national sustainable waste management policy · the constitutional framework of public...

REPUBLICOFKENYA

****DISCUSSIONDRAFT****

September2018

NationalSustainableWasteManagementPolicy

MINISTRYOFENVIRONMENTANDFORESTRY

Sessional Paper No. X of 2018 on National Sustainable Waste Management Policy

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TABLEOFCONTENTS

EXECUTIVESUMMARY 4

1 INTRODUCTION 4

1.1 InternationalandRegionalContext 61.2 RationaleforaNationalSustainableWasteManagementPolicy 6

2 SITUATIONALANALYSIS 7

2.1 GlobalandRegional 72.2 National 82.3 County 102.4 PrivateSector 112.5 WasteSectorGreenhouseGas(GHG)Emissions 112.6 StatusofWasteManagementGovernance 11

3 GOAL,OBJECTIVESANDGUIDINGPRINCIPLES 12

3.1 Goal 123.2 Objectives 123.3 GuidingPrinciples 13

4 LOWCARBONDEVELOPMENT 14

PolicyStatements 15

5 RESEARCHANDDATACOLLECTION 15

PolicyStatements 15

6 EDUCATIONANDPUBLICAWARENESS 16

Policy Statements 16

7 KNOWLEDGEMANAGEMENTANDACCESSTOINFORMATION 17

PolicyStatements 17

8 SUSTAINABLEWASTEMANAGEMENTGOVERNANCE 17

8.1 EnablingLegalandRegulatoryFramework 17PolicyStatements 198.2 InstitutionalArrangements 20PolicyStatements 208.3 Finance,InvestmentandOtherResources 21PolicyStatements 228.4 MainstreamingIssuesofGender,YouthandSpecialNeedsGroupsinSustainableWasteManagement 22


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PolicyStatements 238.5 WasteManagementDataGenerationandReportingonActions 23PolicyStatements 23

9 IMPLEMENTATIONFRAMEWORK 24

PolicyStatements 249.1 MonitoringandEvaluationofPolicyImplementation 24PolicyStatements 249.2 ResourceMobilisation 25PolicyStatements 259.3 Capacitydevelopment 26PolicyStatements 26

10 Collaborationandstakeholdersparticipation 26

PolicyStatements 26


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

1 INTRODUCTION Waste isaresourcethatcanbemanagedtoachieveeconomic,socialandenvironmentalbenefits.AddressingthewastemanagementchallengeeffectivelyinKenyaiscriticaltodeliveringonKenya’sconstitutionalrighttoacleanandhealthyenvironmentforall,advancingthecirculareconomytocreategreenjobsandwealthfromthewastesector,andadvancingthenation’ssustainabledevelopmentgoals.Sustainablewastemanagementisalsofundamental to delivery of each of the government’s “Big Four” national priorities – the transformationalagendaonhousing,manufacturing,foodandnutritionalsecurityandhealthcare–andtoKenya’sleadershipinthe blue economy, with its focus on creating economic growth, ensuring healthy waters and building safe communities. This Policy will advance Kenya towards a more sustainable and circular economy. It will move the countrytowards realizationof theZeroWasteprinciple,wherebywastegeneration isminimizedorprevented. Itwillhelpensurethatwasteiscollected,separatedatthesource,reusedandrecycled,andthattheremainingwastestreamisdestinedtoasecure,sanitary landfill. Ifproperregulatoryframeworksandincentivesareinplace,sucha systemwillbuild long-term resilience,whilegeneratingnewbusinessandeconomicopportunitiesandprovidingbroadenvironmentalandsocialbenefitstoallKenyans.Effectivesustainablewastemanagementwillcreate value from the waste stream through re-use and recycling, formalizing the waste-pickers’ sector toimprove livelihoods, improving landfilloperationsandmanagement includingcapturingandutilizinggases likemethaneemitted from landfills. Inaddition,energy recoveryprograms;cappingandclosingopendumpsites;reducingplasticpollutioninthemarineenvironment,andcreatingnewjobsinthesector,especiallyforyouthandwomen,inwastecollectionandrecyclingwillbeotherbenefits. Kenyaaimstotransitionthewastesector ineverycountyawayfromlowcollectionrates, illegaldumpinganduncontrolleddumpsites to affordablewaste collection, recycling and composting, and secure final disposal inengineered landfills for the remaining fraction of thewaste stream. As Kenya’s economy and cities grow ataccelerated rateconsequent todevolution, thecountry’swastemanagementchallengeshave reachedmajorproportions.Thecurrentpoorstateofwastemanagementisapublichealthandenvironmentalthreat,alossofavaluableresourcesfor jobandwealthcreation,andaneyesorethatnegativelyaffectstourismandthewell-beingofallKenyans. Historically, waste has been viewed solely as a problem, not as a resource and economic opportunity. TheNational WasteManagement Policy aims to increase the value of waste over time to the Kenyan economythroughindustrialprocessingactivitiesaimedatproducingusefulproductsorsourcesofenergythroughreusing,recycling,orcompostingwaste. If properly managed as a resource, waste recovery and recycling can create new jobs and attract newinvestmentinadiversifiedwastesector.ThisNationalWasteManagementPolicycommitsthegovernmenttoestablish legal frameworks and take actions that will enable Kenya to harness and incentivize large scale


