National Security and Fundamental Freedoms Hong Kong's Article 23 Unde r Scrutiny

Edited by Fu Hualing, Carole J. Petersen and Simon N.M. Young

* « • * . * £ fig. * t HONG KON G UNIVERSIT Y PRES S

Hong Kong University Press 14/F Hing Wa i Centr e 7 Tin Wan Pray a Roa d

Aberdeen Hong Kon g

© Hong Kon g Universit y Press 200 5

ISBN 96 2 20 9 73 2 4

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Contents

Preface

Contributors

Chronology an d Abbreviation s

Table o f Case s

Table o f Legislatio n

Introduction Carole J. Petersen

PART I: GENERAL PERSPECTIVES 1 1

Chapter 1 Hong Kong' s Sprin g o f Discontent : Th e Ris e an d Fal l o f th e Nationa l 1 3 Security Bil l i n 200 3

Carole J. Petersen

vi Contents

Chapter 2 Counter-Revolutionaries, Subversives , an d Terrorists : China' s 6 3 Evolving Nationa l Securit y La w

Fu Hualing

Chapter 3 The Consultatio n Documen t an d th e Bill : An Overvie w 9 3

AlbertHY. Chen

Chapter 4 Old an d Ne w Visions o f Security : Article 2 3 Compare d t o 11 9 Post-September 1 1 Securit y Law s

Kent Roach

PART II: SPECIFIC TOPICS 14 9

Chapter 5 Treason an d Subversio n i n Hon g Kon g 15 1

D. W. Choy and Richard Cullen

Chapter 6 A Secession Offenc e i n Hon g Kon g an d th e "On e Country , Tw o Systems " 18 9 Dilemma

Kelley Loper

Chapter 7 Past an d Futur e Offence s o f Seditio n i n Hon g Kon g 21 7

Fu Hualing

Chapter 8 National Securit y an d th e Unauthorize d an d Damagin g Disclosur e o f 25 1 Protected Informatio n

Johannes Chan

Chapter 9 Article 2 3 and Freedo m o f th e Press : A Journalistic Perspectiv e 27 7

Doreen Weisenhaus

Chapter 1 0 A Connectin g Door : Th e Proscriptio n o f Loca l Organization s 30 3

Lison Harris, Lily Ma, an d CB. Fung

Contents vii

Chapter 1 1 The Appea l Mechanis m Unde r th e Nationa l Securit y Bill : 33 1 A Proper Balanc e Betwee n Fundamenta l Huma n Right s an d National Security ?

Lin Feng

Chapter 1 2 "Knock, knock . Who' s there? " - Entr y an d Searc h Power s fo r Articl e 2 3 36 3

Offences Simon N.M. Young

Chapter 1 3 A Cas e fo r Extraterritorialit y 39 9

Bing Ling

Appendix — Selecte d legislativ e extract s 42 7

Index 473

Contributors

Johannes Cha n SC , LLB , LLM , i s th e Dea n o f th e Universit y o f Hon g Kong' s Faculty o f Law .

Albert H.Y. Chen LLB, PCLL (HKU) , LLM (Harvard) , i s a solicitor an d Professo r in th e Universit y o f Hon g Kong' s Departmen t o f Law . H e i s a membe r o f th e Law Refor m Commissio n o f H o n g Kon g an d th e H o n g Kon g Basi c La w Committee o f th e NP C Standin g Committee .

D.W. Cho y i s a Senio r Researc h Assistan t i n th e Centr e fo r Chines e an d Comparative La w a t th e Cit y University o f Hon g Kong .

Richard Culle n LLB , JD, i s a Professo r i n th e Departmen t o f Busines s La w an d Taxation a t Monash Universit y in Melbourne , Australia. H e ha s also spent almos t a decad e working i n Hon g Kong , and ha s been a Research Fello w with th e Hon g Kong thin k tank , Civi c Exchange, sinc e 2002 .

Fu Hualin g LL B (Southwester n Universit y o f La w an d Politics , China) , M A (Toronto), JD (Osgood e Hal l Law School, Canada) , i s an Associate Professo r an d Director o f th e Centr e fo r Comparativ e an d Publi c Law , Facult y o f La w o f th e University o f Hon g Kong . Hi s researc h interest s includ e socia l lega l studies , human rights , an d criminology .

xii Contributors

C.B. Fung LLB (HKU) , PCLL (HKU) , LLM (Cantab) , i s currently practising a s a barrister i n Hon g Kong .

Lison Harri s BA(Hons) , LLB , i s th e Assistan t Researc h Office r a t th e Centr e o f Comparative an d Publi c La w in th e Facult y o f Law , University o f Hon g Kong .

Lin Feng LLB (Fuda n University) , LLM (Victori a University of Wellington), Ph. D (Beijing University) , i s Associate Professor , an d Associat e Directo r o f th e Centr e for Chines e an d Comparativ e La w of th e Schoo l o f La w of the Cit y University o f Hong Kong .

Ling Bin g LL B (Peking) , LL M (Michigan) , Diplom a Hagu e Academ y o f International Law , i s Associate Professo r o f Law , City University o f Hon g Kong .

Kelley Loper B A (Yale) , LL M (HKU) , i s a Ph D candidat e i n th e Facult y o f Law , University o f Hon g Kong . Sh e wa s formerl y Assistan t Researc h Office r a t th e Centre o f Comparativ e an d Publi c La w in th e Facult y of Law, University o f Hon g Kong.

l i ly Ma LLB, PCLL, LLM (Cambridge) , i s currently a practising solicito r i n Hon g Kong.

Carole J. Peterse n B A (Chicago) , JD (Harvard) , PG D i n PR C La w (HKU) , i s a n Associate Professo r an d wa s formerly th e Directo r o f the Centr e fo r Comparativ e and Publi c La w in th e Universit y o f Hon g Kong' s Facult y o f Law .

Kent Roac h BA , LL B (Toronto) , LL M (Yale) , FRSC , i s Professo r o f La w a t th e University o f Toronto .

Doreen Weisenhau s BS , JD (Northwestern) , wa s formerly cit y edito r o f The New York Times and editor-in-chie f o f The National Law Journal i n Ne w York. Sh e i s a n Assistant Professo r an d teache s medi a la w a t th e Journalism an d Medi a Studie s Centre, i n th e Universit y o f Hon g Kong .

Simon N.M. Young BArtsSc (McMaster) , LLB (Toronto) , LLM (Cantab) , Barriste r & Solicitor (Ontario) , i s an Associate Professo r i n th e Universit y o f Hong Kong' s Faculty o f Law. H e i s also a Deputy Directo r o f th e Centr e fo r Comparativ e an d Public Law .

Table of Cases

Australia

Bonser v La Macchia (1969 ) 12 2 CL R 177 : 402nl 8 King, The v Sharkey (1949) 7 9 CL R 121 : 245n l l 6 Port MacDonnell Professional Fishermen's Assn Inc v South Australia (1989 ) 16 8 CL R

340: 403nl 9 R v Hamilton (1930 ) 3 0 S R (NSW ) 277 : 339n3 0 Union Steamship Co of Australia Pty Ltd v King (1988 ) 16 6 CLR 1 : 402nnl6 an d 18 ,

403nl9, 410n6 8 Wacando v Commonwealth (1981 ) 14 8 CLR 1 : 403n2 0

Belgium

In re Bittner Belgian Court of Cassation (Second Chamber) 1 6 AD (1949) , Case No 33 : 419nl24

Canada

Adler v Ontario [1996 ] 3 SC R 609 : 144n8 4 Boucher v The King [1950 ] 1 DLR 657, [1951 ] SC R 265: 126, 128 , 218n4, 236 , 23 7

xviii Table of Cases

Canada v Chiarelli (1992) 1 SCR 711 : 353, 353nn76-7 7 Canadian Broadcasting Corp v Lessard [1991 ] 3 SCR 421 : 395nl3 2 Collins v The Queen (1987 ) 3 3 CCC (3d ) 1 (SCC) : 392nn l l 9 an d 12 3 Descoteaux v Mierzwinski (1982 ) 7 0 CCC (2d ) 38 5 (SCC) : 394nl2 9 Eccles v Bourque [1975 ] 2 SC R 739 : 390n l l 6 Genest v The Queen (1989 ) 4 5 CCC (3d ) 38 5 (SCC) : 392n l l 9 Hunter v Southam Inc (1984 ) 1 4 CC C (3d ) 9 7 a t 10 8 (SCC) : 363 , 369n21 , 372 ,

373, 373n43 , 379n6 6 Philips v Meany (1919 ) 3 3 CC C 6 0 (Qu e SC) : 37ln2 7 RvFinta [1994 ] 1 SCR 701 : 144n8 3 R v Heywood [1994 ] 3 SCR 641 : 127n3 1 R v Martineau [1990 ] 2 SCR 633 : 144n8 3 R v Pichette [2003] JQ n o 2 0 (Quec . CA) : 384nl0 1 R v Sharpe [2001 ] 1 SCR 45 : 127n3 1 R v Zundel [1922 ] 2 SC R 731 : 127n3 1 Regina v Feeney [1997] 2 SCR 13 : 375n4 8 Regina v Godoy [1999] 1 SCR 311 : 378n61 Regina v Golub (1997) 11 7 CCC (3d ) 19 3 (OntCA) , leav e t o SC C refused (1998 )

55 CR R (2d ) 188 n (SCC) : 375n4 8 Regina v Rao (1984 ) 1 2 CCC (3d ) 97 , 11 0 (Ont.CA) : 371n2 7 Regina v Sam [2003 ] O J N o 81 9 (Su p Cr tJ ) : 384nl0 1 Regina v Silveira (1995 ) 9 7 CC C (3d ) 45 0 (SCC) : 384 , 384nl01 , 385nl02 , 38 8 Regina v Stillman (1997 ) 11 3 CCC (3d ) 32 1 (SCC) : 392nl2 3 Reference re Public Service Employee Relations Act (Alto) [1987 ] 1 SCR 313 : 317n6 8 Reference re Secession of Quebec [1998 ] 2 SCR 217 : 131n44 , 191n 5 Suresh v Canada (2002 ) 20 8 DLR (4th ) 1 , [2002 ] SC C 1 : 136n5 7

European Court o f Huma n Right s

Al-Nashifv Bulgaria (2003 ) 3 6 EHRR 37 : 35 5 Ashingdane v United Kingdom 2 8 Ma y 1985 , Series A no. 93 : 349n6 4 Bellet vFrance (A/333) : 349n6 4 Camenzind v Switzerland (1999 ) 2 8 EHRR 458 : 372n35, 373n3 6 Chalalv United Kingdom (1996 ) 2 3 EHRR 413 : 324nl l2, 350 , 350n66, 354 , 355n8 5 Devenney v United Kingdom [2002 ] ECH R 24265/94 : 349 , 349n6 5 Fayed (1994 ) 1 8 EHRR 393 : 349n6 4 Funhev France (1993 ) 1 6 EHRR 297 : 372n35 , 373n36 , 37 3 Hentrich v France (1994) 1 8 EHRR 440 : 359n9 6 Jasper v United Kingdom (2000 ) 3 0 EHR R 441 , 200 0 WL33148578 , [2000 ] Cri m

LR 586 : 347 , 350 , 353 , 355n85, 356 , 356nn88-8 9 Lingens v Austria (1986 ) 8 EHRR 407 : 25 1 Lithgow and Others v United Kingdom 8 July 1986 , Serie s A no 102 : 349n6 4

Table of Cases xix

McLeod v United Kingdom (1999 ) 2 7 EHR R 493 : 372n35, 378n6 1 Observer, The, and The Guardian v United Kingdom (1992 ) 1 4 EHRR 153 : 266n51 ,

27ln70 Refah Partisi (The Welfare Party) and others v Turkey 1 3 Februar y 2003 : 145n85 ,

2 1 3 n n l l 3 a n d l l 6 Socialist Party and Others v Turkey (2 5 Ma y 1998) , Report s o f Judgments an d

Decisions 1998-III : 213n l l3 , 214n l l 8 Sunday Times v United Kingdom (1972 ) 2 EHRR 245 : 317n70, 359n9 6 Sunday Times v United Kingdom (No 2) (1992 ) 1 4 EHRR 229 : 266n5 1 Tinnelly v United Kingdom (1999 ) 2 7 EHRR 249: 349, 349n64, 350n66, 350 , 353n74 ,

354, 354n82 , 355n8 5 United Communist Party of Turkey and Others v Turkey (30 January 1998) , Reports o f

Judgments an d Decision s 1998-1 : 213nnl l3-11 5 an d 11 7 Vereniging Weekblad Bluff v The Netherlands (1995 ) 2 0 EHR R 189 : 266n51 , 27 1 Weber v Austria (1990 ) 1 2 EHR R 508 : 266n51, 27 ln7 l

Hong Kong

Apple Daily Ltd v Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption [2000 ] 1 HKLR D 64 7 (CA) : 374n4 4

Attorney General v Ming Pao Newspaper Ltd (1995 ) 5 HKPLR 13 : 273n7 7 Attorney General of Hong Kong v Lee Kwong Kut [1993 ] A C 951 (PC) : 375nn4 7 an d

49 Chan Kam Nga v Director of Immigration (1999 ) 2 HKCFA R 8 2 (CFA) : 368nl 8 Cheng vTse Wai Chun (2000 ) 3 HKCFAR 33 9 (CFA) : 368nl 7 Crown, ThevFei Yi-ming and Lee Tsung-ying (1952 ) 3 6 HKL R 133 : 10 3 Fei Yi Ming and Lee Tsung Ying v R (1952 ) 3 6 HKL R 133 : 227n46, 244 , 283n27 ,

285 Flag desecratio n case , see HKSAR v Ng Kung-siu and Another Gurung Kesh Bahadur v Director of Immigration FAC V No 1 7 of 2001 (3 0 July 2002) ,

[2002] 90 9 HKCU , (2002 ) 5 HKCFA R 480 : 315n63 , 316n6 4 Hallv Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption [1987 ] HKL R

210 (CA) : 378n6 0 HKSAR v Lau Cheong (2002) 2 HKLRD 612 : 368nl8 , 370n23 , 375n4 8 HKSAR v Lee Ming Tee (2001) 4 HKCFA R 13 3 (CFA) : 375n47 , 393nnl26-12 7 HKSAR v Ng Kung Siu and Another [1999 ] 3 HKLRD 90 7 (1999 ) 2 HKCFAR 442 ,

[2000] 1 HK C 117 : 4 2 n l l 5 , 88nl68 , 315n63 , 319nn79-81 , 368nnl7-19 , 375n47

Ho Shau-Hong v Commissioner of Police [1987] HKL R 94 5 (CA) : 378n6 0 Inouye Kanao v R (1947 ) HKL R 66 : 151nl , 16 2 John Sham v Eastweek Publisher Ltd [1994 ] 2 HKLR 381 , [1995 ] 1 HRC 264 : 265n46,

296n92

xx Table of Cases

Lai KitvR (1946 ) HKL R 7 : 151nl , 16 1 MingPao Newspapers Ltd v AG of Hong Kong [1996 ] A C 90 7 (PC) : 319nn7 9 an d

81, 375n4 7 Next Magazine Publishing Ltd v Ma ChingFat [2003 ] 1HKLR D 75 1 (CFA) : 368nl 7 Ng Ka Ling & Others v Director of Immigration [1999 ] 1 HKLRD 315 , (1999 ) 2

HKCFAR 4 (CFA) : 188nl67 , 262n39 , 279n4 , 368nl7 , 402nl 3 NgKa Ling & Others v Director of Immigration (No 2) [1999 ] 1 HKLRD 577 , (1999 )

2 HKCFA R 4 : 188nl6 7 Pang Yiu Hung v Commissioner of Police [2002] 4 HKC 57 9 (CFI) : 395nl3 5 Queen, The v Ho Kwok Chu [1994 ] 10 6 HKCU 1 (CA) : 379n6 9 Queen, The v Lau Tung-sing [1989 ] 1 HKLR 490 : 400n6, 402nl 8 Re an application by Messrs Ip and Willis [1990 ] 1 HKLR 15 4 (HC) : 374n4 4 Re Commissioner of the Independent Commission Against Corruption, Ex Parte Apple Daily

