the usage of

geometrical screenings in National mosque not only

serves as a private screen while it also serve as an

aesthetic feature and ventilation installation. The

layout of the building also suggest the principal of

Haya as the prayer hall are partially covered from

view and there are non-straight entrance walkway

toward the hall. (Diagram 4. )

Ikhlas : Sincerity

There are 2 ways to express submission to

God in islamic view which is outward

physical action and inward action of the

heart. It can be done in the form of prayer,

meditation and by one's social behavior.

Architecture with ikhlas can be translated

through the design and motifs to build within

conformity to God's will. National mosque

express Ikhlas in the way of space construct

which human/imaginary idol are avoided, as

well as projecting geometric subtraction

through nature.

23

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4.4 Seven unifying principle of islamic architecture

4.0 Architecture style

Stained glass with Arabic words

Poetic light casting represent ‘light of truth’

Ilm : Knowledge

To express Ilm in Islamic architecture, Islamic

calligraphy as a significant elements that often used as

decoration in. This can usually be seen in the

architecture of inscriptions where calligraphy is

written or carved on the wall of building. For instance,

in the prayer hall of National mosque, there are

stained glass window carved with arabic calligraphy.

These calligraphy actually to celebrate the aesthetic of

islamic scripts across the Islamic world through a

visible form by revealing ilm' and wisdom words of

Quran.

Moreover, in islamic view, knowledge and

wisdom are illustrated as light of truth.

Therefore, playing of light and shadow in

architecture as the expression of principle

Ilm of islamic architecture. The architect of

National mosque manipulating light in the

hypostyle form prayer hall by revealing

part of hall. The light comes penetrate

through the roof and leave a ray of

beautiful light onto the columns and floor.

It symbolized the knowledge and wisdom

that derived from Gods. Poetic and

sensory experience of architecture spaces

are emphasized thus the sacredness of

National mosque had preserved. 24

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4.4 Seven unifying principle of islamic architecture

4.0 Architecture style

Analysis of plan

The star indicated the Koran which represent the middle of universe

Iqtisad : Balance

Iqtisad' is to implement the balancing and

golden ratio when designing a building.

It achieved through the structural plan of this

mosque in terms of proportion and spatial

sequences. In the diagram beside , the form

of this building were kept simplicity and

asymmetrical to each site of the plan and

the elevation.

Ihtiram : Respect

Architecture of Ihtiram is the presence of showing

respect, propriety and good manners towards Allah

(God in islamic view), towards all his creations and also

towards oneself.

Principal of Ihtiram illustrates by symbolism, harmony

and the purity of geometric shapes in architecture.

Furthermore, Islamic artwork can recreate natural

patterns but also portraying religious message. For

example, The Koran represented as the middle of the

universe, whereby a complex star pattern will

represent neighboring stars and solar systems in a set

geometric pattern. It shown clearly in the geometric

screening of National mosque.

Geometric screening that

portraying religious message

25

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BUILDING CONSTRUCTION, STRUCTURE & MATERIALSBy: Erica Chin Ching 0320460Building material is any material that used in building construction purposes. Many naturally

occurring substances, such as clay, rocks, sand, and wood, even twigs and leaves, have been

used to construct buildings. Choosing the right building material are crucial as it impact the

sustainability and the aesthetic value of the building.

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5.1 Building construction

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials

27

Before Construction

An International design competition was held by the Kuala Lumpur’s Township Arrangement and

this proposal was rejected. Then, they decided to hold the competition nationally and was turned

down too. This was because they found it was difficult and costly. Finally, they resolved this by

giving this job to the Public Works Department to design the mosque.