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investmentinthewasterecoveryandrecyclingindustryinKenya. ThisPolicyaimstocreatethenecessaryregulatoryenvironmentthatwillenableKenyatoeffectivelytacklethewaste challenge, through systematic collection of waste sorted at source and disposal, processing activitiesaimed at reusing, recycling or composting waste materials into useful products or sources of energy. Topromote sustainable wastemanagement as an income generating venture, it will be necessary to create anenablingpolicyandregulatoryenvironmentthatwillincentivizeandfacilitatetheestablishmentofmultiplelinksin thewaste value chain that are currentlymissing in Kenya. These include: effective and affordablewastecollection in all neighbourhoods; sorting posts where waste will be separated and sorted for subsequentrecycling; composting facilities for the organic waste; waste to energy facilities; and fiscal incentives forinvestmentinrecyclingtechnologiesandfacilities. Thispolicyalsosupportsthecreationoftheplanning,finance,technicalandgovernancecapacitiesthatcountygovernmentsneedtoeffectivelydeliverontheirmandateundertheConstitutionofKenya2010,tobetheleadactorsindeliveringsustainablewastemanagementservices. The constitutional framework of public administration established that sustainable waste management is adevolvedfunctionundertheConstitutionofKenya.The47countygovernmentshavetheleadroleindeliveringsustainable waste management. However the national government must provide an enabling policy andregulatory environment to facilitate the counties to effectively deliverwastemanagement services including,facilitating inter-county cooperation under the metropolis approach, financial incentives, research, technicaladviceandfacilitationofpublicawarenessandeducation. The suite of measures in this policy will support counties to fulfil their devolved responsibility of deliveringsustainablewastemanagementservicestothepublictoreducepollution,improvepublichealth,andcreatejobsandwealthlocallyfromwastecollection,reuseandrecycling,andenergygenerationandcompostproduction.Thepolicyalsoguidesthestrengtheningofinstitutionalandgovernancearrangementstofacilitatethepracticalachievementofsustainablewastemanagementgoalsineverycounty. Thenationalgovernmentwillundertakevariouscoreinterventions, includingtheenactmentofnationalwastemanagement legislation, implementing regulations and financial incentives to provide the mandate andframework for coordinated action. ThePolicy alsoprovides a framework for sustainablewastemanagementnationally,throughthefullimplementationofzerowasteandcirculareconomyprinciples,andthroughpracticalplanningandimplementationofwastemanagementatthecountylevel.Thenationalgovernmentshouldalsoestablish and fully implement coordinated policies and regulatory frameworks to address hazardous waste,electronicwaste,industrialwaste,agriculturalchemicalsandmedicalwaste,whichhavebeenamajorsourceofpollution,contaminatingriversandpositingserioushealthandenvironmentalthreats. Effective waste management will also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases, especially methane, from thewaste sector, contributing to the achievement of Kenya’s Paris Agreement commitments, and reducingindustrialwaste,non-pointrunoffandsewagewastetoKenya’swaterbodies.


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Itisalsoimportantthatthepolicyandlawbuildonpublicinvolvementinthesectorandincentivizejobcreationandtoimprovedlivelihoodsfromthesector,particularlyforwomenandyouthwhoplayacriticalroleinsocio-economicdevelopment. The challengeofwastemanagement affects everyperson and all institutions in thesociety. The measures set out in this policy cannot be undertaken without a collective approach to wastemanagementchallenges,throughinvolvementofabroadrangeofstakeholdersduring implementationofthispolicy. This Policy therefore seeks to establish a common platform for action between all stakeholders tosystematicallyimplementsustainablewastemanagementinKenya.

1.1 International and Regional Context

Sustainable management of the world’s rapidly growing waste stream is a global challenge. Poor wastemanagementaffectsmanyaspectsoflifeformillionsofpeoplearoundtheworldandisasignificantsourceofthe climate pollutants methane and black carbon. Landfills are the third largest anthropogenic source ofmethane,accounting forapproximately11%ofestimatedglobalmethaneemissions,equivalent tonearly800megatonsofCO2eperyear,andwithurbanizationspreadingfasterthanever.Generationofmethaneisrapidlyaccelerating.Thewastesectorisalsoasignificantsourceofblackcarbonairpollutionthroughopenburningofuncollected or illegally landfilled waste, and transport of waste by old and un-maintained heavy-duty dieselvehicles. In addition,uncontrolled leachate contaminates groundwater resources.Globalwastemanagementrelated conventions like the Stockholm, Basel, Bamako and Rotterdam Conventions to which Kenya is asignatoryprovideaglobalregulatoryframeworkformanagementofwaste,particularlyhazardouswaste.

Manycommunitiesacrossthecountydonotreceivebasicwastecollectionanddisposalservices,drivingthemto burn their waste - with damaging health and air quality impacts. Informal waste pickers, typically fromimpoverishedandmarginalizedgroupsworkinhazardousandsometimesdeadlyconditionstoekeoutalivingfromreclaimingatinyfractionoftherecyclablewastes.

Today,more thanhalf the global population lives in cities. Recognising that urbanization is growing and thatrising income levels, industrializationand increasedwaste generation, especially in thedevelopingworld, hasmadeimplementation of sustainable waste management apriorityforgovernmentsandcommunitiesaroundtheworld.

Land-based pollution to the marine environment is a major global challenge. Municipal, industrial andagriculturalwastesandrun-offaccount forasmuchas80percentofallmarinepollution.Sewageandwastewater,persistentorganicpollutants(includingpesticides),heavymetals,oils,nutrientsandsediments-whetherbroughtbyriversordischargeddirectlyintocoastalwaters-takeaseveretollonhumanhealthandwell-beingaswell as on coastal ecosystems. The result ismore carcinogens in seafood,more closedbeaches,more redtides, and more carcasses of seabirds on beaches, fish and even marine mammals. One billion people indeveloping countries depend on fish for their primary source of protein, making them vulnerable to thechemicalstheycarry.

African nations have long recognized the need to addresswaste issues, adopting the Bamako Convention in1991tobantheimportofallhazardousandradioactivewaste.Italsoprohibitsthedumpingorincinerationofhazardouswastes inoceansand inlandwatersandpromotes theminimizationandcontrolof trans-boundary


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movementsofhazardouswasteswithintheAfricancontinent.TheConventionalsoaimstoimproveandensureecologically rationalmanagement and handling of hazardouswastewithin Africa, aswell as the cooperationbetweenAfricannations.