Ltd [1999 ] HKE C 82 6 (CFI) , aff d [2000 ] 1 HKLRD 64 7 (CA) , leave refuse d [2000] 1 HKLRD 68 2 (CF A AC): 396nl3 8

Re Hongkong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd and Others (1991) 1 HKPLR 59 , (1992) 1 HKDCLR 3 7 (DC) : 373n38 , 379n6 6

Re YungKwan Lee & Others [1999] 3 HKLRD 316 : 402nl 7 Rediffusion (Hong Kong) Ltd v A-G [1970 ] HKL R 231 : 402nnl4 an d 1 7 Regina v CheungKaFai (1995 ) 5 HKPLR 40 7 (CA) : 393nl2 4 Regina v Yu Yem Kin (1994 ) 4 HKPL R 7 5 (HC) : 373 , 373nn39-41 , 392nl21 ,

393nl24 Right o f Abode case , see Ng Ka Ling & Others v Director of Immigration, Ng Ka Ling

& Other s v Director o f Immigratio n (N o 2 ) Secretary for Security v Lam Tat Ming (2000 ) 3 HKCFAR 16 8 (CFA) : 392nl2 0 Shum Kwok Sher v HKSAR FAC C No 1 of 200 2 (1 0 July 2002) , [2002 ] 80 6 HKC U

1, 2 HKLR D 793 : 315n63, 317n69 , 368nl 8 Shun Tak Holdings Ltd v Commissioner of Police [1995 ] 1 HKCL R 4 8 (HC) :

395nnl34-135 Ta Kun g Pa o case , seeFei Yi Ming and Lee Tsung Ying v R Tarn Hing Yee v Wu Tai Wai [1992 ] 1 HKLR 18 5 (CA) : 319n8 1 Wong Kwai Fun v Li Fung (unreporte d decision , 2 8 January 1994 , HC , HC A

005810/1986): 37ln3 0 Wong YeungNgv Secretary for Justice [1992 ] 2 HKC 2 4 (CA) : 319n8 1 Yau Kwong Man v Secretary for Security [2002] 3 HKC 457 : 375n4 9 Yuen Tai-Bu v The Queen [1978 ] HKL R 12 8 (CA) : 37ln3 0

India

KedarNath v State of Bihar MR (49 ) 1962 , (Suprem e Court ) 955 : 238 , 238nn97 -98

Table of Cases xxi

International Bodie s

APv Italy Communication No 204/1986 , CCPR/C/31/D/204/1986 : 424nl5 2 Case of the SS "Lotus" , The (1927 ) PCIJ , Se r A, no 10 : 401, 412n74, 413n8 3

Jose Antonio Coronel v Colombia (No. 778/1997 , 2 4 October 2002 m HRC) : 372n3 5

Israel

Amsterdam v Minister of Finance Israel Supreme Court ILR 1952 , vol 19 , Case N o 50 : 412n78

New Zealand

Neilsen v Attorney-General [2001 ] 3 NZLR 433 : 370n2 4

People's Republic of China

"Case of Kuang Liwen", in Xin Ru and L u Chen (eds ) Zhonghua Renmin Gongheguo Falu Lifa Sifajieshi Anli Daquan [Collectio n o f Laws, Judicial Interpretations , and Case s o f th e PRC] : 81n5 2

Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 1 : 7ln2 1 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 2 : 81n5 0 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 3 : 81n5 1 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 4 : 7ln2 1 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 5 : 71n2 1 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 9 : 71n2 1 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 15 : 71n2 3 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 21 : 71n23 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 24 : 7 ln2 3 Supreme People' s Procuratorate , Cas e N o 26 : 7 ln2 3

South Africa

Nkosiyana (1966 ) 4 S A 655: 104n3 7

United Kingdo m

A & Others v Secretary of State for Home Department [2002 ] EWC A Civ 1502 , [2003 ] 1 Al l ER 816 , 1 3 BHRC 394 : 35 4

xxii Table of Cases

Air-India v Wiggins (1980 ) 7 1 C r App R 213 : 400n 6 Annesley v Earl of Anglesea (1743 ) 1 7 Stat e T r 1139 : 271n6 7 Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) [1990 ] 1 AC 109 : 268n54 , 271 ,

271n67 Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd [1976 ] 1 QB 752 : 27 1 Attorney General v Leveller Magazine [1979 ] A C 440: 339, 339nn29-30, 340n33 , 34 1

341n36, 342 , 344 , 345n5 2 Beloffv Pressdram Ltd [1973 ] 1 All ER 241 : 270n65 Buchanan v Rucker (1806 ) 9 Eas t 192 : 399n l Clibbery v Allan and another [2002 ] EWC A Ci v 45 , [2002 ] Fa m 261 : 336 , 337 ,

338n23, 339n2 6 Clive Pouting cas e [1985 ] Cri m L R 318 : 256, 26 9 Compania Naviera Vascongado v SS Cristina [1938 ] A C 485 : 400n 5 Conway v Rimmer [1968 ] A C 910 : 342 , 342n45 , 34 4 Council of Civil Service Unions and Others v Minister for the Civil Service [1985] A C

374 (HL) : 324 , 324nnl08-109 , 34 3 Croft vDunphy [1933 ] A C 156 : 402nl 8 Crossman Diarie s case , see Attorney General v Jonathan Cape Ltd CCSU case , see Council of Civil Service Unions and Others v Minister for the Civil Service Damaree's Case , see Trial ofDamaree De Libellis Famosis, 77 ER 251 : 246nl2 1 Entick v Carrington (1765 ) 9 5 En g Re p 80 7 (KB) : 371, 372 Ex Parte Blain (1879 ) 1 2 ChD 522 : 412n7 8 Forbes v Smith [1998 ] 1 All E R 973 : 335, 336nl 3 Gartside v Outram (1856 ) 2 6 LJ C h 113 : 270n65, 27ln6 7 Hodge v The Queen (1883 ) 9 App Ca s 117 : 402nl 4 Hodgson v Imperial Tobacco Ltd [1998 ] 1 WLR 1056 : 335nl2 , 336 , 337 , 337n2 2 Holmes v Bangladesh Biman Corp [1989] A C 1112 : 400n 6 Initial Services v Putterill [1968 ] 1 QB 398 : 27ln6 7 Joyce v Director of Public Prosecutions [1946] AC 347: 153n4, 156 , 418, 420, 420nnl2 9

and 132 , 424nl5 5 Lion Laboratories Ltd v Evans [1985 ] Q B 526 : 270n6 6 Lord Advocate v Scotsman Publications Ltd [1990 ] 1 AC 812 : 261 , 267 McLeod v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [1994] 4 All ER 553 (CA) : 378n6 1 McLorie v Oxford [1982 ] Q B 129 0 (DC) : 37ln27 , 371 , 378n5 7 McPherson v McPherson [1936 ] A C 177 : 342n4 1 Morns Beardmore [1981] A C 44 6 (HL) : 371n2 8 Porteous Case , see Trial of Captain Porteous Proceedings against William Gregg (1708) 1 4 St Tr 1371 : 154nl 5 Public Prosecutor v Drechsler 13 AD (1946) , Cas e N o 29 : 420nl2 4 R v Aberg [1948 ] 1 All E R 601 : 17 4 R v Aldred (1909 ) 2 2 Co x C C 1 : 232n65 , 23 7 R v Burns (1886 ) 1 6 Cox C C 355 : 23 7

Table of Cases xxiii

R v Chief Metropolitan Stipendiary Magistrate, ex parte Choudbury [1991 ] 1 All ER 306: 237

R v Chief Registrar of Friendly Societies, ex parte New Cross Building Society [1984] 1 QB 227 : 339n30 , 340n33 , 341 , 341n38, 342n4 0

R v Collins (1839) 9 Ca r & P 456 : 237n87 , 23 7 RvDespard (1803 ) S t Tr 486 : 155n2 4 Rv Frost (1839) 9 C 8c P 129 : 16 9 R v Gallagher and Others (1883) 1 5 Cox C C 291 : 169 R v Jackson (1986 ) 2 0 A Crim R 95 : 339n2 6 R v Maclane (1797 ) 2 6 Stat e Trial s 721 : 123nl2, 15 4 R (o n th e applicatio n o f Kurdistan Worker s Party ) 8c Ors v Secretary o f Stat e fo r

the Home Department [2002 ] EWH C Admin 644 : 334n 7 R v Shayler [2002 ] 2 WL R 754 , [2003 ] 1 AC 247 : 252 , 268 , 272 , 272nn73-74 ,

273n75, 29 3 R v Turner [1995 ] 1 WLR 264 : 348n6 1 R v Ward [1993 ] 1 WLR 619 : 348n6 1 Re Ministry of Defence's Application [1994 ] N I 279 : 344, 344n5 1 ReP (GE.) (1964 ) 3 All E R 977 : 420nnl24 an d 12 6 Regina v Sang [1980 ] A C 40 2 (HL) : 392nl2 0 Regina (Rottman) v Commissioner of Police of the Metropolis [2002 ] 2 AC 69 2 (HL) :

378, 378n5 9 Rehman case , see Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman Sarah Tisdal l case , The Times, 26 Marc h 1984 : 27 0 Scott v Scott [1913] A C 417 : 336, 339 , 339nn30 an d 32 , 340n33, 341, 342, 342n4 1 Secretary of State for the Home Department v Rehman [2001 ] 3 WLR 877 , [2001 ] 1 All

ER 122 : 115n95 , 145n86 , 324nl l2 , 325nnl l3-119 , 33 0 Semayne's Case (1604) 5 C o Re p 91a : 37ln28 , 390n l l 6 Sheares Case , see Trial of Henry and John Sheares, Esqrs Sirdar Gurdyal Singh v Rajah ofFaridkot [1894 ] A C 670 : 400n 7 Somchai Liangsiriprasert v Government of USA [1991 ] 1 A C 225 : 400nn 3 an d 6 ,

404n27 Spycatcher case , see Attorney General v Guardian Newspapers Ltd (No 2) Thomas v Sawkins [1935 ] 2 KB 249 (KBD) : 378n61 , 37 8 Trial of Captain Porteous (1736) 1 7 S t Tr 993 : 16 8 Trial ofDamaree (1710 ) 1 5 St Tr 521 : 168 Trial of DrHensey (1758 ) 1 9 S t Tr 1341 : 154nl 6 Trial of Henry and John Sheares, Esqrs (1798) 2 7 S t Tr 255 : 15 5 Trial of Sir Richard Grahame and Others (1691) 1 2 S t Tr 645 : 154nl 4 Triquet v Bath (1764 ) 3 Burr 1478 : 403n2 2 Wallacejohnson v The King [1940 ] A C 231 : 103n33, 22 7 X v Y [1988 ] 2 All ER 648 : 270n6 6 Zamora, The [1916 ] 2A C 77 : 32 4

xxiv Table of Cases

United States

Abrams v United States 250 U S 62 4 (1919) : 90n80 , 23 2 Brandenburg v Ohio 395 U S 44 4 (1969) : 234 , 235n77 , 236 , 241 , 242 Chandler v United States 17 1 F.2 d 92 1 (1s t Cir ) cer t denie d 6 9 S C t 64 0 (1949) :

400n6 Coolidge v New Hampshire 9 1 S Ct 202 2 (1971) : 36 3 Debs v United States 249 U S 21 1 (1919) : 23 3 Dennis v United States 341 U S 49 4 (1951) : 234 , 240 , 24 1 Garrison v Louisiana 37 9 U S 6 4 (1964) : 23 8 Gitlow v New York 268 U S 65 2 (1925) : 234 , 23 9 Humanitarian Law Project v Reno 20 5 F 3 d 113 0 (9t h Cir ) cer t denie d 12 1 S C t

1226 (2001) : 143n8 0 Katz v United States 389 U S 347 , 8 8 S Ct 50 7 (1967) : 369n21 , 371 , 372 Kawakita v United States 343 US 71 7 (1952) : 421nnl36-13 7 Mapp v Ohio 367 U S 643 , 81 S Ct 168 4 (1961) : 392nl2 2 Masses Pub Co. v Patten 24 4 F 535 (SDNY1917) : 235 , 23 6 New York Times Co v Sullivan 37 6 U S 25 4 (1964) : 23 8 New York Times, The v United States 91 S Ct. 214 0 (1971) : 293n77 , 297n9 8 Nix v Williams 46 7 U S 431 , 104 S Ct 250 1 (1984) : 392nl2 2 Payton v New York 445 U S 57 3 (1980) : 375n4 8 Schenck v United States 249 U S 4 7 (1919) : 232 , 234n7 3 Skiriotes v Florida 313 U S 6 9 (1941) : 400n 6 Segura v United States 468 U S 796 , 10 4 S Ct 338 0 (1984) : 392nl2 2 Silverthorne Lumber Co v United States 251 U S 385 , 40 S Ct 18 2 (1920) : 392nl2 2 Simpson v State 17 SE 98 4 (G a 1893) : 413n8 5 United States v Brown 38 1 U S 437 (1965) : 141n7 3 United States v Leon 46 8 U S 897 , 10 4 S Ct 340 5 (1984) : 392nl2 2 United States v Bowman 26 0 U S 9 4 (1922) : 399n2 , 404n2 6 Weeks v United States 232 U S 383 m 3 4 S Ct 34 1 (1914) : 392nl2 2 Whiteney v California 27 4 U S 35 7 (1927) : 233n6 7 Wong Sun v United States 371 U S 471 , 83 S Ct 40 7 (1963) : 392nl2 2 Yates v United States 354 U S 29 8 (1957) : 240 , 24 1

Table of Legislatio n

Note for users

In view of the large number o f entries tha t would be required, reference s t o Article 23 of th e Basi c La w have no t bee n include d i n thi s table . Entrie s fo r Articl e 23 ar e t o b e foun d i n th e Index .

Regarding th e Nationa l Securit y (Legislativ e Provisions ) Bill , th e tabl e contain s references t o clause s only : general mention s o f th e Bil l have bee n place d i n the Index .