The Public Works Department’s architects collected, analyzed and compared the famous mosques’

designs. Mr. Baharuddin bin Abu Kassim and another two architects were assigned to design the

mosque. Mr. Baharuddin had visited and studied famous mosques from Pakistan, Iran, Turkey,

Spain, Arab and India. In June 1960, his design was accepted by the mosque committee

During

Before they started this project, they demolished the previous building on site. Then, the levelling

the ground, piling works and construction of water system were carried out. The design of the

National Mosque was known for its modernism expressionism architecture. The folded plate

‘dome’ metaphorize a royal umbrella which is the traditional Malay Architecture signified the

importance of the building as a national monument. The construction method of the mosque

showed the advancement in building technology and engineering. The 245 feet(about 75 meter)

high minaret with the umbrella-like roof was the example of expressionism in National Mosque.

Reinforced concrete covered with the Italian marbles were also constructed in this mosque.

After

The main hall prayer can shelter over 3,000 people for prayer and the surrounding galleries with

numerous smaller domes can accommodate 5,000 more people.

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5.2 Building structure

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials

28

Generally, the structural system of the National

Mosque is a combination of post and beam

concrete structure(Figure 5.1). Reinforced

concrete was used as the structure of the

building because it was stronger than the

normal concrete which can withstand the

weather in Malaysia. The reinforced concrete

folded plate roof was popular at that time. New

construction methods brought in by Indian and

Chinese builders and also those British

educated architects and engineers working with

Public Works Department allowed different

levels of craftsmanship used in other mosques

(Megat Ariff Shah, 2014).

There were nine sliding doors(Figure 5.2) that

were placed along the walls on three facades of

the main hall. The doors are glass with

aluminium frame. The roof along the verandah

was built in waffle slabs(Figure 5.3)

Aside from that, the 75 meters high minaret is

placed at the middle of a rectangular pool at

the south side of the main prayer hall. All four

sides of the minaret are made of concrete grills

with repeated geometric shaped(Figure 5.4)

and unglazed white mosaic tiles(Figure 5.5)

Figure 5.2

Figure 5.1

Figure 5.3

Figure 5.4 Figure 5.5

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5.3 Building materials

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials

29

Figure 5.6

Facade

The mosque shows no luxurious decorative elements

at its facades. The four facades are made of plain

white concrete walls with geometric concrete screen

(Figure 5.8). It provides an additional layer between

interior and exterior. It creates interesting light and

shadows when the light is passing through the facade.

Walls

The walls are built with reinforced concrete and covered with the beautiful Italian marbles(Figure

5.6). The reinforced concrete is concrete in which wire mesh or steel bars are embedded to increase

its tensile strength(Figure 5.7).

Reinforced concrete was used as the structure because it is stronger than the normal concrete and it

can withstand the weather in Malaysia.

Figure 5.7

Figure 5.8

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5.3 Building materials

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials

30

The bottom part of the pillars in the prayer hall are

paved with terrazzo pieces and the top part were carved

concrete with repetition organic designs(Figure 5.10).

Columns

There are 154 concrete

columns that support the

mass concrete roof. All the

columns are overlaid with

unglazed black mosaic tiles

and laminated golden

aluminium mosaic tiles at

the top and base(Figure 5.9)

Figure 5.9

Figure 5.10

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5.3 Building materials

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials

31

Roof

The 16- point concrete dome resembles an open umbrella. The concrete dome was renovated in

1987 overlaid green and blue tile on the pink concrete which were inspired from famous

mosques in Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Iran, Turkey, Spain and the United Arab Emirates. Beneath

this big ‘umbrella’, it is the main prayer hall of this mosque. In the main prayer hall, there are

triangular blue-stained glass panel with the Quranic words(Figure 5.13) which showed a similar

technique of painting in Europe churches and cathedral. Stained glass are used due to its long

lasting characteristics. It also giving out light that controls the atmosphere inside the prayer hall.

Floor

The verandah floors are layered with black terrazzo tiles as shown in Figure 5.11. This type of tiles

might cost more initially but they last for generations. The maintenance fees for the terrazzo tiles is

low, this is one of the reason that they used it as the flooring.