TheEastAfricaCommunity(EAC)hassimilarlyrecognizedtheurgencyofaddressingwasteaskeycomponentofsustainabledevelopment.TheEACPolytheneMaterialsControlBill(2016)establishesaregionalapproachtothecontrol and regulation of use, sale and manufacture and importation of polythene materials and products.Polythenebagsareusedforshoppingandcarrierbags. TheEACbillprovidedtheregional framework for theKenyanplasticcarrierbagbanin2017.1

Currently,theEACmemberstates--Kenya,Uganda,Tanzania,Rwanda,BurundiandSouthSudan–arecurrentlyworkingtodevelopharmonizedregulationsandpoliciestoreduceelectronicwaste,or“e-waste.”EachofthesixEACmemberstateshavedifferentlawsone-waste.AharmonizedregionalapproachintheEACwillenhanceeffortstoreduceandrecyclee-wasteintheregion.Harmonizedpolicieswillalsohelpensurethate-wasteisnotexportedfromoneEACpartnerstatetoanotherandfacilitatejointe-wasterecyclingcenters.

1.2 Rationale for a National Sustainable Waste Management Policy

RealizationofsustainabledevelopmentinKenya,despitesignificantprogresstodate,isthreatenedbythewastechallengeand its resultantnegativesocio-economic,healthandenvironmental impacts.Kenya isadevelopingcountry whose economy highly depends on its natural resource base. Improper waste management anddisposal isdamaging thenatural resourcebase thatall Kenyans, currentand futuregeneration, relyupon fortheirlivelihoodsandwellbeing.

The Constitution of Kenya 2010 sets out a commitment to ecologically sustainable development. Indeed,schedule4devolves someaspectsofwastemanagement toCounties.TheSessionalPaperNo.10of2012onKenyaVision2030establishesthegoalofKenyabecomingamiddle-incomecountryprovidingahigh-qualitylifetoall itscitizensbytheyear2030.Poorwastemanagementposesasignificantchallengetothesesustainablenationaldevelopmentgoals.

Arangeofinitiativeshavebeenpursuedbyvariousgovernmentalandnon-governmentalentitiestoaddressthewastechallengeinKenya.Mostrecentlyanationalbanonsingleuseplasticcarrierbagshasbeensuccessfullyimplemented, significantly reducing plastic bag waste, roadside litter and volume of plastic transported toKenya’sdumpsites.

Nevertheless, despite this success, initiatives to date have not tackled the fundamental problems of wasteminimizationandreuseascoreelementsofthecirculareconomy,wastecollection,wasteseparationatsourceandrecycling,compostproductionfromorganicwaste,andfinaldisposalofnon-recyclableinsecureengineeredfacilities.Thecountryhasnottakenactionatthescalenecessarytohavethedesiredimpactinthefaceofthescaleofthechallenge.

A coherent policy framework is needed so that the national and county governments, private sector, civil 1 http://www.eala.org/documents/view/the-east-african-community-polythene-materials-control-bill2016


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society, communities and investors in picking waste particularly as small scale operators can be part of aproactive, coherent and integrated sustainable waste management effort The Policy will position Kenya tocapturetheeconomic,social,healthandenvironmentalbenefitsofacirculareconomybasedonthezerowasteprinciple,andtopromulgateandimplementaframeworkwastelawandregulationsatthenationalandcountylevelsothatcountiescaneffectivelyimplementsustainablewastemanagement.

2 SITUATIONAL ANALYSIS

2.1 Global and Regional

Kenya isanactivepartytomultiple internationalandregionalconventionsthatcommitthenationtoaddressthe sustainable waste management challenge. These include agreements on sustainable development andreducingwaste,thecontrolofhazardouschemicalsandchemicalandelectronicwaste,andclimatechange:.

Ø The Basel Convention, ratified in 2000, which addresses the need to control the trans-boundarymovementof hazardouswastes and their disposal, settingout the categorizationof hazardouswasteandthepoliciesbetweenmembercountries.

Ø TheBamakoConvention,a treatyamongstAfricannations thatprohibits the importofanyhazardous(including radioactive) waste into Africa. The convention is a response to Article 11 of the Baselconventionwhich encourages parties to enter into bilateral,multilateral and regional agreements onHazardousWastetohelpachievetheobjectivesoftheconvention.

Ø The Stockholm convention on persistent organic pollutants (POPs) (ratified in 2004) which seeks toprotecthumanhealthandtheenvironmentfromthesechemicalsthatremainintactintheenvironmentforlongperiodsandhaveharmfulimpactsonhumanhealthandtheenvironment.

Ø TheRotterdamConvention(ratifiedin2005)whichsetsouttheprocedureforPriorInformedConsentin

theInternationalTradeofhazardouschemicalsandPesticides.

Ø TheMontrealProtocolwhichprovidesforthephaseoutoftheproductionandconsumptionofozonedepleting substances to reduce their abundance in the atmosphere, and thereby protect the earth’sfragileozoneLayer.

Ø The Nairobi Convention, a partnership between governments, civil society and the private sector,

workingtowardsaprosperousWesternIndianOceanRegionwithhealthyrivers,coastsandoceans.

Kenyahasalsobeena leader inpromoting the reductionof LandBasedPollution to theMarineEnvironmentgloballyandregionally.

KenyaadoptedtheSustainableDevelopmentGoalsof2015.Goal12requiresastrongnationalframeworkforsustainableconsumptionandproductionthatisintegratedintonationalandsectoralplans,sustainablebusinesspracticesandconsumerbehavior,togetherwithadherencetointernationalnormsonthemanagementofhazardouschemicalsandwastes.