Australia

Australian Securit y Service Intelligence Organizatio n Amendmen t Act s. 3,160n4 8 Australian Securit y Servic e Intelligenc e Organizatio n Ac t 197 9 (ASI O Act), 16 0

s. 5(1) (a), 160n4 7 Commonwealth Crime s Ac t 191 4 (a s amended )

s. 3R , 380n7 6 s. 3T , 384n9 6 s. 24AA, 157n3 2

Criminal Cod e Ac t 199 5 s. 80.1 , 125n2 3 s. 100. 1 (a s amended) , 137n6 2

Security Legislatio n Amendmen t (Terrorism ) Ac t 200 2 (N o 65 , 2002) , 125n2 3

xxvi Table of Legislation

Canada

Access t o Informatio n Ac t R.S.C . 1985 , 127 , 13 2 c. A - l, s . 12 , 132n4 9

Anti-Terrorism Ac t 2001 , 135, 13 6 Canadian Charte r o f Right s an d Freedoms , 21 8

s. 8 , 368n20 , 372 , 38 4 s. 24(2) ,392nl23 , 393nl2 8

Canadian Securit y Intelligenc e Ac t (CSI S Act), 16 0 s. 2 , 132n50 , 16 0 s. 2(d), 160n49

Constitution Act 1982 Part I, 368n20

Criminal Code, 122, 123, 125, 132

s. 46(1), 157

s. 46(2), 157n33 s. 46(2)(a), 124n20

s. 48, 125n22 s. 61, 126n27 s. 83.01 (b)(ii)(D), 137n60 s. 83.01 (b)(ii)(E), 137n64

s. 83.05(6) (d), 141n75

s. 83.18, 143n78 s. 83.18(4) (b), 143n79

s. 487.1, 380n76

s. 487.11, 384n97, 384n99

s. 529.4(3) , 391n l l 8 Immigration Ac t 1976 , 114n94 , 136 , 35 4 Immigration Ac t 1988 , 35 4 Public Orde r Regulation s 197 0 SOR/70-444 , 130n4 2 Terrorism Ac t 2000 , 13 6 War Measure s Act , 13 0

European Communit y

European Conventio n fo r th e Protectio n o f Huma n Right s an d Fundamenta l Freedoms (ECHR) , 215 , 332 , 333 , 348, 36 9 Art. 3 , 354n8 0 Art. 5 , 354n8 0 Art. 5(1) , 354n8 0 Art. 5(4) , 114n94 , 354n8 0 Art. 6 , 335 , 353, 354n80, 355 , 35 9

Table of Legislation xxvii

Art. 6(1), 337n20, 347, 348, 348n60, 349, 350, 356, 357, 358, 359

Art. 6(3), 348n60

Art. 8, 369n22, 378n58

Art. 8(2), 373

Art. 10, 294

Art. 13, 114n94, 354n80

Protocol No 7, 424nl52

Hong Kong

Application o f Englis h La w Ordinance , 16 2 Basic La w o f th e Hon g Kon g Specia l Administrativ e Regio n o f th e People' s Republic o f Chin a (Basi c Law) , l n l , 7 , 8 , 9 , 14 , 14n3 , 16 , 19 , 39 , 95 , 107 , 145 ,

279, 327 , 376 , 393 , 403, 405, 406, 40 7 Draft, xiii , 17 , I 7n l 2 Preamble, 405n2 8 Art. 2 , 14n3 , 402n l l , 404n24 , 409n6 1 Art. 4 , 327nl2 5 Art. 8, 14, 403n21, 407n45

Art. 11, 256, 402 Art. 11(1), 317

Art. 13, 258, 328nl29, 408n54

Art. 14, 258, 328nl29, 408n54 Art. 14(2),409n56

Art. 15, 259

Art. 17, 2, 16, 23, 258, 259, 262n39

Art. 18, 15, 15n4, 16, 259, 382n86, 405 Art. 18(2), 425-6 Art. 18(3),405n29

Art. 19, 259, 262, 327, 328

Art. 20, 259

Art. 21, 259 Art. 22, 259, 260 Art. 23, 328, 410n62 Art. 27, 42, 394nl31

Art. 28, 369, 370

Art. 29, 369, 370, 388

Art. 30, 369

Art. 32, 394nl31 Art. 35, 41, 334, 335, 360, 394nl31

Art. 35(1), 332, 359, 360, 361

Art. 39, 3, 4, 21, 42, 43, 96, 112n84, 144, 192, 256, 276n80, 315, 317, 323, 333, 357, 368, 408n53

xxviii Table of Legislation

Art. 39(2) , 315- 6 Art. 43 , 16nl 0 Art. 45, 15n6, 54, 55nl59, 58, 259 Art. 48(3), 16n9

Art. 48(8) and (9), 259 Art. 50, 16n9

Art. 62, 259 Art. 66, 404n25 Art. 68, 55, 58

Art. 73(1), 402 Art. 74, 15n7 Art. 96, 259

Art. 125, 259 Art. 126, 259

Art. 129, 259 Arts. 131-134, 259

Art. 141, 394nl31 Art. 148, 313n54, 320 Art. 150, 259, 406n37

Art. 151, 405n32, 406n38, 406n39, 407n43, 408n55, 409

Art. 152, 259, 406n39

Art. 153, 259, 405n31 Art. 154, 259 Art. 154(1), 406n40

Art. 154(2), 406n41

Art. 155, 259

Art. 156, 406n42 Art. 157, 259

Art. 158, 4, 16, 188, 188nl69, 259, 327nl24

Art. 159, 258n29, 259

Art. 160, 308n27, 407n44, 407n46

Art. 167, 19n23 Annex I , 2 , 15n6 , 5 5

CI. 7 , 5 8 Annex II , 32n75 , 44 , 5 5

CI. 3 , 5 5 Annex III , 15 , 405, 405n30, 410 , 42 6

Art. 18 , 25 9 Ch. Ill , 42 , 304 , 40 8 Ch. VII , 406n3 6

Chinese Publication s (Prevention ) Ordinanc e 1907 , 22 1 Preamble, 221n2 6

Colonial Book s Registratio n Ordinanc e 1888 , 22 0

Table of Legislation xxix

Control o f Chemicals Ordinance (Ca p 145 ) s. 12, 380n75

Control o f Obscene an d Indecen t Articles Bill 1986, 32n75 Control o f Obscene an d Indecen t Articles Ordinance (Ca p 390),

s. 2, 280nl 4 Control o f Publications Consolidation Ordinanc e 1951 , 225, 227, 228

s. 3, 225n39, 225n40 s. 4, 225n39, 226n43 s. 5, 226n42, 226n44 s. 6, 225n41 s. 11, 226n45 s. 13, 227n47

Copyright Ordinance (Ca p 528) s. 123(30, 382n88

Crimes (Amendment ) (N o 2) Bil l 1996, 98nl5, 103 , 165, 165n69, 205, 230 cl. 2, 165n6 7 cl. 4, 98nl5, I78nl32

cl. 5, 98nl5 Crimes (Amendment ) (No 2) Ordinanc e (N o 89 of 1997) , 103 , 104, 231

s. 9, 383n91 Crimes Ordinance 197 1 (Cap 200), xiv, 10, 96, 103, 164, 165, 178, 204, 229, 238,

264n43, 427 Part I, 166 s. 2, 162-3 , 164n62 , 165 s. 2(l)(a),96n5, 16 6 s. 2(l)(b),96n5, 16 6 s. 2(1) (c), 96n5, 97nl0, 102 , 166 s.2(l)(c)(ii),170 s. 2(l)(d),96n5, 17 1 s. 2(l)(e),96n5, 165n6 6 s. 3, 97n6, 99nl9, 163, 165, 167, 178, 179nl35 s. 3(1), 102n27

s. 4, 125n22 s. 4(3), 164n61 s. 5, 97n7, 166, 179nl35

s. 6, 229n52

s. 7(1), 229n52 s. 7(2),229n52 s. 8, 374n45

s. 9, 103n28, 103n29, 105n40, 230, 243, 284n31 s. 9(l)(a),284n29

s. 9(f) and (g),243

s. 10, 103, 103n28, 105n42

xxx Table of Legislation

s. 10(1), 106n47, 285n37

s. 10(1)(c) and (d), 103n31, 286n42

s. 10(2), 103n30, 285n37 s. 10(5), 105n40

ss. 11-13, 103n28 s. 13, 374n45, 383n91, 398 s. 14, 103n28, 116, 374n46, 398

s. 18A(5), 396nl39 s. 24, 102n26, 180 s. 159A, 139n69, 167

ss. 159A-F, 365, 366n9

s. 159G , 139n68 , 16 7 s. 159H , 36 5 s. 159H(2) , 366n 9 s. 161 , 109n6 8

Crimes (Torture ) Ordinanc e (Ca p 427) , 381n7 9 Criminal Jurisdiction Ordinanc e (Ca p 461) , 40 7

s. 3 , 407n48 , 408n5 2 s. 4 , 407n48 , 408n5 2 s. 6 , 408n5 2

Criminal Procedur e Ordinanc e (Ca p 221 ) s. 9G(19) , 164n6 2 s. 51(2) , 164n6 3 s. 89 , 139n70 , 16 7 s. 10 1 1(1) , 17 4

Customs an d Excis e Servic e Ordinanc e (Ca p 342 ) s. 8(2) , 366nl 5

Da QingLuli (th e Grea t Qin g Code) , 21 9 Dangerous Drug s Ordinanc e (Ca p 134) , 37 3 Dangerous Good s Ordinanc e (Ca p 295 )

s. 3 , 380n7 l s. 12(3) ,380n7 l s. 17B , 380n7 5

Drug Traffickin g an d Organize d Crime s (Amendment ) Bil l 1999 , 385nl0 3 Drug Traffickin g (Recover y o f Proceeds ) Ordinanc e (Ca p 405 )

s. 2(14) ,395nl3 6 ss. 20-22 , 395nl3 6

Emergency Regulation s Ordinanc e (Ca p 241) , 382n8 6 Explosive Substance s Ordinanc e 1913 , 22 3 Film Censorshi p Bil l 1987 , 32n7 5 Firearms an d Ammunitio n Ordinanc e (Ca p 238 )

s. 40 , 380n70 , 389n l l 4 ss. 4 1 an d 42 , 380n7 5

Table of Legislation xxxi

Gambling Ordinanc e (Ca p 148 ) s. 2 3 ( l ) , 3 8 9 n l l 4

High Cour t Ordinanc e ss. 5 4 an d 55 , 323n9 7

Homicide Ordinanc e (Ca p 339) , 381n80 , 381n8 1 Hong Kon g Bil l o f Right s Bil l 1990 , 32n7 5 Hong Kon g Bil l o f Right s (Amendment ) Ordinance , xi v Hong Kon g Bil l o f Right s Ordinanc e 199 1 (Ca p 383) , xiv , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 19 , 19n23 ,

192, 208 , 229 , 307 , 315 , 322 , 36 8 s. 2(3) , xi v s. 3 , xiv, 307n2 3 s. 4 , xiv Art. 10 , 4 1 n l l l , 35 7 Art. 11 , 229 Art. I l ( 2 ) ( b ) , 3 9 4 n l 3 1 Art. l l ( 2 ) ( d ) an d (e) , 394nl3 1 Art. 14 , 369 , 37 3 Art. 14(1) , 36 9 Art. 15 , 394nl3 1 Art. 16 , 215 , 394nl3 1 Art. 17 , 21 5

Hong Kon g Cour t o f Fina l Appeal Ordinanc e (Ca p 484 ) s. 4(2) , 328nl2 7

Immigration Ordinanc e (Ca p 115) , 40 7 s. 37J, 407n51, 408n52

s. 56 , 380n7 5 Interpretation an d Genera l Clause s Ordinanc e (Ca p 1) , 42 8

Part XII , 116nl02 , 387 , 395- 6 s. 3 , 310n38 , 368nl 6 s. 82 , 395nl3 7 s. 83 , 116nl0 2

Mutual Lega l Assistance i n Crimina l Matter s Ordinanc e (Ca p 525 ) s. 2(10) ,395nl3 6 s. 13 , 395nl3 6 s. 15 , 395nl3 6

National Securit y (Legislativ e Provisions ) Bil l Cl 3-7: Proposed amendments to the Crimes Ordinance cl. 3 , 421nl3 3 cl. 4, 96n5, 97nn9 and 11, 99nl6, 100nn21-24, 101n25, 120n2, 129nn39-41,

132n47, 140n72, I70n91, I7ln94, 173nl08, 181nl42, 183nl54, 186nnl62-

163, 205n73, 210nnl00-101, 248nl27, 287n51, 288n52, 415nn94-95, 420nl31

cl. 6, 104n34, 105n40, 106nn45-47, 127n33, 128nn34-35, 215nl21,

247nnl25-126, 285n38, 286nn43-46, 287n47, 417nll0, 418nlll

xxxtf Table of Legislation

cl. 7, 116nnl00 and 102, 364n3, 365nn7-8, 366nnl0 and 12-14, 387nll0, 390nll5

Cl 8 — 12 : Proposed amendment s th e Officia l Secret s Ordinanc e cl. 8 , 110n7l , 262n3 6 cl. 8 ( l ) (b ) ,291n6 9 cl. 9 , 256nl 6 cl. 10, 107n49, 255nl4, 257n21, 260n32, 261n35, 263n40, 266n48, 268n58,

290n63, 291n68 cl. 11, 109nn63and65 cl. 11(1), 265n44 cl. 11(1) (c), 292nn7l and 75 cl. 11(2), 255nl5, 264n41, 292n76

cl. 12, 256nl8 Cl 13-15 : Proposed amendment s t o th e Societie s Ordinanc e cl. 14 , 112n8 4 cl.15, 41nn l0 7 an d 110 , l l l n 8 0 , 112nn81-8 3 an d 85 , 113nn8 7 an d 89 ,

114nn92-94, 134nn52-53 , 143n81 , 144n82 , 145n87 , 213nl l2 , 311nn4 1 and 43-45 , 313nn51 an d 55 , 3l7n74, 318n75 , 319n78 , 322nn92-93 an d 96, 323nn98-99 , 332nl , 333n3 , 357nn90-91 , 358n9 4

Sched., els . 9-11, 318n7 5 Offences Agains t Person s Ordinanc e (Ca p 212) , 381n80 , 381n81 , 381n8 2

s. 9A, 381n7 8 Official Secret s Ordinanc e (Ca p 521) , xiv, 7, 10 , 24, 25 , 96, 107 , 110 , 253n7, 255,

266, 270 , 275 , 276 , 290 , 291 , 294n86, 300 , 379 , 407 , 409 , 42 7 Part III , 107 , 108 , 25 6 s. 3 , 254 , 290n6 1 ss. 4-6 , 25 4 s. 11 , 379n64, 382n88 , 389n l l 4 s. 11(2) , 116 , 379n65 , 383n93 , 39 8 s. 12 , 110n70 , 257n2 2 s. 12(1) , 110n7l , 291n6 9 s. 13 , 108n54 , 108n59 , 254 , 263 , 264n42, 290n6 2 s. 14 , 108n5 4 ss. 14-17, 108n58, 108n59, 254, 263, 264n42, 267, 274, 290n62 s. 15, 108n55 s. 16, 108n56, 257, 257n22

s. 17, 108n57

s. 18, 108, 108n59, 254, 255, 256, 263, 267, 274, 290n62, 291n70, 294 s. 18(1), 108n60, 108n61

s. 18(l)(a),264n42 s. 18(2), 108n60, 108n62, 265n44, 267 s. 18(3), 266n47 s. 18(5A), 264

Table of Legislation xxxiii

s. 18(6),264n42, 265n44

ss. 19-20, 290n62

s. 23, 407n50, 408n52

s. 25, 256n20

s. 26, 383n92, 398 s. 27 , 25 4

Ordinance N o 2 o f 1844 , 21 9 Ordinance N o 1 6 o f 1860 , 22 0 Organized Crim e Bil l 1991 , 32n7 5 Organized an d Seriou s Crime s Ordinanc e (Ca p 455) , 381n8 3

ss. 2-5 , 395nl3 6 Personal Dat a (Privacy ) Ordinanc e (Ca p 486 )

s. 6 1 (2) (b), 293n8 2 Police Forc e Ordinanc e (Ca p 232 )

s. 18 , 366nl 5 s. 50 , 116 , 377 , 388n l l 3 s. 50(3) , 37 7 s. 50(4) , 377n55 , 377n56 , 39 1 s. 50(6) , 377n54 , 37 8 s. 54 , 380 , 388n l l 3 s. 54(2) , 380n7 4

Post Offic e Ordinanc e 1900 , 22 1 Prevention o f Briber y Ordinanc e (Ca p 201) , 293 , 40 7

s. 4 , 109n67 , 110n72 , 408n5 2 s. 13 , 280nl 3 s. 17 , 382n88 , 39 5 s. 1 7 ( l B ) , 3 8 9 n l l 4 s. 17(2) ,395nl3 3 s. 30 , 273 , 280nl 3 s. 30(3 ) (a) an d (b) , 293n8 1

Prevention o f Copyrigh t Pirac y Ordinanc e (Ca p 544 ) s. 19 , 382n8 8

Printers an d Publisher s Ordinanc e 1886 , 220 , 22 2 s. 2(b) , 222n3 1

Printers an d Publisher s Ordinanc e 1927 , 220nl 7 s. 5 , 220nl 8

Public Orde r (Amendment ) Ordinance , xi v Public Orde r Ordinanc e (Ca p 245) , 229 , 307 , 316 , 32 1 Sedition Amendmen t Ordinanc e 1938 , 223-4 , 224n3 7 Sedition (Amendment ) Ordinanc e 197 0

s. 2 , 228n5 1 Sedition Ordinanc e 1938 , 223-4 , 224n36 , 227 , 22 8

s. 3( l ) (vi) ,224n3 7

xxxiv Table of Legislation

s. 3(2) , 22 5 s. 4 ( l ) ,225n3 8 s. 4(1)(c) , 22 6 s. 4(2) ,225n3 8 s. 7 , 22 9

Seditious Publication s Ordinanc e 1914 , 22 2 s. 2, 222, 222n32 s. 3, 223 s. 6, 223n33 s. 9 , 223n3 4