Figure 5.11

Figure 5.12 Figure 5.13

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5.4 The similarities with the modern building in the West

5.0 Building construction, structure & materials

32

From the construction of the National Mosque, we can clearly observe that there are

similarities with the well-known residence construction in the West, the Fallingwater or

Kaufmann Residence in Bear Run, Pennsylvania of United States. This building was built by one

of the famous modern master, Frank Llyod Wright. The similarities between these two are the

cantilevered structures; Wright designed the house with cantilevered floors(Figure 5.14) which

reflects back to our National Mosque with cantilevered roof(Figure 5.15). Besides that, Wright

also used reinforced concrete which is commonly used in the modern building as it was

considered a new technology at that time. We can see that was used in build of the National

Mosque of Malaysia. Last but not least, Wright used waffle slabs(Figure 5.16) to provide a

lighter slab which reduced the extent of foundations. Same goes to the National Mosque, they

used the similar slabs(Figure 5.17) to reduce the weight on foundations.

Figure 5.14 Figure 5.15

Figure 5.16 Figure 5.17

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ARCHITECTURE ELEMENTSElements like line, shape, color and texture do not exist in isolation on a building. Architect is the

one who combine them to make formal compositions in an architectural design, creating

pattern, rhythm, symmetry, balance, contrast, proportion, theme, and unity. It is important that

the variety of elements used for a building blend together well so that the design appears

harmony and unified. Thus, National Mosque stand sleek and stylish with modern architecture

design that fuse the contemporary expression of traditional Islamic art and Malay architecture

elements

By: Chong Chin Pin 0319595

33

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6.1 Dome

6.0 Architecture elements

Semi-opened umbrella shaped roof

Minaret rising from the reflective pool

Roof over prayer hall of mosque is the most emphasis

and strongest personality from external features.

Dome of the roof symbolised under protection of their

God, Allah. The roof of the National Mosque is unique

and outstanding from other mosques. It has a folded

plate dome with 16 folds that different from other

mosques which own a onion dome. The dome shaped

like a semi-opened umbrella. The interior decoration of

a dome often designed by intricate geometric, stellate

or vegetal motifs which meant to awe and inspire.

6.2 MinaretMinaret is one of the most obvious elements of mosque

architecture. The minaret in National Mosque stands 73 meter.

It is located attached to the Grand Prayer Hall and rising from

the middle of the reflecting pool. The closed umbrella spire at

the top of the Minaret fuse with the design of the National

Mosque. Originally, it is a vantage point to ensure the adman

(call for prayer) could be heard at a maximum radius. However,

Bloom (1991) found that there is no evidence to indicate that

minaret was used by muezzin when calling for prayers. There is

another explanation to the existence of the minaret in mosque

architecture states that it demonstrated power of the religious

authority during the Abbasid dynasty but other dynasty that

opposed to the Abbasid power like the Fatimids would not build

any minarets to their mosques. In Malaysia, minaret resembles

to be an essential element to be built together with the

mosque. Unfortunately, nowadays it only serves as a local

landmark. Electrical load speaker has been put to call for

Adman. 34

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6.3 Qibla wall and MIhrab (niche)

6.0 Architecture elements

Qibla wall

Mimbar which used for preacher to

deliver khutbal

6.4 Mimbar

Every prayer hall must have a Qibla wall. It is to show the direction to prostrate upon entering

the mosque. Muslims must facing Qibla when they pray at all times. The Qibla was directed

towards Ka’aba in Mecca. Another essential element of a mosque’s architecture is a mihrab. It is

normally a semicircular niche in the wall.

The Imam or preacher will stand and deliver the Friday

khutba(sermon) on the Mimbar. It is often raised by a

staircase to enhance the congregation’s sight of the imam

while listening to him delivering the khutba (sermon).

Initially, the Prophet Muhammad would stand and

deliver his khutba on the same level where his congregation

sat. However, the prayer hall was made bigger as followers

increase then he started to preach on top of a platform.

Hence the Mimbar came into existence and became a

common feature of mosque.