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KenyaisalsoanactivepartytotheUnitedNationsFrameworkConventiononClimateChange(UNFCCC)andsubmittedanambitiousNationallyDeterminedContribution(NDC)totheParisAgreementwhichincludesacommitmenttoreducegreenhousegas(GHG)emissionsfromthewasteandindustrialsectors.

2.2 National

Kenya is committed to economic growth and to local, regional and international trade. These trends haveincreasedthecountry’sGDPbuthavealsoresultedinenvironmentaldegradation,throughlackofappropriatewastemanagementandsanitationsystems,industryandtransportrelatedpollution,whichadverselyimpactonair,water,soilquality,climatechange(throughtheemissionofmethaneandblackcarbon)andhumanhealthand wellbeing. The trend towards globalization has in part reduced barriers to international trade andinvestment flows, but it has also brought new environmental challenges to Kenya, including dumping ofobsoletetechnologiesande-waste. Inefficient production processes, low durability of goods and unsustainable consumption and productionpatterns lead to excessive generation of waste. This overburden and pollutes Kenya’s land, air and waterresources. Despite efforts to encourage reuse, recycling and recovery, the amount of solid waste generatedremainshighandappearstobeontheincrease.Inadditiontosolidwaste,wastewatereffluentsrepresentoneofthelargestthreatstothequalityofKenya’swaterresources.Wastewateroftenresultsinincreasednutrientlevelsleadingtoalgalbloomsanddepleteddissolvedoxygenresultingindestructionofaquatichabitats.Othercategories of wastes that require special consideration are electronic waste, hazardous waste and medicalwaste. WastemanagementisamajorchallengeinKenya,especiallyinrapidlygrowingurbanmetropolisesandcoastalareas.Nairobiforexample,producesaround2,400tonsofwasteeveryday,ofwhichonly38percentiscollectedandlessthan10percentrecycled(JICA,2010).Theremaining62percentisdisposedofattheuncontrolledDandoradumpsite,illegallydumpedonroadsidesandwaterways,orburnedreleasestoxicairemissionsandparticulatematter.Illegaldumpingandburningisparticularlycommoninlow-incomeareasofthecity,whicharehometoover2.5millionpeoplewhocannotaffordwastecollectionservices.Theprivatesectorhasnotextensivelytakenadvantageofincomegeneratingopportunitiesfromwaste,suchasrecyclingandcompostingatanyscale.

AccordingtotheKenyanNationalClimateChangeActionPlan2018-2022,“thevolumeofsolidwastegeneratedacrossKenyanurbancentersincreasedfrom4,950tonnesperdayin2011to5,990tonnesperdayin2014;”arate faster than the country’s urbanization rate. The need for integrated sustainable wastemanagement isaccentuated by growing industrialization of the economy, and inappropriate disposal of solid waste andwastewaterthatpollutesair,waterandsoil,causingsignificanthealthandenvironmentalproblems.Thewastesectorcontributestoclimatechange,accountingforabout3%oftotalnationalGHGemissionsin2015.

Thenationalgovernmentiscommittedtosupportcountiestosustainablymanagewastesothattogethertheymay meet the constitutional guarantee of a clean and healthy environment. For example, the nationalgovernment is supporting the county of Kajiado in facilitating international investment in a pilot engineered


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closureoftheNgongwastedumpandconstructionofthefirstwastetoenergyfacilityinthecountry.

Additionally, Kenya is committed to be a global leader in addressing plastic pollution and to reduce plasticpollutionandother land-basedpollutiontothemarineenvironment. Kenyaadoptedabanonplasticcarrierbags and flat bags in 2017,which has been successfully implemented and has become amodel for the EastAfrican region. The banhas significantly reducedplastic bag litter on roadsides and trees and cities and thevolumeofplasticwastesenttoKenya’sdumpsites.Moreover,thebanhasreducedtoxicplasticsconsumedbyanimals,improvinganimalandhumanhealth.

2.3 County

WastemanagementisadevolvedresponsibilityundertheConstitutionofKenya2010.However,mostcountieslack adequate infrastructure, governancemechanisms and dedicated funding for effective sustainable wastemanagement.Manyhavenotsetasidelandforbuildingwastemanagementinfrastructure. Affordablewastecollectionservices,orinsomecasesanyservicesatall,arenotprovidedformanycommunitiesandareasinmostcounties.AllcountiesinKenyacurrentlyhaveuncontrolledwastedumpsiteswhereleachatepollutewaterwaysandundergroundaquifers,andwhereburningwasteemittoxicairandnoxiousfumesthatcontaminatetheair. Informalwastepickersattheseuncontrolleddumpsitesareexposedtotoxicchemicals(frombatteries,medicalandotherwasteandburningplastics)airpollutionandpeststhatspreaddisease. Impressive local and small-scale action is being taken in counties across the country. Waste pickers areorganizingintocooperatives. Programstocreatejobsinwastecollection,sortingandrecyclingforyouthandwomen are being created. In some areas, Kenyan entrepreneurs have launched small scale production oforganic compost fromorganicwaste. Small-scale, artisanal recycling of glass, plastic andmetal is convertingsomewasteintocraftsforthedomesticandinternationalmarket. Amajor initiative in Kajiado County, including the engineered closure of the uncontrolledwaste dumpsite atNgong, and constructionof an integrated sustainablewastemanagement facility including awaste to energyfacility,willsoonbelaunchedasamodelforthenation. CountyGovernmentshavenottodatetakenadvantageofeconomiesofscalebypartneringwithneighboringcountiesinthemetropolisclusterstopooltheirresourcesformorecost-effectiveandefficientwastemanagement.Additionally,mostcountiesdonottodatehavewastelawsorplanstoguideefficient,sustainablewastemanagement,noradedicatedcountywastefundtosupportinvestmentinwastemanagementprograms. Countiesareencouragedtoestablishframeworkstoattractinvestment,shareresourcesandtakeadvantageofeconomiesofscalebyenteringintointer-countyagreementswithinmetropolisorothercountygroupings.Also,countiesshouldincreaseeffortstowardsobtaining,standardizingandcommunicateinformationonwastemanagementinordertoinformpolicydevelopmentanddecision-makingprocesses.