Societies (Amendment ) Ordinance , xi v Societies (Amendment ) Ordinanc e (N o 4 7 o f 1911) , 305n 7

s. 4(4) ,305n 8 Societies (Amendment ) Ordinance , N o 2 8 of 194 9

s. 5 (3 ) ,306n l 7 Societies (Amendment ) Ordinanc e (N o 3 1 o f 1957) , 307n2 1 Societies (Amendment ) Ordinanc e (N o 7 5 o f 1992) , 308n2 4 Societies (Amendment ) Ordinanc e 199 7 (N o 11 8 o f 1997) , l l l n 7 4 Societies Ordinanc e (N o 8 o f 1920) , 306nl l , 306nl 2

s. 4 , 306nl 3 Societies Ordinanc e (1949) , 306 , 30 7 Societies Ordinanc e (1988 ) (Ca p 151) , 30 9

s. 6(2)(a) ,308n2 5 s. 8(l),309n31

Societies Ordinance (Cap 151), 8, 10, 21n29, 25, 96, 114, 133, 140, 142, 143, 212,

229, 264n43, 303, 305, 308, 316, 317, 320, 321, 326nl21, 379, 427 s. 2, 113n90, 308nn28 and 30 s. 2(l),3l7n73

s. 2(2B), 3l7n73

s. 2(4),310n38

s. 4, 317n73

s. 5, 3l7n73 s. 5A, lllnn75-77

s. 5D, Illnn75-76and78

s. 5D(2), 112n82 s. 5E, 113n87 s. 8, 25, lllnn75-76 and 79, 304n5, 309n31, 318, 379n68

s. 8(3), 112n82

s. 8(4), 112n82 s. 8(7), 113n87

s. 18, 112n85, 318n76, 379n68

ss. 19-25, 112n85

s. 31, 116

s. 33, 116, 379n64, 379n67

Table of Legislation xxxv

Telecommunications Ordinanc e (Ca p 106 ) s. 13M(7),395nl3 6 s. 27A, 109n6 8

Theft Ordinanc e (Ca p 210 ) ss. 9-11, 109n6 6

Treasonable Offence s Ordinanc e 186 8 (Ordinanc e N o 8 of 1868) , 161 , 163 s. 1, 161, 161n53

s. 2, 161n55

s. 6 , 16 1 Triad an d Secre t Societie s Ordinanc e 1887 , 30 5 United Nations (Anti-terroris m Measures ) (Amendment) Bil l 2003, 119nl , 321n9 0 United Nation s (Anti-terroris m Measures ) Ordinanc e 200 2 (Ca p 575) , 98, 119nl ,

137, 138 , 138n67 , 139 , 148 , 181 , 321, 381n8 4 s. 2 , 181nl4 5 s. 2(5) , 395nl3 6

Weapons o f Mass Destruction (Contro l o f Provision o f Services) Ordinanc e (Ca p 526) s. 5 , 380n7 5 s. 6(2),380n7 2 s. 6(3) ,380n7 5 s. 7 , 380n72 , 380n7 5

Weapons Ordinanc e (Ca p 217 ) s. 12 , 380n7 5

India

Constitution o f th e Republi c o f Indi a Art. 19( l ) ,238n9 5

Indian Pena l Cod e s. 124-A , 23 8

Special Preventio n o f Terrorism Ac t (POTA) , 174nl l 2

Indonesia

Government Regulatio n No . 1 Year 200 2 Art. 13(c) , 125n2 3

International Convention s an d Declaration s

Convention agains t Torture an d Othe r Cruel , Inhuman o r Degrading Treatmen t or Punishmen t Arts 4 an d 5 , 406n3 4

xxxvi Table of Legislation

Convention fo r th e Suppressio n o f Unlawfu l Seizur e o f Aircraf t Art. 2 , 406n3 4 Art. 4 , 406n3 4

Convention o n th e Preventio n an d Punishmen t o f Crimes agains t Internationall y Protected Persons , includin g Diplomati c Agent s Arts. 2 an d 3 , 406n3 4

Covenant o f th e Leagu e o f Nation s 1919 , 19 3 Declaration o n th e Grantin g o f Independenc e t o th e Colonia l Countrie s an d

Peoples, Genera l Assembl y Resolutio n 151 4 (XV) , 1 4 December 1960 , 193 , 193nl l , 19 4

Declaration o n Principle s o f Internationa l La w Friendl y Relation s an d Co -operat ion Amon g State s i n Accordanc e wit h th e Charte r o f th e Unite d Nations 1970 , 194 , 20 1

Geneva Conventions , 124n2 1 International Conventio n o n th e Suppressio n o f the Financing o f Terrorism 1999 ,

136 International Covenan t o n Civi l an d Politica l Right s (ICCPR) , 3 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 21 , 42,

43,112, 145 , 179, 187 , 192 , 192n8 , 193 , 208, 229, 256, 304, 307, 310n38, 315, 316, 322 , 332 , 333 , 334, 335 , 356, 36 8 Art. 1 , 192n 7 Art. 1(1) , 19 3 Art. 1(3) , 19 3 Art. 6 , 124n2 1 Art. 14 , 4 1 n l l l , 316n65 , 346 , 347 , 35 7 Art. 14(1) , 345-6 , 347 , 35 7 Art. 14(7) ,424nl5 2 Arts. 15-16 , 316n6 5 Art. 17 , 369, 37 0 Art. 18 , 316n6 5 Art. 19 , 215, 251 , 276n8 0 Art. 19(3),316n6 5 Art. 21 , 215, 316n6 5 Art. 22 , 316n6 5

International Covenan t o n Economic , Socia l an d Cultura l Right s (ICESCR) , 4 2 n l l 3 , 192n8 , 19 3 Art. 1(1) , 19 3 Art. 1(3) , 19 3

Johannesburg Principle s on Nationa l Security , Freedom o f Expression an d Acces s to Informatio n 1995 , 208 , 209n94 , 251 , 284, 28 5 Principle 1.1 , 21 5 Principle 6 , 104 , 105 , 230, 285 , 28 6 Principles 11-19 , 275n7 9 Principles 15-16 , 10 4

Table of Legislation xxxvi I

Joint Declaratio n o f the Governmen t o f the United Kingdo m o f Great Britain an d Northern Irelan d an d th e Governmen t o f th e People' s Republi c o f Chin a on th e Questio n o f Hon g Kon g 1984 , xiii , 281 , 307 s. 3(2,3) , 404n2 4 s. 3 ( 3 ) , 4 0 2 n l l Annex I , par t II , 402n l l , 404n24 , 409n6 1

Rome Statut e o f th e Internationa l Crimina l Cour t Art. 20 , 424nl5 2

Statute o f th e Internationa l Cour t o f Justice Art. 38( l ) (c) ,414n9 2 Art. 38(1)(d) , 194n2 0

Statute o f th e Internationa l Crimina l Tribuna l fo r th e Forme r Yugoslavi a Art. 10 , 424nl5 2

United Nation s Charte r 1945 , 192n 8 Art. 1(2) , 19 3

Vienna Declaratio n an d Programm e o f Action 199 3 (U N Do c A/Conf . 157/23), 194, 194nl 9

Ireland

Offences Agains t th e Stat e Ac t 193 9 s. 29 , 384n9 7 s. 2 9 ( l ) , 3 8 9 n l l 4

Official Secret s Act 196 3 s. 16 (2 ) ,389n l l 4

Malaysia

Official Secret s Ac t 197 2 s. 19 , 384n9 6

Penal Cod e Ch. VI, 384n9 6

Sedition Ac t 194 8 s. 8 , 384n9 6

New Zealan d

Crimes Ac t 196 1 s. 78D(l ) (b) , 384n96 , 389n l l 4

New Zealan d Bil l o f Right s Act 199 0 s. 21 , 368n2 0

xxxviii Table of Legislation

Security Intelligenc e Servic e Act 196 9 s. 2 , 158n3 7

Terrorism Suppressio n Ac t 200 2 s. 5 , 137n6 1

People's Republi c of China

Constitution o f th e People' s Republi c o f China , 71 , 100, 132 , 170 , 185 , 197 , 19 8 Preamble, 18 4 Art. 1, 184 Art. 2, 184 Art. 31, 410

Art. 52, 197n33, 198 Art. 85, 183, 258n27

Art. 86, 258n28 Art. 93, 258n31

Criminal Law (Code) 1979, 4, 65, 66, 69nl5, 70, 78, 81, 83, 84, 196, 199

Art. 10, 199n45 Art. 90, 65

Art. 91, 199n45

Art. 92, 78, 78n43 Art. 98, 66, 66n8 Art. 99, 66, 66n8

Art. 102, 66, 66n8, 69, 72, 74, 76 Art. 103 , 78n4 3

Criminal La w (Code ) 1997 , 120 , 133 , 198 , 19 9 Art. 102 , 13 2 Art. 103 , 98, 129 , 20 0 Ar t 105 , 98, 131 , 18 3 Art. 105(1) , 81n5 3 Art. 105(2) , 7 6 Art. 106 , 13 2 Art. 114 , 85n6 3 Art. 115 , 85n6 3 Art. 120(1) , 8 4 Art. 120(2) , 8 4 Art. 125 , 85n6 3 Art. 127 , 85n6 3 Part II , ch . 1,9 8

Criminal Procedur e Law , 70nl 8 Declaration o f th e Governmen t o f th e PR C o n th e Territoria l Sea , 15n 5 Law on th e Territoria l Se a an d th e Contiguou s Zon e

Art. 13 , 405n3 0

Table of Legislation xxxix

Law o n th e Exclusiv e Economi c Zon e an d th e Continenta l Shelf , 405n3 0 National Securit y La w 1993 , see State Securit y La w o f th e People' s Republi c o f

China 199 3 Nationality La w o f th e PRC , 15n 5

Art. 5 , 405n3 0 Art. 9 , 405n3 0

Regulations o f th e PR C Concerning Diplomati c Privilege s an d Immunities , 15n 5 Regulations o n th e Suppressio n o f Counter-revolutionarie s 1950 , 6 5 State Securit y La w o f th e People' s Republi c o f Chin a 1993 , 198 , 19 9

Art. 4 , 198n3 9

Singapore

Criminal La w (Temporar y Provisions ) Ac t (Ca p 67) , 384n9 6 Internal Securit y Act (Ca p 143 )

s. 66(2),384n9 6 Official Secret s Ac t (Ca p 213 )

s. 15( l ) ,384n9 6 s. 15 (5 ) , 389n l l 4

Sedition Ac t (Ca p 290 ) s. 8(2) ,384n9 6

United Kingdo m

Administration o f Justice Ac t 1960 , 336nl 8 s. 12 ( l ) , 336n l2 , 33 7

Anti-terrorism Crim e an d Securit y Act 2001 , 35 3 s. 24 , 125n2 3 s. 117 , 125n2 3

Canada Ac t 198 2 Sch. B , 368n2 0

Civil Procedur e Ac t 199 7 s. 2 , 336nl 9

Civil Procedur e Rules , 336 , 336nl 9 Part 39 , 337n2 0 r. 39.2 , 336n20 , 33 7 r. 39.2(3) , 337n2 0 r. 39.2(3)(b) , 33 7 r. 39.2(3)(f) , 33 7

Criminal La w Act 196 7 s. 12(6) , 164n6 0

xl Table of Legislation

Electronic Communication s Bil l 1999 , 35 3 Freedom o f Informatio n Ac t 2000 , 29 3 Hong Kon g (Legislativ e Powers ) Orde r 1986 , 403nl 8 Hong Kon g (Legislativ e Powers ) Orde r 1989 , 403nl8 , 406n3 5 Human Right s Act 1998 , 115n95 , 272 , 29 4 Immigration Ac t 1971 , 35 3

s. 15(3) , 114n9 4 Incitement t o Disaffectio n Ac t 1934 , 224n3 7 Letters Paten t

Art. VII( l ) , 402nl 5 Libel Act 1792 , 23 2 Northern Irelan d Ac t 1998 , 35 0

s. 6 , 35 1 ss. 90-92 , 35 2

Official Secret s Ac t 1889 , 253 , 25 4 Official Secret s Ac t 1911 , 254, 27 2

s. 1 , 25 4 s. 2 , 254 , 269 , 27 0 s. 9(2) , 383n96 , 389n l l 4

Official Secret s Ac t 192 0 s. 8(4) , 34 4

Official Secret s Ac t 1989 , 107 , 110 , 254 , 257 , 261 , 266, 292n74 , 29 3 s. 7(3) , 27 2 s. 7(3)(b) , 27 3 s. 12(1) , 27 2

Official Secret s Ac t (Hon g Kong ) Orde r 1992 , 25 4 Penal Servitud e Ac t 1857 , 161n5 5 Police an d Crimina l Evidenc e Ac t 1984 , 383n9 6 Prevention o f Terrorism (Temporar y Measures ) Ac t 198 9

s. 20 , 13 6 Public Interes t Disclosur e Ac t 1998 , 29 3 Public Record s Ac t 1958 , 26 8 Security Servic e Ac t 1989 , 15 9

s. 1(2) , 159n4 4 Special Immigratio n Appeal s Commissio n Ac t 1997 , 114n94 , 350 , 352 , 36 0

s. 5(3) , 114n9 4 s. 6 , 114n9 4

Special Immigratio n Appeal s Commissio n (Procedure ) Rule s 1998 , 114n9 4 r. 3 , 35 1 r. 7 , 35 1 r. 10 , 351n7 0 r. 10(3) , 35 1 r. 11 , 352

Table of Legislation xli

Terrorism Ac t 2000 , 114n94 , 120 , 121 , 134, 135 , 147 , 35 3 c. 4 , s . 20 , 136n5 6 c. 11 , s. 1(2) , 135n5 5 c. 12 , s.19, 125n2 3 s. 1 , 14 0 s. 5 , 14 1 s. 11 , 142 s. 12 , 142n7 6 s. 13 , 142n7 6 ss. 15-19 , 142n7 6 s. 56 , 142n7 6

Terrorism, Crim e an d Securit y Act 2001 , 35 3 Treason Ac t 135 1 (2 5 Edw 3 , stat , 5) , 122 , 152-4 , 16 1

c. 2 , 122nl l , 152n 3 Treason Ac t 179 5 (3 6 Geo . 3 C.7) , 155 , 156 , 16 1 Treason Ac t 181 7 (5 7 Geo . 3 C.6) , 16 1 Treasonable Felon y Act 184 8 (1 1 8c 12 Vict. C.12) , 155-6 , 161 , 161n55, 169n8 5

s. 3 , 156n26 , 161n5 4 s. 7 , 156n2 7

Youth Justice an d Crimina l Evidenc e Bil l 1999 , 35 3

United State s — Federa l

American Conventio n o n Huma n Right s 1969 , 36 9 Art. I l (2 ) ,369n2 2

Constitution o f th e Unite d State s o f Americ a First Amendment, 234 , 234n7l , 238 , 24 2 Fourth Amendment , 368n20 , 37 2 Supremacy Clause , 410n6 5

Espionage Ac t 1917 , 232 , 297n9 8 Model Pena l Cod e

s. 1.03 , 410n6 3 Patriot Ac t

s. 805 , 143n8 0 Smith Act , 157 , 239nl01 , 24 0

United State s — Stat e of Ohi o

Criminal Syndicalis m Act , 241 , 242

Introduction

Carole /. Petersen

Article 2 3 o f th e Basi c La w i s one o f th e mos t controversia l provision s i n Hon g Kong's constitution. 1 I t provides :

The Hon g Kon g Specia l Administrative Regio n shal l enac t law s on it s own t o prohibi t an y ac t o f treason , secession , sedition , subversio n against th e Centra l People' s Government , o r thef t o f stat e secrets , t o prohibit foreig n politica l organization s o r bodie s fro m conductin g political activities in the Region, and t o prohibit politica l organization s or bodie s o f th e Regio n fro m establishin g tie s with foreig n politica l organizations o r bodies .