Mihrab in the QIbla wall

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6.5 Courtyard Garden

6.0 Architecture elements

There are many water elements in the courtyard garden

Courtyard is designed to give a cooling effect to the prayer hall. Within the courtyard, reflecting pools

and fountains spread throughout the compound, waters both a welcome respite in hot lands, and

important for the ablutions (ritual cleansing) done before prayer. The octagon symbolised fullness and

regeneration.

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6.6 Portal (Entrance)

6.0 Architecture elements

The parasols arranged uniformly

6.7 Verandah

Large sliding glass door let the entrance looks more open

The entrance looks more humble and open.

It gives an impression of a mere welcoming

space. The entrances evoke a strong image

for visitors on the activities happening

inside. Consequently, emotional effect

could be felt by the visitors either inviting

or repelling. The doors allow adequate light

penetration and ventilation around the

mosque.

This element is one of the extensions from the basic form of mosque. The verandah acts as a shaded

space to cool off before entering the mosque. The gaps between the uniform-arranged concrete

parasols are cover in glass to allow the light penetration. Therefore, the reflection of natural light on the

white tile and mosaic flooring create a sense of peace and purity. Other than that, verandah also

functions as a transitional space between the public area (entrance) and the private area (praying hall).

It used as a place for informal religious classes or meeting place for informal discussion sometimes.

Besides, verandah will also functions as extra praying area when the need arise like Friday.

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6.8 Staircase

6.0 Architecture elements

Wide staircase

Geometric pattern screening

6.9 Fenestration

Staircases in National Mosque are built wide

to convenience the huge flow of prayers

which may up to 15,000 in every Friday.

These wide staircases may let the prayers

feels they are welcome.

Trelliswork screen filters the light penetrating

on the aisles. The shadow of the great

symmetrical octagon pattern appears on the

floor giving mesmeric and dazzling effect for

the worshippers. It allows adequate

illumination and ventilation and provides a

calm ambience in the mosque.

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6.10 Details

6.0 Architecture elements

Wide staircase

Although National Mosque is a modern and stylish mosque that carries many modern architecture

design elements but there are still many minor details that showing the architects were tried to

maintain the elements of Islamic architecture during designing. The national mosque maintain its

traditional geometric pattern, motives and forms.

Geometry Patterns

Geometry is important in Islamic art and architecture. The basic patterns normally created from the

interlaced lines passing over and under. The multiplication of any geometric pattern of the architectural

element on a different scale in one plane also helps avoid sharp contrast and clear definition of scale

and surface. There are seldom emphasised to a certain point in the composition. This express that Islam

is independent in any historical happenings and occasions happen around the universe. Moreover, for

Muslims, this also exhibits the universal character of their God, Allah and his unbounded existence.

Kufic script

This type of script is angular and has a specific

measurement. It is one of the earliest scripts which

used in producing Al-Quran. Square Kufic is the most

popular script to be found on building walls,

especially in the halls of prayer.

Geometry patterns are blends into the design of most of the architecture components of the mosque

The Arch

Arches are one of the most distinctive

elements of Islamic architecture. They

used to create a sense of balance and

harmony.

Mihrab Kufic script 39

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CONCLUSION

40

National Mosque is a national legacy. The idea to build a national mosque to commemorate Malaysia’

s independence was suggested by the Federal Executive Council a month before the country

celebrated its independence. It named Masjid Negara, to symbolise the country’s unity and multi-

cultural harmony, as well as a way to give thanks to Allah for the country’s peaceful independence –

achieved without a single drop of blood being shed.

Unlike the architectural style of many colonial buildings in Malaysia which has an influence from the

Mughal architectural style, the design of the National Mosque reflects a modern interpretation of

traditional Malay architecture. It symbolizes the independence of our country which it declines all of

the colonial style of construction and design elements.

In conclusion, National mosque is by far a timeless modern structure of Malaysian architecture that

continued to serve as an Islamic community centre for 50 years. Moreover, it is regarded as one of the

country’s prominent landmarks and a renowned national monument.

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