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Nairobiexemplifiesthewastemanagementchallenge.Thecountyproducesapproximately2,400tonsofwasteperdaybutonly38%iscollectedfordisposalatNairobi’sonlydumpsite,Dandora,whichisanuncontrolledsitenotanengineeredsanitary landfill. Only5per cent is recycledor composted.The rest isdumped illegallyorburned,addingtothecity’sairpollutionburden.Dandoraispoorlymanaged,withleachateandairtoxinsfromburningcontaminatinggroundwaterandneighboringcommunitiescausingsignificanthealthandenvironmentalproblems. [INSERTupdatedDATAFROMNEMAONwastegenerationinvariouscountiesandactionsbeingtaken.]

2.4 Private Sector

The private sector is a critical partner to address the waste challenge. The private sector must lead in theadoptionofcirculareconomyandwasteminimizationacross the rangeofmanufacturingandothereconomicactivities throughout thenation.Private sector investment in sustainablewastemanagement infrastructure iscritical.

Private sectorentitieshavegreatpotential to reducewasteandpollutionand savemoney through improvedproduction processes that conserve and reuse rawmaterials, the elimination of toxic or hazardous inputs toproductionprocesses,andthroughmaximizingopportunitiesfortherecovery,reuseandrecyclingofmaterialsthroughouttheproductioncycles.Extendedproducerresponsibilityforelectronicandhazardousproductsandmaterialswillincentivizesustainabledesign,cleanerproductionprocessesandresponsiblewastemanagement.

Theprivatesectorinvestmentisalsokeytoexpandingwastecollection,recycling,wastetoenergyfacilities,andsecureengineeredlandfillsforfinaldisposalofthenon-recoverablefractionofthewastestream.Public-privatepartnerships (PPPs) are one mechanism for leveraging private sector financing and experience to supportsustainable waste management goals. The PPPs can provide benefits to help Kenyan cities and countiesovercomeexistingbarriersto investment innew,moresustainablewastemanagementsolutions.Examplesofkeybenefitsinclude:

− Experience and expertise: PPPs can bring global experience and access to diverse, cutting-edgetechnologies;

− Capacitybuilding:PPPscanstrengthenlocaltechnicalandadministrativecapacity; − Accessto finance:PPPscanprovideaccesstoprivatecapital for infrastructure investmentandproject

implementation; − Efficiency and service quality: PPPs can start processes that allow for improving service quality and

efficiency,reducingcostsandhelpingcutgovernmentbureaucracy;and − Sustainability: PPPs can help to ensure the continuity of a program or project through political and

administrativechangesandcanprovideapositiveinfluenceforlocalgovernmenttostarttochargeforservicedelivery,leadingtogreatercostrecoveryandfinancialsustainability.

AnenablingregulatoryframeworkhasbeenputinplacebythegovernmenttosupportPPPs.Investmentsthatsupport sustainable waste management can be identified, prepared and implemented through the PPPframework.


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2.5 Waste Sector Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Emissions

Landfillsarethethirdlargestanthropogenicsourceofmethane,accountingforapproximately11%ofestimatedglobalmethaneemissions,equivalenttonearly800megatonnesofCO2eperyear.Withurbanizationgrowingfaster than ever,methane generation is rapidly accelerating. Thewaste sector is also a significant source ofblack carbon through open burning of uncollected or illegally dumped waste, and transport of waste byoutdatedheavy-dutyvehicles.Inaddition,uncontrolledleachatecontaminatesgroundwaterandsomeofthesecontaminants are carcinogens. In addition, wastes in the environment harbors pathogens and increasesincidenceof vector-bornediseases.Waste is thereforenotonly an important climate challenge,but alsoonethataffectseveryaspectoflifeformillionsofpeoplearoundtheworld.

Reducing GHG emissions from the waste sector, particularly emissions of the short-lived climate pollutants(SLCPs), like methane emitted from landfills and black carbon fromburning ofwaste andwaste transport,throughwell-managedwastesystemswillmitigateclimatechangeandhavesignificantlocalandnationalhealth,environmental, and economic co-benefits, including improved quality of life and livelihoods for localcommunities.

TheNCCAP2018statesthatemissionsfromtheindustrialprocessesandwastecontributedaboutfourpercentand one percent of Kenya’s GHG emissions respectively. However, the report also indicates that the wastesectorinKenyawillgrowsignificantlyupto2030,withemissionsfromthewastesector,particularlymethane,doubling.

2.6 Status of Waste Management Governance

Waste management is a sustainable national development issue in Kenya. A coherent and coordinatedregulatoryframeworkmustthereforeguidethenational,countyandlocallevelresponsestothegrowingwastechallenge.

Achievingsustainablewastemanagementrequiresthatallsectorsofsocietyareawareoftheissue,haveaccesstoinformationonwastegenerationandmanagement,andareabletoparticipateindecisionmakingandactionatthelocal,countyandnationallevel.

Sustainable waste management must promote public participation, especially at the county and communitylevel, the participation of women, youth and persons with special needs, especially in waste collection,separationandrecyclingprograms,andpubliceducationsothatallKenyansatthehouseholdlevelcanbecomeagents of change in the implementation of local waste separation, recycling and compost efforts. Also, topromoteeconomicefficiency, competitive tenderingprocesses shouldbepromoted, includingwell structuredcontractsthatcanguaranteethedeliveryofqualityservicesoverthelongrun.Thisalsoimpliesreducingriskforprivate sector participation by, for example, providing long term contracts, a guaranteed fee and supportthrougheffectivefinancialinstruments.