The debate s ove r ho w thi s provisio n shoul d b e implemente d embod y th e tension tha t i s inheren t i n th e "on e country , tw o systems " mode l tha t govern s Hong Kong' s relationship with th e Mainland. Fro m th e perspective o f the Chines e government, th e fac t tha t Articl e 2 3 allow s Hon g Kon g t o enac t it s ow n law s i n this fiel d i s alread y a concession , particularl y sinc e th e responsibilit y fo r Hon g Kong's defenc e lie s with th e Centra l People' s Government . Wha t othe r nationa l

1. Th e Basic Law is a national law, enacted by the National People's Congress. In the Hong Kong lega l system , i t i s a superio r la w an d i s regularly referre d t o (b y th e Hon g Kon g government, judges, and legal scholars) as Hong Kong's constitution, constitutional instrument, or constitutional document. See, for example, "Some Facts About the Basic Law", on the Hong Kong government's website on constitutional development (a t http://info.gov.hk/basic_law / facts/index.htm).

2 Carole j. Petersen

government woul d allo w a regiona l governmen t t o enac t it s own law s governin g offences lik e treaso n an d thef t o f stat e secrets ?

From th e perspectiv e o f many Hon g Kon g residents , Article 2 3 is one o f th e greatest threat s t o civi l liberties . Offence s lik e "subversion " an d "secession " ar e unknown i n th e Hon g Kon g lega l system . Eve n familia r concepts , suc h a s "thef t of state secrets" , take on a more siniste r meaning when considere d i n th e contex t of th e Mainlan d wher e a n exceptionall y broa d definitio n o f "stat e secret " i s adopted. Thi s i s significant becaus e i t has alway s been assume d tha t th e Chines e government woul d exercis e som e influenc e ove r th e draftin g o f th e legislation , if only because i t appoints Hon g Kong' s Chie f Executive . Moreover , th e Standin g Committee o f th e Nationa l People' s Congres s (SCNPC ) ha s th e power , unde r Article 1 7 o f th e Basi c Law , to invalidat e a loca l la w if i t determine s tha t th e la w does no t confor m t o th e Basi c La w regarding affair s withi n th e responsibilit y o f the Beijin g o r regardin g th e relationshi p betwee n th e Centra l Authoritie s an d the SAR . Thus, the implementatio n o f Article 2 3 in a manner tha t satisfie s Bejing , while respectin g th e right s an d freedom s o f Hon g Kon g residents , ha s been on e of th e mos t difficul t challenge s face d b y th e Hon g Kon g government .

Appreciat ing th e difficultie s o f th e task , th e Hon g Kon g governmen t conducted substantia l research o n comparativ e law s before releasin g it s proposal s in a Consultatio n Documen t i n Septembe r 2002 , mor e tha n fiv e year s afte r th e handover. Th e governmen t the n drafte d an d introduced , i n Februar y 2003 , th e National Securit y (Legislativ e Provisions ) Bil l 200 3 ("th e Bill") . Article 2 3 cover s a wid e rang e o f comple x lega l issue s an d som e o f th e legislativ e proposal s wer e provocative. Thus , th e governmen t coul d no t hav e bee n surprise d whe n it s proposals attracte d extensiv e publi c criticism . Nonetheless , give n th e make-u p o f the Legislativ e Counci l i n 200 3 an d th e procedura l rule s fo r governmen t bills , the Hon g Kon g governmen t fel t confiden t tha t i t would secur e enoug h vote s t o enact th e Bil l an d tha t i t coul d defea t an y amendment s propose d b y oppositio n legislators.2 Arme d with thi s confidence, th e governmen t was adamant i n wantin g to pas s th e Bil l befor e th e 200 3 summe r recess . I t decline d t o negotiat e wit h opposition legislator s o r t o dela y th e Bill , even b y a few months . As discussed i n greater detai l i n Chapte r On e o f thi s volume , th e government ' s inflexibl e approach t o th e legislativ e process , combine d wit h th e poo r econom y an d th e stress o f th e SAR S episode, create d a tru e "sprin g o f discontent " i n 2003 .

2. A s discusse d furthe r i n Petersen , Carole , "Hon g Kong' s Sprin g o f Discontent : Th e Ris e and Fal l of the Nationa l Securit y Bil l in 2003" , Chapter 1 of thi s volume, one-hal f o f the seat s in th e Legislativ e Counci l ar e chose n b y "functiona l constituencies" , rathe r tha n geographi c constituencies. Unde r Anne x I o f th e Basi c Law , bill s an d amendment s t o governmen t bill s proposed b y individua l legislator s ar e subjecte d t o a spli t voting syste m an d onl y pass i f the y receive a majority vote from bot h th e categories of legislators. Thus, the functional constituenc y representatives effectivel y hav e veto power ove r any amendment propose d b y a legislator t o a government bill .

Introduction 3

On 1 July 2003 , eigh t day s before th e Legislativ e Counci l was t o resum e th e second readin g debat e o n th e Bill , more tha n 500,00 0 people too k t o th e streets . This was the larges t protest march eve r held agains t the Hon g Kon g government . It was th e secon d larges t demonstratio n i n Hon g Kong' s history , exceede d onl y by the 198 9 demonstrations i n suppor t o f the student s in Tiananmen Square . Th e huge turnou t wa s a shoc k t o almos t everyon e an d th e normall y pro-governmen t Liberal Part y withdrew it s suppor t fo r th e government' s pla n t o enac t th e Bil l i n July 2003 . Th e governmen t wa s compelled t o dela y an d ultimatel y withdra w th e Bill fro m th e legislature . A s man y hav e observed , th e successfu l protes t wa s a turning poin t i n Hon g Kong' s history . Althoug h Hon g Kon g stil l doe s no t hav e an electe d governmen t an d it s Legislativ e Counci l i s onl y partl y electe d fro m geographic constituencies , th e concep t o f "peopl e power " i s now a par t o f Hon g Kong politics .

Why publis h a boo k abou t a Bil l tha t wa s no t enacted ? First , ther e i s littl e doubt tha t th e Bil l will return , albei t perhap s i n a somewhat altere d form . Hon g Kong doe s hav e a constitutiona l dut y t o implemen t Articl e 2 3 an d th e reactio n of th e Chines e governmen t t o th e withdrawal o f th e Bil l indicates tha t i t will no t wait indefinitely . I t i s far bette r fo r Hon g Kon g t o enac t suc h law s "o n it s own" , as provided fo r i n Articl e 23 , then t o ris k havin g nationa l law s imposed upo n it . Thus, a t some poin t afte r th e 200 4 Legislative Counci l elections , th e Hon g Kon g government will likely introduce a new bill. When i t does so, it will almost certainl y use th e 200 3 Bil l a s it s startin g point . Fo r tha t reason , i t i s important t o provid e detailed an d balance d commentar y o n th e Bill . The chapter s i n thi s volume d o precisely that , analyzin g th e government' s proposals , including an y changes tha t were mad e i n respons e t o publi c concerns , an d assessin g the m agains t certai n standards, including pre-existing Hong Kong law, the laws of comparable commo n law jurisdictions, an d internationa l huma n right s standards . Man y of th e author s have gon e furthe r i n tha t the y have propose d ne w idea s o f ho w implementatio n can b e achieve d withou t oversteppin g th e boundarie s tha t protec t huma n right s in a civi l society . I t i s our hop e tha t thi s commentar y wil l assis t th e government , legislators, and th e broader communit y when a new bill is drafted an d scrutinized .

Article 2 3 als o provide s a window throug h whic h on e ca n conside r broade r issues tha t g o beyon d th e legislatio n itself . Thes e includ e th e strength s an d weaknesses o f th e "on e country , tw o systems " model , th e exten t t o whic h Hon g Kong exercises meaningfu l autonom y within th e nationa l system , and th e growin g demand fo r greate r democrac y i n Hon g Kong . Another them e tha t i s discusse d in th e boo k i s th e relevanc e o f internationa l huma n right s la w an d th e capacit y of th e Hon g Kon g court s t o plac e meaningfu l constraint s o n executiv e power . The Internationa l Covenan t o n Civi l and Politica l Right s (ICCPR) , a s applied t o Hong Kong , has been incorporate d int o it s domestic law, through th e Hon g Kon g Bill o f Right s Ordinanc e an d Articl e 3 9 o f th e Basi c Law . As a result , th e court s are obligate d t o declare invali d an y ordinary laws or executiv e action s tha t violat e the ICCPR . I n a n effor t t o reassur e th e publi c tha t Articl e 2 3 legislatio n woul d

4 Carole J. Petersen

not b e a n exception , th e Hon g Kon g governmen t adde d clause s t o th e Bil l tha t expressly instructe d court s t o interpre t th e propose d legislatio n s o a s t o b e consistent with Article 3 9 of the Basi c Law. These clause s were intended t o alleviat e concerns regardin g a number o f vague clause s in th e Bill . It is , however, arguabl y dangerous t o pu t tha t bu rde n o n th e courts . Thi s i s partl y becaus e o f th e overriding powe r o f th e SCNPC , unde r Articl e 15 8 o f th e Basi c Law , t o issu e a n interpretation o f an y articl e i n th e Basi c La w which would , thereafter , bin d th e Hong Kon g courts . Moreover , a s pointed ou t i n severa l chapter s i n thi s volume , courts throughou t th e worl d ar e notoriousl y reluctan t t o interfer e i n executiv e actions taken i n th e name o f "nationa l security" or, since 1 1 September 2001 , "anti-terrorism". Whil e man y commentator s woul d argu e tha t th e offence s i n Articl e 23 d o no t al l relat e t o nationa l security , bu t rathe r t o th e desir e b y th e Chines e Communist Part y t o stifl e interna l expression s o f politica l dissent , i t i s unlikel y that court s will shed thei r norma l deferenc e t o pierce th e veil of national security .

Part I — Genera l Perspective s

The boo k i s divided int o tw o parts . Par t I contain s fou r genera l chapter s whic h are designe d t o giv e th e reade r a n overvie w o f th e proposal s mad e b y th e Hon g Kong governmen t an d als o a n understandin g o f th e politica l an d lega l contex t in which th e Bil l was proposed an d debated . Chapte r One , "Hon g Kong' s Sprin g of Discontent : Th e Ris e an d Fal l o f th e Nationa l Securit y Bil l 2003" , b y Carol e Petersen, begin s b y summarizin g th e historica l backgroun d o f Articl e 23 , th e impact o f th e tragi c event s o f 4 June 198 9 o n it s drafting , an d th e man y ways i n which th e Centra l governmen t ca n contro l Hon g Kong , despit e it s formal statu s as a special administrativ e region . In ligh t of this context an d th e widespread fea r of Articl e 23 , th e Hon g Kon g governmen t neede d t o b e especiall y sensitiv e t o this history when draftin g th e legislation . Instead, th e government create d it s own crisis, firs t b y includin g controversia l proposal s tha t wer e outsid e th e scop e o f Article 2 3 an d the n b y takin g a n inflexible , a t time s eve n arrogant , approac h t o public consultation . Eve n so , the government likel y could have secured enactmen t of the Bil l had i t only agreed t o issue a White Pape r an d t o make a few significan t concessions earlie r i n th e legislativ e process . Th e chapte r conclude s wit h a brie f discussion o f the implication s o f the failure t o enac t the Bil l for loca l governance , the democrac y movement , an d Hon g Kong' s relationshi p wit h Beijing .

In Chapte r Two , "Counter-Revolutionaries , Subversives , an d Terrorists : China's Evolvin g Nationa l Securit y Law" , F u Hualin g put s th e Articl e 2 3 debat e into contex t by analyzing th e regime o f political offences i n mainland China . Thi s is a particularl y importan t chapte r fo r thos e unfamilia r wit h Chines e law . Th e chapter furthe r explain s why so man y Hon g Kon g peopl e hav e feare d Articl e 2 3 and analyse s th e recen t change s i n th e Chines e government' s approach . F u firs t discusses th e concep t o f "counterrevolutionar y offences " (C R offences ) an d

Introduction 5

provides dat a o n prosecution s an d trials , noting tha t the majorit y o f prosecution s in th e 1980 s were expression-based . H e describe s how the subversio n offenc e ha s been use d t o punish politica l dissident s and nonviolen t critic s of the government . Fu als o notes , however , tha t prosecution s fo r subversio n ar e decreasin g a s ther e is a gradual mov e awa y from C R offences an d toward s nationa l securit y offences . There i s a clear trend toward s depoliticizing China' s criminal law and peopl e enjo y more politica l freedo m tha n i n pas t decades . Nonetheless , politica l persecutio n is stil l common , particularl y agains t religiou s groups , politica l dissidents , an d labour activists . Indeed, th e number o f individuals prosecuted fo r nationa l securit y offences i s increasing. Thus th e C R offence ha s not really been abolishe d bu t onl y "transfigured int o a ne w form" . Wha t ar e th e implication s fo r Hon g Kong ? Th e concern i s that Article 2 3 legislation, particularly the previousl y unknown offence s of subversio n an d secession , wil l b e use d t o impor t mainlan d restriction s int o Hong Kong . Fu argues , however, tha t thi s need no t happen , sinc e subversio n an d secession ca n an d hav e bee n define d differentl y i n Hon g Kong . H e als o agree s with man y commentator s tha t th e concept s o f subversion an d secessio n i n Hon g Kong la w could b e effectivel y covere d b y th e existin g offenc e o f treason .

In Chapte r Three , "Th e Consultatio n Documen t an d th e Bill : An Overview" , Albert Che n provide s a systemati c analysi s o f th e Bil l a s a whole. H e point s ou t that many of the proposal s would hav e liberalized Hon g Kon g law and tha t ther e are importan t difference s betwee n th e government' s proposal s an d Mainlan d law . For example , Che n explain s ho w th e propose d definition s o f subversio n an d secession ar e muc h narrowe r tha n th e correspondin g definition s i n th e Chines e Criminal Code . At the sam e time, Che n criticize s several vague and indeterminat e clauses i n th e Bil l an d argue s tha t thes e clause s shoul d b e clarifie d befor e th e next legislative exercise . Chen views these problemati c clause s largely as technica l defects whic h ca n b e fixed . H e conclude s tha t th e genera l orientatio n o f th e Bil l is reasonabl e an d tha t th e proposals , a s a whole , "represente d a sincer e an d genuine attemp t t o pu t th e principl e o f on e country , tw o systems into practice" . Chen i s mor e optimisti c tha n som e o f th e author s i n thi s boo k o n ho w th e legislation would likel y be applie d i f enacted. I n particular , h e predict s tha t publi c opinion, bot h loca l an d international , would hel p preven t abus e o f the laws , tha t prosecutions woul d b e rare , an d tha t th e independen t judiciary coul d b e relie d upon i n th e "las t resort " t o interpre t an y vagu e clause s i n a manne r tha t i s consistent wit h internationa l standard s o f huma n rights .

Part I o f th e boo k conclude s wit h Chapte r Four , "Ol d an d Ne w Vision s o f Security: Articl e 2 3 Compare d t o Post-Septembe r 1 1 Securit y Laws" , b y Ken t Roach. Thi s chapte r als o analyses the Bil l as a whole bu t throug h a different len s than tha t used b y Chen. Roach note s tha t a t first glance th e Hong Kon g proposal s seem t o b e base d primaril y upo n th e "old " concep t o f nationa l security , whic h focuses upo n betraya l of the state . He argues , however, tha t labels can be deceivin g and tha t th e Bil l als o include d aspect s o f th e newe r visio n o f nationa l securit y that i s foun d i n man y countries ' post-Septembe r 1 1 anti-terroris m laws . I n th e

6 Carole j. Petersen

second hal f o f the chapter , Roac h demonstrate s thes e similarities , which were no t pointed ou t b y th e governmen t i n it s explanator y note s t o th e Bill . Thi s i s significant, Roac h suggests , becaus e th e Bil l doe s no t contai n th e safeguard s fo r protests, advocacy , an d labou r strike s tha t ar e normall y include d i n th e recen t anti-terrorism laws . He conclude s tha t th e Bill , if enacted, coul d giv e Hong Kon g a "doubl e dose " of security without adequat e protectio n fo r civi l liberties. He als o warns tha t suc h law s ca n b e particularl y oppressiv e i n a societ y withou t a democratically electe d governmen t an d tha t one shoul d no t rel y upon th e court s to "rea d down " repressiv e laws .

Part I I — Specifi c Topics

Part I I o f th e boo k consist s o f eigh t chapters , eac h o f whic h focuse s upo n a particular topi c an d provide s th e reade r wit h detaile d analysis , no t onl y o f th e Bill itsel f bu t als o o f th e historica l developmen t o f th e relevan t offence s an d a comparative analysi s o f law s in othe r commo n la w jurisdictions. Fo r example , i n Chapter Five , "Treaso n an d Subversio n i n Hon g Kong" , D.W . Cho y an d Richar d Cullen begi n b y discussing ho w the offenc e o f treason develope d i n commo n la w and i n th e Hon g Kon g statut e books . Turnin g t o th e Bill , the y not e tha t a t firs t glance th e treaso n provisions do no t seem t o differ significantl y fro m Hon g Kong' s existing la w an d ma y eve n appea r narrowe r i n scope . Close r stud y reveal s man y uncertainties an d broadl y defined terms . Among othe r examples , the author s cit e the concep t o f "assistanc e t o a n enemy" , whic h wa s define d broadl y i n th e Bill , with n o particula r menta l elemen t required . Th e author s not e tha t thi s definitio n could b e interprete d t o includ e eve n humanitaria n ai d offere d b y humanitaria n organizations base d i n Hon g Kong . The y als o maintai n tha t th e Bill' s definitio n of subversion lack s certainty and , i f interpreted broadly , coul d "cove r mere stron g criticism o f policie s i n China" . Althoug h agreein g wit h Alber t Che n o n severa l specific points , Cho y an d Culle n ar e mor e critica l i n thei r overal l assessmen t o f these tw o offences . The y conclud e tha t th e uncertaintie s an d broa d languag e o f the Bil l coul d easil y resul t i n unacceptabl e restriction s o n fundamenta l huma n rights.

In Chapte r Six , " A Secession Offenc e i n Hon g Kon g an d th e 'On e Country , Two Systems ' Model" , Kelle y Lope r analyse s anothe r propose d offenc e tha t ha s no preceden t i n Hon g Kon g o r i n th e commo n la w generally . Sh e begin s b y discussing th e relationshi p betwee n secessio n an d th e righ t t o sel f determination , as recognize d i n internationa l law . While thi s i s a difficul t issu e throughou t th e world, i t is particularly sensitiv e i n Hon g Kon g because th e centra l government' s "one China " polic y doe s no t tolerate , i n Mainlan d China , an y debat e abou t it s authority ove r territorie s lik e Tibet and Taiwan . Yet, as Loper point s out , i n Hon g Kong, people ca n an d d o openl y discuss whether th e peopl e o f Tibet an d Taiwa n have a right t o self determination. Moreover , an y law on secessio n mus t be drafte d

Introduction 7

in a manne r tha t doe s no t violat e th e righ t t o freedo m o f expressio n unde r th e ICCPR an d th e Basi c Law . Lope r the n turn s t o th e proposal s i n th e Bil l an d identifies severa l vague term s tha t need t o be clarified . Sh e warns tha t legislator s must closel y scrutiniz e no t onl y th e principa l offenc e bu t als o th e inchoat e offences o f conspirac y an d attemp t t o commi t secession , whic h sh e argue s pos e greater danger s fo r th e protectio n o f huma n rights .

In Chapte r Seven , th e government' s proposal s regardin g seditio n receiv e a generally positiv e assessment . I n "Pas t and Futur e Offence s o f Seditio n i n Hon g Kong", F u Hualin g firs t discusse s th e la w o f seditio n i n th e colonia l era . Thi s fascinating accoun t demonstrate s tha t althoug h Hon g Kon g colonia l la w bore a superficial resemblanc e t o English law, it was actually far mor e repressive . Seditiou s intent was imputed, an d i t was not necessary t o prove intentio n t o incite violence . The colonia l governmen t di d no t hesitat e t o us e th e la w t o silenc e newspapers , particularly durin g th e civi l wa r i n Chin a an d durin g th e Cultura l Revolution . Although th e la w gradually fell int o disuse , i t was never reformed ; afte r 1991 , any enforcement o f th e la w woul d almos t certainl y violat e th e Hon g Kon g Bil l o f Rights. In th e secon d par t of the chapter , Fu discusses the liberalization o f seditio n laws in othe r commo n la w jurisdictions, providin g a benchmark agains t which t o test th e government ' s proposal s i n th e Bill . Thi s wa s on e are a wher e th e government di d respon d t o comments , agreeing , fo r example , t o narro w th e definition o f seditio n an d t o abando n it s initial proposa l t o retain th e offenc e o f "possession o f seditious materials". Fu concludes tha t the Bill , had i t been enacted , would hav e significantl y improve d Hon g Kon g law .

In contrast , Chapte r Eight , "Nationa l Securit y an d th e Unauthorize d an d Damaging Disclosur e o f Protecte d Information" , b y Johannes Chan , provide s a stinging critiqu e o f th e Bill' s provision s relatin g t o protectio n o f governmen t secrets. This i s one o f the area s where th e governmen t arguabl y went well beyon d the stric t requirements o f Article 23 , which onl y refers t o the nee d t o protect stat e secrets. The Officia l Secret s Ordinance protect s stat e secrets and Cha n maintain s that thi s Ordinanc e i s alread y overl y broad , particularl y a s Hon g Kon g ha s n o access to information laws . The government' s proposal s went beyond stat e secret s and propose d t o expan d th e liabilit y for "unauthorize d an d damagin g disclosure " of governmen t information . Cha n point s t o man y vague an d overl y broad term s in th e Bil l and argue s tha t i t would hav e bee n almos t impossibl e fo r a journalist to know , with an y certainty , whether a stor y would violat e th e law , thus castin g a chill o n freedo m o f expression . A s Chan notes , afte r th e hug e protes t marc h o f 1 July 2003 , th e governmen t finall y agree d t o ad d a "publi c interest " defense . While thi s concessio n wa s to o lat e t o sav e th e Bil l i n 2003 , Cha n conclude s hi s chapter b y analyzin g it s value an d it s limitations .

In Chap t e r Nine , th e proposal s re la t in g t o sedi t ion , secession , an d government secret s ar e examine d onc e again , bu t thi s tim e fro m th e poin t o f view o f th e media . I n "Articl e 2 3 an d Freedo m o f th e Press : A Journalisti c Perspective", Doree n Weisenhaus , a forme r reporte r fo r th e New York Times an d

8 Carole J. Petersen

an exper t o n medi a law , put s th e legislativ e proposal s int o context . Sh e firs t discusses th e natur e o f th e Hon g Kon g press , which ha s lon g bee n regarde d a s one o f the frees t i n Asia. She explain s ho w journalists ge t stories , noting tha t the y regularly rel y upon unofficia l governmen t leak s becaus e ther e i s no freedo m o f information la w an d th e government ' s voluntar y cod e o n acces s t o officia l information i s largely unworkable. Perhaps most importantly, Weisenhaus capture s the increase d sens e o f insecurity tha t journalists feel , i n par t because Hon g Kon g journalists hav e been arreste d i n China and i n par t because s o many of the Articl e 23 proposals coul d impac t directl y upo n thei r work . Weisenhaus argue s strongl y against th e proposa l t o increas e liabilit y for damagin g disclosur e o f governmen t secrets, notin g tha t importan t storie s o f governmen t misconduc t ma y neve r se e the ligh t o f da y i f these provision s ar e enacted .

Chapter Ten , " A Connecting Door : The Proscriptio n o f Local Organizations" , by Lison Harris , Lily Ma, and C.B . Fung, examines th e remainin g tw o prohibition s in Articl e 23 , thos e pertainin g t o politica l organizations . Lik e F u Hualing' s discussion o f sedition, thi s chapter demonstrate s ho w potentially oppressive Hon g Kong la w was in th e earl y colonia l era . Fortunately , th e Societie s Ordinanc e wa s liberalized i n th e las t decade befor e th e handover , an d freedo m o f association i s now constitutionally protected b y the Basi c Law, the ICCPR , an d th e Bil l of Right s Ordinance. I t i s a freedom tha t i s particularly cherishe d b y members o f religiou s and politica l reform organizations , who ar e well aware tha t thei r counterpart s ar e often persecute d o n th e Mainland . Thus, it is not surprising tha t the government' s proposals i n thi s field woul d b e carefull y scrutinized . Ironically , th e governmen t need no t hav e touche d upo n thi s topi c a t al l becaus e th e Societie s Ordinanc e had alread y bee n amended , i n 1997 , t o compl y wit h th e stric t requirement s o f Article 23 . In particular , th e Ordinanc e prohibit s foreig n politica l organization s from operatin g i n Hon g Kon g an d prohibit s loca l politica l organization s fro m forming ties with foreign organizations . I t also empowers the Secretary for Securit y to proscrib e a n organizatio n o n nationa l securit y grounds . I n th e Bill , however , the governmen t propose d t o add a mechanism allowin g the Secretar y to conside r proscribing a Hon g Kon g organizatio n affiliate d wit h a n organizatio n tha t ha d been proscribe d i n th e Mainland . Thi s becam e on e o f th e mos t controversia l aspects o f th e Articl e 2 3 debate . Th e Hon g Kon g governmen t argue d tha t i t di d not reall y increas e th e Secretar y fo r Security' s powers , bu t fo r man y peopl e th e mechanism opene d th e "connectin g door " t o Mainland la w far to o wide. Despit e many call s for th e governmen t t o abandon thi s proposal , i t refused t o do s o unti l after th e massiv e protes t marc h o f 1 July, a gesture whic h prove d to o lat e t o sav e the Bill . Thi s i s a particularl y relevan t chapte r a s i t i s no t known , a t thi s time , whether th e governmen t wil l attempt t o reintroduce thi s provision whe n i t draft s a ne w bill .

The fina l thre e chapter s focus upo n procedura l an d jurisdictional aspect s o f the Articl e 2 3 legislation . I n defendin g th e proposa l regardin g th e proscriptio n of organizations , th e governmen t ofte n pointe d t o th e fac t tha t th e an y membe r

Introduction 9

of a n organizatio n tha t wa s subjec t t o a proscriptio n orde r coul d appea l tha t decision t o th e Cour t o f First Instance. Yet the appea l mechanis m i n th e Bil l gave rise to additiona l controversies . The Bil l would hav e authorize d th e Secretar y fo r Security t o mak e regulation s allowin g suc h appeal s t o tak e plac e withou t th e appellant bein g give n ful l particular s o f th e reason s fo r th e proscriptio n an d i n the absenc e o f an y person, includin g th e appellan t an d he r lega l representative . Although man y countrie s hav e procedure s fo r specia l "i n camera " hearing s t o safeguard nationa l security , th e suggestio n tha t suc h procedure s b e use d i n connection wit h Articl e 2 3 legislatio n arouse d publi c concern . O f course , i t i s difficult t o asses s regulation s tha t hav e no t actuall y bee n drafted . However , i n Chapter Eleven , "Th e Appea l Mechanis m Unde r th e Nationa l Securit y Bill : A Proper Balanc e Betwee n Fundamenta l Huma n Right s an d Nationa l Security?" , Lin Fen g discusse s comparabl e procedure s use d i n th e Unite d Kingdo m an d Canada. Whil e acknowledgin g tha t the y ar e controversial , h e demonstrate s tha t in camer a procedure s hav e bee n uphel d b y English an d Canadia n courts , as well as b y th e Europea n Cour t o f Huma n Rights . Thus , th e autho r conclude s tha t regulations o f thi s natur e woul d likel y fal l withi n th e recognize d exception s t o the r igh t t o a fai r an d publi c hearing , protecte d unde r th e Bil l o f Right s Ordinance an d th e Basi c Law .

Another importan t procedura l issu e i n th e Articl e 2 3 debate i s the exten t t o which th e polic e shoul d enjo y an y special investigatory powers for suc h offences . The privac y o f one' s hom e an d th e requiremen t o f a judicial warran t fo r an y search an d seizur e i s an importan t featur e o f Hong Kong' s lega l system , perhap s one o f th e mos t importan t distinction s betwee n th e Hon g Kon g SA R an d th e Mainland. Thi s righ t i s expressly protecte d i n th e Bil l o f Right s Ordinance , th e ICCPR, an d th e Hon g Kon g Basi c Law , whic h state s tha t "home s an d othe r premises of Hong Kon g residents shal l be inviolable" . Article 2 3 itself says nothin g about specia l power s t o investigat e nationa l securit y offences an d thu s th e Hon g Kong governmen t ha d n o constitutiona l dut y t o propos e suc h power s a s par t o f the legislativ e package . Nonetheless , i n th e 200 2 Consultatio n Document , th e government propose d t o giv e th e polic e emergenc y entry , search , an d seizur e powers, includin g th e powe r t o conduc t a searc h withou t a warran t whe n investigating certai n Articl e 2 3 offences . Thi s cam e a s a surpris e t o man y i n th e community and , predictably , create d grea t controversy. In Chapte r Twelve , "Knoc k knock. Who' s there ? Entr y an d Searc h Power s fo r Articl e 2 3 Offences" , Simo n Young assesse s thes e propose d searc h powers , a s well a s certain existin g powers , from a constitutiona l perspective . H e draw s upo n cas e la w from othe r commo n law jurisdictions an d fro m th e Europea n Cour t o f Huma n Right s an d conclude s that th e Hon g Kon g governmen t faile d t o justify th e warrantles s searc h powe r according t o constitutiona l principle s o f legitimacy , includin g th e principle s o f necessity an d proportionality . Th e governmen t di d offe r t o mak e som e mino r amendments (suc h a s raising the leve l of officer wh o must approve th e warrantles s search) bu t i t insisted on keepin g th e power in the Bill . It was only after th e protes t

10 Carole J. Petersen

march o f 1 July 200 3 tha t th e governmen t offere d t o abando n th e proposa l entirely. I t may , however, attemp t t o gai n extraordinar y investigator y power s i n a future bill , an d Youn g conclude s hi s chapte r b y recommendin g necessar y safeguards. H e als o argue s tha t certai n existin g polic e entr y an d searc h power s should be repeale d an d tha t a general review of such power s should be conducted .

In Chapte r Thirteen , " A Case for Extraterritoriality" , Bin g Ling focuses upo n a particula r issu e tha t coul d affec t th e constitutionalit y o f a number o f clause s i n the Bill : th e questio n o f whethe r th e Hon g Kon g legislatur e ha d th e powe r t o enact legislatio n tha t purport s t o hav e extraterritoria l effec t an d thu s appl y t o acts committe d outsid e Hon g Kong . H e begin s b y analyzin g th e power s o f th e Hong Kon g Legislative Council , both i n th e colonia l er a an d sinc e th e handover . The Basi c Law contains n o expres s provision conferring , o r excluding , th e powe r to mak e extraterritoria l laws . The autho r thu s examine s othe r provision s i n th e Basic La w an d argue s tha t it s genera l framework , particularl y th e ver y limite d applicability o f nationa l la w in Hon g Kong , show s a n intentio n t o giv e th e loca l legislature extraterritoria l power , a t leas t t o a limite d degree . H e als o assesse s whether th e relevan t clause s i n th e Bil l ca n b e justifie d unde r th e relevan t principles o f internationa l law . Th e autho r conclude s tha t th e assertio n o f extraterritorial legislativ e jurisdiction i n th e Bil l ca n b e justifie d s o lon g a s a sufficiently clos e connection exist s between th e offence an d Hon g Kong . The loca l court would be require d unde r internationa l la w to consider whether th e exercis e of jurisdiction ove r th e offenc e woul d constitut e a n unreasonabl e invasio n o f th e domestic affair s o f the othe r state . This chapte r shoul d b e closel y read b y anyon e who i s concerned abou t possibl e prosecution s i n Hon g Kon g for act s committe d in anothe r jurisdiction .

The boo k als o include s a chronolog y o f significan t event s and , i n th e Appendix, a guide t o the mai n proposal s in th e Bill . The legislativ e proposals wer e no t drafte d a s on e ne w ordinance . Rather , th e Bil l consiste d o f a serie s o f amendments t o existin g legislation . Th e Appendi x juxtapose s th e proposal s against th e relevan t provisio n i n existin g legislatio n (e.g . th e Crime s Ordinance , the Officia l Secret s Ordinance , o r th e Societie s Ordinance) . Thi s makes i t easie r for th e reade r t o compare th e proposal s t o existing law. The Appendix als o show s the change s tha t th e governmen t agree d t o mak e i n th e commit te e stag e amendments an d i n th e "thre e concessions " offered afte r th e protes t marc h o f 1 July 2003 .