3 GOAL, OBJECTIVES AND GUIDING PRINCIPLES


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3.1 Goal

{{NOTE:Threetextoptionsaresuggestedbelow.Alternatively,phrasesmaybecombinedtomakeanewgoalstatement.}} ThegoalofthisframeworkPolicyisto:

i. Achieve sustainablewastemanagement inKenya toprotectpublichealthand theenvironment,drivejobandwealthcreationthroughthecirculareconomy,andimplementtheZeroWastePrinciple.

ii. Implement integrated waste management following the Zero Waste Principle, focusing on wasteminimization, harnessingwaste as a resource to createwealth andemployment, protectionof publichealthandreducingpollutionoftheenvironment2

iii. Protecthealth,well-beingand theenvironment throughsoundwastemanagementandapplicationofthewastemanagementhierarchy.3

3.2 Objectives

TheobjectivesofthisPolicyareto:

(i) Establish and maintain an effective and efficient institutional framework to mainstreamsustainablewastemanagementmeasuresandactionsacrossrelevantsectorsandintointegratedplanning,budgeting,decision-makingandimplementation,atboththenationalandcountylevels.

(ii) CatalyseKenya’stransitiontoacleaner,moreefficientcirculareconomy.

(i) Establishthepolicyandregulatoryframeworknecessarytoreduce,reuse,recycle,minimizeandsustainably manage waste and progressively transition the nation to a zero-waste circulareconomy,includingthroughExtendedProducerResponsibility.

(ii) Establishing a hierarchy in waste management, that is an order of management preferences,startingwithprevention,towealthcreationsfromreuse,recyclingandenergycreation,andonlyasalastalternative,disposal.

(iii) Incentivizeprivate sector involvement inbuildingandoperating sustainablewastemanagementinfrastructure,includingthroughPPPs

(iv) Facilitatewidespreadpublicawareness,participation,actionandoversightofKenya’ssustainablewastemanagementpolicy,law,mechanisms,actionsandinvestmentsatthenationalandcountylevel.

(v) ProvideaframeworktomobiliseresourcesforKenya’ssustainablewastemanagementinitiativesandensureeffectiveandtransparentutilisationoftheresources.

(vi) Increaseintheamountofwastecollectedandrecycledbyprovidingaffordablewastecollectionservicestoallcommunitiesofallincomelevels.

2 National Solid Waste Management Strategy goal statement3 SouthAfricaNationalWasteManagementStrategy


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(vii) Formalizethewastepickersectorandensuresafeworkingconditionsthroughtraining,financingandparticipationindecision-makingaimedatenablingthefullintegrationofwastepickersintothenation’ssustainablewastemanagementapproach.

(viii) Promotesustainableprocurementpracticesfornationalandcountygovernment

(ix) Establishawastehierarchytoimplementanorderofmanagementpreferenceswhichconsidersthepreventionoftheirgenerationasthefirstalternative;thenitsrecovery,whichincludesthepreparationforreuse,therecyclingofoneormoreofitscomponentsandtheenergyrecoveryofthewaste,leavingasalastalternativefinaldisposalinanengineeredlandfill.4

(x) Achieveapproximately80%wasterecovery(recycling,compostingandwastetoenergy)and20%

landfillinginengineeredsanitarylandfillsby20305{{NB:ThisistakenliterallyfromtheNationalSWMStrategy(2015).Itisaveryambitiousobjectiveandmaybenefitfromadditionofintermediatetargetsorarangeofwasterecoveryvs.afirm80%target.,orindividualtargetsforrecycling,composting,etc.}}

3.3 Guiding Principles

TheimplementationofthisPolicywillbeguidedbythefollowingprinciples:

(i) Right toa cleanandhealthyenvironment: under the2010Constitutioneveryperson inKenyahasarighttoacleanandhealthyenvironmentandadutytosafeguardandenhancetheenvironment.

(ii) Right to sustainable development: the right to development will be respected taking into accounteconomic, social and environmental needs. Kenya seeks to achieve people-centreddevelopment thatbuildshumancapabilities,improvespeople’swellbeingandenhancesqualityoflife.

(iii) Partnership: building partnerships, collaboration and synergies among various stakeholders from thepublic, government, non-governmental organisations, civil society and private sector, as well asvulnerable communities and populations including women and youth, will be prioritized to achieveeffectiveimplementationofthisPolicy.Theprivatesectorwillbeencouragedtodevelopcapacitiesforinvestment,constructionandservicedeliverinrecyclingandwastemanagement.6

(iv) Devolution and Cooperative government: embracing a system of consultation, negotiation andconsensus building in implementation of sustainable waste management between and within thenationalandcountygovernments.

(v) Equityandsocialinclusion:ensuringafairandequitableallocationofeffortandcost,aswellasploughingbackofbenefitsinthecontextoftheneedtoaddressdisproportionatevulnerabilities,responsibilities,capabilities,disparities,andinter–andintra-generationalequity.Thecommunitiesthat

4 Principles9-11aredrawnfromtheChileanNationalWastePolicy.5 NationalSolidWasteManagementStrategylong-termgoalstatement6 DrawnfromtheRwandaNationalSanitationPolicy


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benefitfromsustainablewastemanagementshallbeactivelyinvolvedinplanning,decision-makingandoversightofwastemanagementactivities.Capacitydevelopment,finance,trainingandlaborstandardsshallbeavailedtoformalizethefullintegrationofwastepickersinthesustainablemanagementofwaste,includingmanagementsystems.

(vi) Integrityandtransparency:themobilisationandutilisationoffinancialresourcesshallbeundertaken

withintegrityandtransparencyinordertoeliminatecorruptionandachieveoptimalresultsandensuringthatcommunitiesaregivenallrelevantinformationinatimelyfashion.

(vii) PrecautionaryPrinciple:theprinciplethatprecautionarymeasuresshouldbetakenevenifsomecause

andeffectrelationshiparenotfullyestablishedscientificallywhenanactivityorproductraisesthreatsofharmtohumanhealthortheenvironment.

(viii) Polluterpaysprinciple:theprinciplethatthosewhoproducepollutionorwasteshouldbearthecosts

ofmanagingittopreventdamagetohumanhealthortheenvironment.Makesthepartyresponsibleforproducingpollutionresponsibleforpayingdamagedone.

(ix) ZeroWasteprinciple:theprinciplethatsocietyshouldaimforzerowaste,designingandmanaging

productsandprocessesthatreduceandeventuallyeliminatethevolumeandtoxicityofwaste,toconserveandrecoverwasteresourcesratherthantoburnorburythem.Itisrelatedtothewastehierarchy,whichestablishesanorderofpreferredactionstomanagewaste,andthethreeR’s:reducereuse,recycle.

(x) Extendedproducerresponsibility7:theprinciplethatproducersshouldbegivensignificant

responsibility–financialand/orphysical–forthetreatmentordisposalofthewastefromtheproductstheycreate.Beyondeasinggovernmentbudgetsforwastemanagement,suchresponsibilityinprincipleincentivizescompaniestopreventwastesatthesource,promotingmoreenvironmentallyfriendlyproductdesignandsupportingtheachievementofpublicrecyclingandmaterialsmanagementgoals.

4 LOW CARBON DEVELOPMENT

4.1.1 Emissions from thewaste sector come from twomain sources: first the anaerobic decomposition oforganicwastewhichproducesmethane,apotentclimatewarminggas,andsecondfromwasteburningwhich produces black carbon, a component of particulatematter,which is a strong climatewarmingpollutant.Therefore,thepolicyfocusshouldbeonreducingwasteburning,reducingLandfillgasreleasetotheatmosphereandincreasingorganicwasterecyclingthroughcompostingoranaerobicdigestion.

4.1.2 IndustrialprocessinginKenya,thougharelativelysmallcontributortoGHGemissions,offersmitigationpotential.

4.1.3 SolidandliquidwastesfromdomesticandcommercialsourcescontributetoemissionofGHGsthrough 7 DrawnfromtheSouthAfricaNationalWasteManagementStrategy


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the releaseofmethane gas from landfills and sewerage treatmentworks. Themitigationpotential ofindustry is important because the economic growth targets set by Vision 2030 and theMTPs aim toconvertKenyaintoamiddle-incomeeconomy,withindustryasamajorcontributor.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Identifyandimplementfiscal,taxationandotherpolicyoptionsinpriorityareaswithhighGHGemissionabatementpotentialthatenhancesustainabledevelopment.

2. Put in place mechanisms to develop and promote clean technologies in all sectors of economicdevelopmenttopreventandreducewastegeneration

3. Promote organic waste recycling and the construction of engineered sanitary landfills to reducemethaneemissionsfromlandfillgasreleasetotheatmosphere.

4. Promote the creationof green jobsbyestablishinganenablingpolicy framework for investment, andcreatingbusinessfriendlyregulatoryenvironmentsinrecycling,greeneconomy,andsustainablewastemanagement.

4.1.4 County governments are required by law to prepare and implement County IntegratedDevelopmentPlans,throughwhichsustainablewastemanagementmeasuresandactionsshouldbemainstreamedforsubsequentimplementationbycountysectors.

5 RESEARCH AND DATA COLLECTION

Technological innovation,which involvesexpandingandadaptingexistingtechnologiestothenationalor localcontext, is an imperative component of Kenya’s climate change interventions. It requires not only strongcapabilitiesof thevariousactorsbuta strategy tobuild,enhanceandmaintain the requisitehuman resourcecapacity.Theyouth,asthebridgebetweenthepresentandfuturegenerations,canbetappedtoprovidethishumanresourcecapacity.Supporttotechnologicalinnovationrequiresanarchitecturethatprovidesincentivesand capacity to institutions and actors that contribute the technology, including enforcement of intellectualpropertyrights,financingandotherfacilitation.

{{ADDPARAONDATACOLLECTIONONWASTE generation, numbers and kinds of recycling andwaste disposal facilities,recyclingfacilitiesetcetera.NEMAwillhavethemostrecentdataanddatacollectionmethodologies.}}

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. EnhancedatacollectiononkindsandvolumesofwastesgeneratedandhowtheyarehandledinKenya,toensurethatallpolicyandregulatorydecisionsatthenationalandcountylevelareinformedby,andbasedon,data.

2. Identify researchand technologyneeds;andpromotestrategicandsystematicclimatechange-relatedresearch,impactandvulnerabilityassessments,andtechnologydevelopmentanddiffusion.


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3. Enhancethecapacityofthepublicandprivatesectors,civilsocietyandresearchinstitutionstodevelopandutilisetechnologicalinnovations.

4. Enhance linkages between government, academia, private sector, civil society and global sustainablewastemanagementinnovationinstitutions.

6 EDUCATION AND PUBLIC AWARENESS

6.1.1 Public participation is a core value and principle of national governance in Kenya. Raising andmaintaining the awareness of thepublic onmatters of sustainablewastemanagement is oneway toenhancethisparticipationandfacilitatetheroleofthepublicasapositiveagenttoreinforcesustainablewaste management interventions. Kenya has various mechanisms for public awareness, especiallythroughgovernment,privatesectorandcivilsociety.