As noted earlie r i n thi s Introduction, ther e i s little doub t tha t th e Article 2 3 legislation wil l resurfac e an d th e ne w legislatio n i s likel y t o b e base d upo n th e National Securit y (Legislativ e Provisions ) Bil l 2003 . Indeed , a s pointe d ou t b y many o f th e authors , muc h o f th e Bil l wa s quit e reasonabl e an d woul d hav e improved existin g law . With mor e tim e fo r discussio n o f the problemati c clauses , it i s hoped tha t th e communit y ca n reac h a tru e consensu s o n th e wa y forward .

Index

Abu Baka r Bashi r (Musli m cleric) , 12 4 access to governmen t information , 251 -

2, 253n 6 right of , 252 , 253, 297-29 9 UK archives, 26 8

"act of state" , 327- 8 al Qaeda, 124 , 14 3 aliens, 416 , 417, 418, 421

jurisdiction over , 412 , 419 Allcock, Rober t (Solicitor-General) ,

210, 28 8 American Chambe r o f Commerce , 4 8 Amnesty International , 133 , 206 anti-cult legislation , 27 , 27n5 7 anti-terrorism laws , 119 , 120 , 12 1

executive proscriptio n o f organizations under , 140- 2 exemptions, 13 8 use of , 6 5

appeal fro m proscriptioo , 41 , 112, 114 -5, 322 , 326, 33 1 common la w and, 345 , 361 impact o n rights unde r Basi c Law, 360-1

judicial revie w not available , 33 4 legality of , 333-5 , 357- 9

arrest without warrant , 377- 8 Article 2 3 (Basi c Law)

as "connectin g door" , 17 , 303 dafting histor y of , 17-20 , 30 9 earlier amendmen t o f existing law s to implement , 21 , 133, 164-5, 178 , 205, 230 , 25 3 expanded approac h to , 24, 25, 26, 28, 54, 290, 320 extra-territorial reac h o f legislatio n under, 399-42 6 Hong Kon g residents ' concern , 2 , 4, 19 , 20, 95 implementation, 2 , 3 , 20-1, 208

failure t o achieve , 5 3 legislation implementin g

future, 117 , 216, 328-9, 39 8 journalists' concern s over , 30 0 requirement t o enact , 50 , 94,

95, 151 , 189, 331 Legislative Counci l pane l on , 35n86

474 Index

Article 2 3 Concern Group , 55nl5 9 Australia, 125 , 137 , 141 , 157, 160 , 18 7 autonomy

China's polic y on, 19 7 Hong Kong , 14 , 1 5

Bao Tong (dissident) , 90n7 9 Basic Law Drafting Committee , 1 8 Bills Committee, (see also Legislative

Council), 44 , 45, 47, 210 Blue Bill , xv, 32,118 books, contro l ove r content , 220- 3 breach o f confidence , 267 , 276 British Chambe r o f Commerce , 17 7 Buddie, Clif f (lega l journalist), 29 1 business leaders , Hong Kong , 31 , 34,

39-40, 6 1

Canada, 121 , 133, 141, 143, 157, 160 emergency powers of entry an d search in , 383 , 384 evidence, judicial powe r t o exclude, 32 9 power o f arres t in , 391nll 8 secession and , 14 7 terrorism, definitio n of , 136 , 13 7

Canadian Communis t Party , 12 6 Canadian La w Reform Commission ,

22n32, 168n8 2 sedition, 126 , 218, 287n5 0 treason, 122 , 123 , 130, 15 8

Canadian Roya l Commission o n Security, 15 8

Canton Comfor t Mission , 22 6 cartoons, political , 59 , 61, 221, 235 Catholic Church , 29n64 0 Chan, Anson (forme r Chie f Secretary) ,

31 Chen, Professo r Alber t H Y, 31, 182,

209, 215 , 289 Chen Shui-bia n (Presiden t o f Taiwan),

202, 20 7 Cheng An-kuo (Representativ e o f

Taiwan), 20 6 Chief Executive , 15 , 16, 56, 60, 61

Beijing's influenc e over , 19 6 selection of , 54 , 55, 58, 59

China, 18,19 , 26, 27, 60, 64, 91, 198, 216, 25 8

autonomy policy , 19 7 "Central People's Government" , use o f term of , 170-1 , 18 3 foreign interference , significanc e of, 13 2 Hong Kong , relationship with , 57 , 425-6 human right s record , 198 , 202 imprisonment o f journalists by , 28 3 political an d lega l reform, 75-6 , 8 9 pro-democracy parties , attitud e towards, 62 , 62nl8 2 secession, approac h to , 129 , 195 -200 stability of , endangered , 182- 3 subversion, fea r of , 31 0

China Democrac y Part y (CDP) , 78 , 82, 98nl4

China Labou r Bulletin , 185 , 185nl6 0 Chinese Communis t Part y (CCP) , 72 ,

74, 76 , 197 , 225, 228 leadership of , 18 4 legitimacy, 7 5 political challenge s to , 82, 89 refugees from , 28 1

Chinese crimina l la w application t o Hong Kong , 426nl62 attempt t o modernize , 13 1 depoliticising of , 5 use o f t o punish politica l dissent , 64

Ching, Frank (journalist) , 27n57 , 32 1 Chung, Si r S Y, 268 City University o f Hong Kong , 4 6 Civil Human Right s Front , 5 0 civil society, 117 , 11 8 civil war, in China , 197 , 220, 225, 306 "clear an d presen t danger" , 232 , 233,

234, 235, 242 Code o f Access t o Information , 253n6 ,

276n80, 29 9 Commission o f Human Rights , 20 2 Committee t o Protec t Journalists, 283 ,

291 Common Progra m o f the Chines e

People's Politica l Consultativ e Conference, 19 7

Index 475

Communist Part y o f Australia (CPA) , 245nll6

Compendium o f Submissions (see also submissions, public) , 34-37 , 44, 93

concurrent jurisdiction, 421- 5 "connecting door " between Hon g Kon g

and Mainlan d concept o f national security , 212 , 303,

311 influence, 32 7 legal system, 8 , 17 , 63

Constitutional Development , Tas k Force on, 56nl6 1

"constitutionally protecte d domains" , 394-7

"constructive presence" , 41 3 constructive treason , offence , 154 , 155 Consultation Documen t o n Proposal s t o

Implement Article 2 3 of the Basi c Law (Consultatio n Document) , 24 -8, 34 , 96 government defenc e of , 29 , 30 publication of , 2 , 23, 93, 95, 166, 190, 27 8

consultation exercise , 28-3 4 results of , 34-4 3

courts, 43, 144, 145 (see also judiciary) "acts of state" , no jurisdiction over , 262, 327, 32 8 independence, 18 8 national security , attitud e towards , 323-7 right o f acces s to , 35 9 proceedings, conduc t of , 33 8 role of , 3-4 , 42-3 , 262

"counter-revolutionary" offences , 5 , 20, 64, 67 , 68-9, 7 3 defined, 65- 6 propaganda, 66 , 67, 72, 74, 76 replaced, 66 , 131 , 199

Crampton, Thoma s (forme r FC C president), 28 0

Cultural Revolution , 78 , 175 , 220, 281, 307

Dalai Lama, 19 9 damaging disclosure , 260- 2 "danger", natur e of , 241- 2

death penalty , abolitio n of , 163- 4 Debs, Eugene (U S socialist), 233- 4 defences

in unauthorize d disclosure , 110 , 263 prior publication , 266-7 , 29 5 public interest , 7 , 40, 50, 111 , 269-75, 276 , 293-5, 304n 4 "reasonable excuse" , 243- 4 to membership i n proscribe d organization, 14 4

democracy movement , in China , 7 9 in Hong Kong , 55 , 59, 320

Democracy Wall , 70 Democratic Alliance fo r th e Bettermen t

of Hong Kon g (DAB) , 47-8, 53, 56, 57 , 60 pro-government, 33 , 33n77

Democratic Party , 56, 57nl68, 62 , 175, 178, 179 , 281 opposition t o National Securit y Bill, 47 support fo r colonia l government , 230, 23 1

demonstrations, 30 , 50, 51, 52, 54, 93, 398 impact of , 9-1 0 protest marc h o n 1 July 2003 , xv, 3, 13,46,49,55,60,90, 117 , 152, 190, 269n59, 273 , 278, 294, 329, 365 supporting student s i n Tiananme n Square, 13n2 , 1 7

Deng Xiaoping , 71 , 72, 79 disclosure, see unauthorized disclosur e dissident movements , 70-2 , 7 6 District Councils , elections , 53 , 56 "doctrine o f proximity" , 10 1 double criminality , 18 6 double jeopardy, 422 , 424, 425 dual nationality , 17 6 Dui Hua Foundation , 47 , 68, 82n58

Economic an d Socia l Counci l (ECOSOC), 20 2

electronic systems , disruption of , 21 2 Ellsberg, Danie l (U S governmen t

contractor), 297n9 8

476 Index

entry, powers o f existing, 378-9 , 39 8 into constitutionall y protecte d domains, 396- 7 proposed powe r exercise of , 386— 9 improper use , 39 2 justification of , 376-8 6 legitimacy of , 367-9 8 without warrant , 364 , 365- 7

Eu, Audrey (legislator) , 4 6 European Cour t o f Human Rights , 145 ,

251, 271 , 372 appeal mechanism , approva l of , 333, 35 8 on "specia l counsel" , 354 , 355 restriction o n rights , 213 , 215, 266

evidence, 392- 3 collection of , 367 , 388- 9 obtained unlawfully , 32 9 right t o disclosure , no t absolute , 348

Executive Council , minutes , lea k of , 29 8 external affairs , authorit y t o conduct ,

406 extra-territoriality, 399-42 6

anti-terrorism laws , 139-4 0 colonial legislation , 40 7

"effects doctrine" , 414- 5 legislative jurisdiction, authorit y for, 410-11 , 42 5 personal basi s of , 418-2 1 power of , 10 , 38 proposed subversio n law , 185- 6 proposed treaso n law , 176—7

fair hearing , righ t t o a , 347-50 , 356 , 361

Falklands War, 26 9 Falun Gong , 27 , 27n53, 27n54, 27n56 ,

29, 88-9 , 313 , 320, 32 1 financial information , 40 , 11 6 foreign correspondents , 28 0 Foreign Correspondent s Club , 280,

294n86 foreign politica l organizations , (see also

organizations, Taiwan politica l organizations), 8 , 9, 25 , 133 , 306, 309, 32 0

defined, 308n3 0 prohibition of , 30 8

foreign forces , 8 2 foreigners, see aliens Fraser, Lord , 343 , 344 freedom o f association, restriction s on ,

112, 115,316- 7 freedom o f expression , 7 , 24—25, 78,

125-8, 24 4 restrictions on , 21 5

freedom o f information, 267 , 27 1 legislation o n

absence of , 110 , 278 calls for introductio n of , 299 , 299nl06

perceived threa t to , 10 9 functional constituencies , 15 , 32, 55, 59

Beijing's influenc e over , 60 , 61 government supporte d by , 62 reform of , 19n24 , 55, 59nl7 6

Gang o f Four, 78 , 79 General Strik e (1925-26) , 22 0 government contractors , unauthorize d

disclosure by , 254, 255, 257, 263, 264, 267-8 , 274, 292, 297n9 8

high treason , 153 , 157 Holmes, Justice, 232 , 234 Hong Kon g Alliance i n Suppor t o f th e

Patriotic Democrati c Movemen t in China , 17 , 18 , 29n64, 57 , 18 5

Hong Kon g Association fo r Democrac y and People' s Livelihood , 17 9

Hong Kon g Bar Association, 39 , 46, 183, 192 , 211, 212, 290, 360

Hong Kon g Confederation o f Trad e Unions, 17 5

Hong Kon g governmen t authority t o conduc t externa l affairs, 40 6 handling o f Article 2 3 exercise, 4 , 14, 21, 54, 329 inflexibility of , 2 , 4 justification o f proposals , 18 7 lack of openness , 298 , 299 loss of credibility , 4 8

Hong Kon g Journalists Association, 287 , 294n86, 29 8

Index 477

Hong Kon g Law Reform Commission , 21, 22 , 23, 34

Hong Kon g and Maca o Affairs Office , 282, 282n2 3

Hong Kon g permanen t residents , 176 -7, 177nl28 , 186 , 421

Hong Kon g Police (see also Police powers) guidelines o n nationa l security , 20 6 Security Wing, 32 6

Hong Kon g Progressive Alliance, 30 9 Hong Kon g Societ y for th e Reviva l of

China, 30 5 Hong Kon g Transition Project , 2 8 human rights (see also rights and

freedoms) abuses in Tibet , 20 1 China's recor d on , 198 , 202 duty to interpre t legislatio n t o comply with la w of, 4 2 restriction on , 18 7

Human Right s in Chin a (NGO) , 17 5 humanitarian assistance , 173 , 174

inchoate offences , 7 , 139 , 185-6 , 288, 321

"incitement", 76-8 , 10 4 independence movement s

in China , 21 6 perceived threa t from , 196-7 , 200

India, 238 , 239 Indonesia, 12 4 information (see also protected

information, unauthorize d disclosure)

access to, 251-2 , 27 6 journalists' us e o f confidential , 297-8 protection of , 7 , 24- 5

Inner Mongolia , 20 0 Institute o f International Law , 417 international agreements , applicatio n

to Hon g Kong , 40 5 international la w

extra-territorial jurisdiction under , 403,405,411-2 secession and , 191— 5

International Publisher s Association , 287

Internet, China' s fea r of , 77 , 78 Ip La u Suk-yee , Regina (see also

Secretary for Security) , 279 , 321 resignation of , xvi , 52

Ireland, 383- 4 Irish Republica n Arm y (IRA) , 38 4 Islam, 8 6

Japanese Occupatio n o f Hong Kong , 151, 162 , 220

journalistic materials , searc h an d seizure of , 387-8 , 395- 6

journalists (see also Committee t o Protect Journalists), 3 9 implementation o f Article 23 , attitude towards , 25 , 277-9, 30 0 imprisonment of , 283 , 283n25, 289 protection o f sources by, 296 use of government informatio n by , 297-8

judiciary (see also courts), 26 2 independence of , 1 6 role of , 142 , 146 , 14 8

juries, 23 2

Kamm, John, 47 , 48, 68 KluKluxKlan, 241 , 242

Lau, Emily (legislator) , 46 , 57, 208, visit to Taiwan, 20 7

Law Commission o f the Unite d Kingdom, 157,168n82 , 218 , 287n5 0

Law Reform Commission , see Canadian Law Reform Commission , Hon g Kong Law Reform Commissio n

Law Society of Hong Kong , 17 5 Lee, Ambrose (Secretar y for Security) ,

207 Lee Cheuk-ya n (legislator) , 57 , 18 4 Lee, Martin (legislator) , 29n64 , 38n98 ,

46, 57, 208 Lee Teng-hui (forme r Presiden t o f

Taiwan), 202, 206 Legislative Counci l (see also Bills

Committee) elections, 21n30 , 33 , 53 special pane l o n Article 23 , 35n86 voting system , 32n75, 44

478 Index

Leung, Elsi e (Secretar y for Justice), 296, 30 0

Leung Kam-chung , Antony (forme r Financial Secretary ) ,52, 29 8

"levying war", 167-70 , 180 , 210 lex loci delicti, 417 , 424, 425 Li, David, 31 , 34 Li Hon, 312n4 7 Liberal Party , xv, 33, 33n77, 47, 50, 51,

176nl21, 17 9 withdrawal o f support , 3 , 14, 60, 94

Lu Ping , 20 5

Macau, 19 7 Mao Zedong , 70nl8 , 7 1 "March Firs t Incident" , 22 6 media, 8 , 251 , 264-5, 279-8 3

regulation of , 219-2 0 misprison o f treason , 39 , 97, 124 , 125,

174-6

national law s of th e PRC , 16 , 405, 425, 426nl61

National People' s Congres s (see Standing Committe e o f th e National People' s Congress )

national security , 5 , 26, 212, 304, 321, 361 acts constituting threa t to , 31 3 China's perceptio n of , 31 4 courts attitud e towards , 323- 7 defined, 262 , 276, 291 foreign force s a s threat to , 82n5 8 as grounds fo r

exception t o public hearing , 342-5 prohibition, 111 , 113 proscription, 26 , 27, 40, 47 restrictions o n freedoms , 214 , 215 restrictions o n rights, 145 , 146

imposition o f Mainland definitio n of, 303 , 311, 312 individual right s and , 349-50 , 355, 356 police guideline s on , 20 6 regime i n China , 19 8

National Securit y (Legislativ e Provisions) Bill , 3 , 6, 37 , 38, 51, 43_8, 93-118, 119 , 124 , 152 , 166 , 170-1, 183 , 190, 278 aims of , 32 1 anti-terrorism law s and, 121 , 134-5 committee stag e amendments , 45 , 48 "concessions" on content , 38-43 , 50, 94 , 106 , 109 , 116 , 174-77 , 243-49, 273-5 , 294-296, 310-311 , 365 -386 conference on , 46- 7 "connecting door" , 6 3 constitutionality of , 1 0 defences

available in , 6 , 14 4 lack of , 4 0

first readin g of , 43- 8 future of , 3 , 10 , 275- 6 government handlin g of , 14 , 21, 54, 32 9 human rights, restrictio n of , 18 7 interpretation t o be consisten t wit h Basic Law, 42, 45nl2 2 introduction of , xv , 2, 364 opposition to , 46-53 , 57 , 61 permanent legislation , 14 5 right t o challeng e provision s of , 144 SARS, impact o n progres s of , 44- 5 withdrawal of , xvi , 53, 94, 27 3

national securit y offence s counter-revolutionary offence s replaced by , 66, 131 , 199 law in China , 6 4 statistics, 67 , 83n5 8

nationality principle , 411 , 412n74, 41 8 Nepal, 283n2 5 New Zealand, 137 , 141 , 158 Ng Ngoi-yee, Margaret (legislator) , 45,

46, 48, 57, 206, 292 non bis in idem principle, 422 , 424

official information , see information, government

Index 479

official secret s (see also damaging disclosure, protecte d information , state secrets) , 24 , 106-111 , 251, 253-5, 288-29 7 history of, 253-25 5 prior publication , a s defence t o disclosure of , 40 , 50, 110 , 295, 266-7 public interest , a s defence t o disclosure of , 7 , 50, 111 , 269-75, 276, 293-5 , 304n 4

absence o f defence 40 , 11 0 scope of , 255-26 0

"one Chin a policy" , 6 , 190 , 191 , 192 Hong Kon g position on , 20 6

"one country , tw o systems" , 1 , 117, 205, 207, 216 , 30 1 tensions in , 189 , 190 , 192 , 211 test of , 9 4 violation of , 6 0

open justice, principle of , 339-40 , 34 5 opinion polls , 28 , 30 organizations (see also foreign politica l

organizations, Taiwan politica l organizations), 318- 9 control of , 305- 9 definition of , 31 7 membership proscribed , 142- 3 proscription of , x v , 26, 40-1, 47, 50, 111-5 , 132-4 , 140-2 , 212-4 , 303-22, 310-1 , 312- 3

mechanism for , 311-2 , 314, 321

role of , 31 5

Pakistan, 283n2 5 Pannick, David , QC , 42, 32 3 passive personalit y principle , 411,

412n74 patriotism campaign , 57 , 57nl6 8 Patten, Christophe r (forme r Governo r

of HK), 19 , 205, 230, 231, 268 People's Republi c o f China , see China "petit treason" , 15 3 Police, see Hong Kon g Polic e police power s

arrest without warrant, 37 7

entry, search an d seizure , 364, 386 -7, 377-8 0

scope an d effec t of , 365- 7 expansion of , 228- 9 search without warrant , xv , 9, 10 , 24, 45nl22, 50 , 116 , 304n 4

political dissent , repressio n of , 197 , 200 political offences , prosecutio n of , i n

China, 65 , 89 political reforms , 19 , 54-5, 58, 60, 279 press, (see media) press freedom (see also freedom o f

expression), 109 , 277-30 1 privacy, 244 , 369, 374, 397 propaganda, counter-revolutionar y

offences, 66 , 69, 72 , 74, 76 proportionality

appeal mechanism , and , 35 8 decision t o proscribe a n organization, and , 14 2

principle of , 267 , 385- 6 in respons e t o Article 23 , 321-2 warrantless searc h powers , and 370 , 375, 385- 6

Proscribed Organization s Appea l Commission (UK) , 141 , 353

protected informatio n (see also official secrets, state secrets ) categories of , 10 8 definition of , 258-60 , 27 5 disclosure of , 260-1 , 263-5 , 293- 7

unauthorized, 254-6 6 illegal acquisitio n of , 29 1 new category, 107 , 257-8, 290

protective principle , 411 , 412n74, 415-8, 416 , 417

protest marches , see demonstrations public consultatio n

government approac h to , 28-37, 54

"public enem y a t war", 172- 4 public hearings , 339 , 340

exceptions to , 341- 5 right to , 345-7 , 36 1

public opinio n (see also opinion polls) , under-estimation of , 34-37 , 32 9

Public Recor d Offic e (UK) , 268n5 5

480 Index

"public servants " re-definition of , 11 0 unauthorized disclosur e by , 254, 255, 257 , 260, 263, 264, 267-9, 274 , 292

Quebec, 121 , 124, 126 , 130-1 , 160n49 , 194, 20 3

Qian Qiche n (Vic e Premier , China) , 28 , 206

Qiao Xiayang , 6 0

Radio Television Hon g Kon g (RTHK) , 206, 280n 8

religious activitie s (see also freedom o f religion) perceived a s cause o f terrorism , 8 6 punishment of , 8 8

"right o f abode" , 16 , 185 , 188 , 279, 35 9 right o f access , to governmen t

information, 27 6 rights an d freedom s

national securit y and , 314 , 349-50 , 355, 35 6 protection of , 315- 6 restrictions on , 214 , 215, 316-7, 319-21, 37 5 unprotected, 32 7

riots, 227 , 228, 244, 283, 306, 329 Royal Canadian Mounte d Police , 126 ,

128, 15 9

SARS, impact of , 44-5 , 54, 282, 295 search an d seizur e

existing power s of , 379-80 , 39 8 journalistic materials , 387- 8 necessity, 376-80 , 381- 5 proposed powe r o f

execution, 389-9 1 exercise, 386—9 improper use , 39 2 justification, 376—8 6 legitimacy, 367-9 8

presumptively objectionable , 371- 4 without warrant , 9 , 24 , 40, 45nl22, 304n4, 364, 365-7, 375-6

persons, reasonable ground s for , 391

secession, 129-3 1 China's approac h to , 195-200 , 20 2 defined, 97 , 98, 129 , 19 1 remedial righ t to , 193 , 194, 201 sedition, relationshi p to , 214- 5 self-determination and , 6 , 192- 3 sensitivity of , 17 9

secession, offenc e of , 5 , 19 0 actus reus of, 100 , 101 , 209 in internationa l law , 191- 5 proposed, 89-90 , 99 , 204-5, 209 -12 unknown i n Hon g Kon g law , 2, 98, 287

secessionist movements , Asian view of , 204

secret trials , 331-2, 335- 8 Secretary for Securit y

apologies for errors , 3 5 lack o f explici t response t o questions, 18 4 power t o

make rule s for appea l agains t proscription, 322 , 331, 333 prohibit operatio n o f society , 308 proscribe organizations , 26 , 47, 212-3 , 303 , 310

support fo r Consultatio n Document, 29 , 34

security services, 272 sedition, 7 , 125-9 , 38 3

definition of , 104,127 , 12 8 determination o f intent , 231-6 , 242 law on

amendment of , 103- 4 exemptions to , 127- 9 in Hon g Kong , 103 , 223-5, 228-31, 248 , 283- 4 outdated natur e of , 28 7 proposed, criticized , 284- 5

in Mainlan d Chin a distinguishe d from Hon g Kong , 24 9 "reasonable excuse " as defence in , 243-4 secession, relationshi p with , 214- 5 subversion, distinctio n between , 8 0 violence a s element of , 236-7 , 23 9

Index 481

sedition, offenc e of , 70-1 , 415 abolition, 21 8 "likelihood" tes t in , 104 , 105 , 106, 285 justification, 21 7 proposed, 39 , 243, 247, 284 prosecution for , 226-8 , 287n5 0

seditious libel , 24 6 seditious materials , contro l of , 220-3 ,

222-3 seditious publications , 22 5

definition, 105 , 286 removal from a public place , 37 4 searches i n relatio n to , 382 , 383

seditious publications , offence , 244 , 245 handling, 286 , 287, 387 possession, 105-6 , 246, 248, 284, 285, 28 6 proposed, 247- 8

self-censorship, 6 4 self-determination, righ t to , 6 , 191,

192-3, 195 , 201, 203 September 11 , 2001, attack o n US , 4, 5,

83, 85 , 119,145, 298nl0 1 "serious crimina l means" , 98nl2, 99 ,

129, 135-6 , 147 , 182 Shayler, David (forme r intelligenc e

officer), 294 , 296 societies, see organizations South Korea , 287n5 0 Southern Mongolia n Democrati c

Alliance, 200 , 21 3 sovereignty, 211 , 215

China's attitud e towards , 19 8 rigid interpretatio n of , 20 3 state, erosio n of , 191 , 203

special counsel , appointmen t of , 350-1 , 353, 35 6

Special Immigratio n Appeal s Commission (UK) , 324nll2 , 325 , 353, 358 , 359, 360

Standing Committe e o f the Nationa l People's Congress , 23 , 55, 308, 405 court decisio n re-interprete d by , 185, 27 9 interpretation o f Basi c Law by, 16, 43, 188 , 188nl69, 196 , 262, 327

on politica l reform , 58 , 59, 62

non-exercise o f powers, 407n44 , 408

Star Chamber , 125 , 231, 246 state secret s (see also official secrets ,

protected information) , 2 4 China's obsessio n with , 28 9 information considere d as , 29 5 Mainland interpretatio n of , 27 8 protection of , a s exception, 252 , 253 theft of , 2 , 106-7 , 282 , 289

statistics crime, 6 8 counter-revolutionary/national security offences , 67 , 83n5 8

Stephen, Si r James Fitzjames , 156 , 217, 218, 23 2

submissions, public , 278n 2 categorization of , 34- 7

subversion, 17-18 , 131-2 , 183- 5 definition of , 97 , 98, 102 , 131 , 132, 158, 159 , 16 0 Hong Kon g a s a base for , 18 , 249, 305, 31 0 law in Hon g Kong , 178-8 6 proposed la w on , extra-territorial effec t of , 185- 6 treason la w and, 16 7 sedition and , distinctio n between , 80 sensitivity of , 17 9 treason and , distinctio n between , 166 treason offences , 155 , 156 , 15 8

subversion, offenc e of , 5 actus reus of proposed, 100 , 10 1 in China , 78-8 3 definition of , 6 proposed, 89-90 , 9 9 unknown i n Hong Kon g law, 2, 17, 98, 28 7 use of , b y Mainland China , 5 , 1 7

"sunshine laws" , absence of , 29 9

Ta Kung Pao , 228 , 244, 281 prosecution of , 226 , 227, 283

Taiwan, 6 , 75 , 80-1, 129, 190 , 199 , 200, 207, 21 0

482 Index

"espionage" by, 83n5 8 independence of , 196 , 200, 202, 203, 206 , 208, 214, 215, 288 political organization s an d , 25, 111, 30 8 sovereignty and , 21 1

territorial integrity , 193-4 , 19 5 China's attitud e towards , 197 , 198 human rights standard s and , 19 1 rigid interpretatio n of , 20 3 "saving clause" in, 194 , 195 , 201

territoriality (see also extra-territoriality), principle of , 399-400 , 411 , 412-5 "saving clause" , in applicatio n of , 194, 195 , 201

terrorism (see also anti-terrorism laws) , 84-5, 298nl0 1 definition of , 136 , 13 7 domestic, i n China , 83- 4 religious practice a s cause of , 8 6

"threat o f force", 99-100 , 180-1 , 20 9 Tiananmen Squar e demonstration , xiii ,

17, 122 , 281, 310 impact of , 4 , 1 8 protests i n suppor t of , 3 , 13n 2 vigil in memor y of , xv , 46

Tibet, 6 , 129 , 197 , 198 , 202 extension o f anti-terrorism la w to, 87n70 independence of , 196 , 199 , 200, 202, 203 , 206, 214, 28 8 sovereignty and , 21 1

Tien, James (membe r o f Executiv e Council), 5 0 resignation of , xv , 51, 273n78

time limits , for prosecution , 117 , 276, 287

To, James, 57 , 17 8 Tong Ka-wah , Ronny, SC, 45, 181, 292 Tong, Timothy (Permanen t Secretar y

for Security) , 181nl4 2 treachery, 15 7 treason (see also misprison o f treason) ,

122-5, 15 3 defined, 162- 3 early punishment for , 122- 3 high treaso n and , 15 7 law of, 123 , 152-6 0

in Hon g Kong , 161-7 7 proposed, 16 7

subversion and , distinctio n between, 16 6 treachery, distinguishe d from , 15 7

treason, offence , 6 , 38 , 125 assistance t o a n enemy , 172- 4 defined, 96- 7 mens rea of, 10 2 treasonable offence , distinguishe d from, 156 , 16 4 in wartime an d peacetime , 157- 8

treason trials , 151 , 161-2 treasonable offences , 162 , 164-5 , 16 7 treaties, application of , t o Hong Kong ,

406 trial by jury, 11 6 trial i n camera , 41 , 335, 336, 338, 341 Tsang Yok-sing, 33 , 53, 56, 228n5 0 Tsang Yam-pui (Polic e Commissioner) ,

376n51 Tung Chee-hw a (Chie f Executive) , 20,

52, 58 , 61, 298 background, 20n2 6 calls for resignatio n of , 5 1 reaction t o protes t march , 49-5 0 status of , 5 9

Tung Tao Village, fire in , 22 6

Uighur separatis t movement , 84nn61 -62

"unauthorized access" , concept of , 107 , 109

unauthorized disclosur e of damaging information , xv , 39 of information, 107 , 108 , 109, 292 prior publicatio n a s defence, 266- 7 of protected information , 254—6 6

underground journals, 7 0 universal jurisdiction, 412n7 4 universal suffrage , 55 , 56, 58, 301, 320

postponement of , 60 , 61 universality principle , 41 1 United Kingdom , 141 , 187, 268n55,

287n50 definition o f terroris m in , 136 , 13 7

United Nation s Huma n Right s Committee, 346 , 347, 372

Index 483

United States , 46 , 141 , 238, 239, 268n55, 39 2 classified document s in , 297nl0 1 security risk in, 18 7 sedition, n o offenc e in , 238 , 239 terrorist attack s on , 4 , 5, 83, 85, 119,145, 298nl0 1

University of Hong Kong , The, 4 6

"vicious attack" , i n politica l witch-hunts , 69-70, 70nl 8

violence, a s element i n sedition , 104 , 236-7, 23 9

Wang Bingzhang (democrac y activist) , 87n70, 19 9

Wang Dan (dissident) , 7 8 War (see also "levying war")

narrowed concep t of , 9 9 treason la w in time of , 156- 7

warrants arrest without, 167-70 , 37 7 judicial, 9

police searc h without , xv , 9, 10 , 24, 45nl22, 50 , 116 , 304n 4 search an d seizur e without , 364 , 365-7, 375- 6

WeiJing-sheng (dissident) , 78 , 80 Wen Wei Po, 52, 205, 207, 28 1 White Bill , xv, 4, 11 7

demand for , 31 , 32 refusal o f government t o issue , 32, 33

White Paper , see White Bil l

Xi Yang (journalist) , jailing of , 24n40 , 282, 28 9

Xinhua new s agency , 57 , 20 8 Xinjiang Uighu r Autonomous Region ,

69nl5, 84n61 , 84n62 , 85 , 86, 87, 88 independence movement , 196 , 199, 20 1

Zhao Ziyan g (Genera l Secretary , CCP) , 72

Zimbabwe, 283n2 5