6.1.2 Publicawarenessonwastemanagementshouldintegrateknowledgeoncriticalandcrosscuttingpolicyissuessuchasmainstreamingofgender,youthandspecialneeds.Thisapproach is importantbecausepublicawareness iscentral tothesubsidiarityprinciple,whichrequiresanactiveroleof thepeople ingovernance,atthelowestpossiblelevelofpublicadministration,whenitisoptimaltodoso.Sustainablewastemanagementinterventions,suchasthoserelatingtowastecollection,separationofwasteatthesourceandrecycling,arekeytomakethepublicapositiveagentworkingforacleanerenvironment.

6.1.3 While public awareness normally takes the form of informal education, the formal educationmechanismsareequally instrumental.Basiceducation is,asaconstitutionalrule, freeandcompulsorytoeverychildinKenya.Themainstreamingofsustainablewastemanagementknowledgeintothebasiceducation curriculum would provide knowledge and awareness to millions of Kenyan children, whocouldinturncouldpassitontotheirparentsandtofuturegenerations.Wastemanagementeducationshouldbecascadedtoalllevelsofeducationfrombasictotertiarylevels.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Put in place a strategy for identifying, refining and disseminating sustainable waste managementknowledgetothepublicandotherstakeholdersinuser-friendlyformats.

2. Incorporatesustainablewastemanagementknowledgeintogovernmentimplementedpublicawarenessinitiativesincludingciviceducationandextensionprogrammes.

3. Developandimplementmodulesonsustainablewastemanagementatalllevelsofeducationfrombasictotertiarycurricula.

4. Collaborate with, and support, private sector and civil society in incorporating sustainable wastemanagementintoadvocacyandpublicawarenessraisingprogrammes.

5. Strengthen the capacity and ensure sufficient resourcing of institutions engaged in sustainablewastemanagementpublicawareness.


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7 KNOWLEDGE MANAGEMENT AND ACCESS TO INFORMATION

7.1.1 The ability of the country to respond effectively to the waste challenge requires enhanced datacollection onwaste generation, current waste disposal practices, andwasteminimization, reuse andrecyclingopportunities,aswellastheimpactsofthecurrentpoorstateofwastemanagementonpublichealth and the environment. The Government is aware of the need to gather and organize alreadyexistingdata,whilegeneratingadditionalknowledgeand informationto informdecision-makinggoingforward.

7.1.2 Therulesonaccesstoinformationshouldbeinterpretedliberallytoensurethewidestlatitudeisgivento public access to information, bearing in mind the constitutional origins of the right. Proceduralmechanismsonaccess to information require thatan interestedparty shouldmakea formal request,and likely make a reasonable payment to cover modest administrative costs. Minimisation of theseproceduresor theireliminationwith regard towastegenerationandmanagement informationwouldexpandthescopeofaccessibleknowledgeand information.Since it isaconstitutional requirementtopublicize any important information affecting the nation, the government should classify wastegeneration and management information as falling in this category and proactively provide refinedinformationonwastemanagementtothepublic.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Facilitate establishment and operation of a national waste information hub and clearinghouse togenerate, coordinate, collect, collate, store, retrieve and disseminate reliable, high quality and up-to-datedataandinformation.

2. Develop a communication strategy to enhance dissemination of timely reliable information onsustainablewastemanagementandresearchfindings.

3. Put in place mechanisms to gather, document and promote application of traditional indigenousknowledgeandpracticesonwastemanagement.

4. Implementmechanismstofacilitateandsupportaccesstoinformationonthecurrentsituationofwastegenerationandmanagement indifferent sectorsandcountiesandonsustainablewastemanagementprograms,measuresandactionsatalllevelsincludingatthecommunitylevel.

5. Monitor and evaluate data to analyse progress and determinewhen andwhere further interventionmayberequired.

8 SUSTAINABLE WASTE MANAGEMENT GOVERNANCE

8.1 Enabling Legal and Regulatory Framework

Appropriately designed legislative, policy and institutional frameworks provide a regulatory architecturecomprising the vital components of wastemanagement governance. This architecture is crucial to achievingeffective policy and action plan implementation. Clear and well-defined structures will help to overcome


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obstaclesintranslatingsustainablewastemanagementapproachesfromconcepttoreality.

Waste management is a complex issue that impacts national and county development. Legislative andinstitutionalmechanisms are necessary to provide overall content and direction on howwastemanagementresponsesarestructuredatthenationalandcountylevel.

The impact of uncontrolledwaste generation and dumpingwill continue to place significant obstacles in thepathofsustainabledevelopment. It is imperativethatKenyaaimstoattainsustainabledevelopment,which isframedbytheConstitutionasanimportantvalueofnationalgovernance.TheConstitutionhassetuparenewedstructureofpublicadministration,withonenationalgovernmentand47Countygovernments.Thesetwolevelsof government while distinct are interdependent and expected to function consultatively in a cooperativemannertodischargetheirrespectiveandconcurrentmandates.Thenationalgovernmentismandatedtomakepolicyandanationalframeworklawonwastetomandateandfacilitateactionatthecountylevel.

Kenya has addressed waste management as part of the nation’s development agenda (Kenya Vision 2030),climatechangeactionplan (NationalClimateChangeActionPlan2018),and lawsand regulations suchas theEnvironmentalManagementandCoordinationAct(EMCA)2015),theEnvironmentPolicy(2013),NationalSolidWaste Management Strategy (2015), and the Environmental Management and Coordination (WasteManagement)Regulationsof2006.Howeverthelegalandpolicyregimemustbesignificantlystrengthenedforthecountytoachieveitswastemanagementgoals.

TheConstitution of Kenya (2010)Article 42 provides that “Every personhas the right to a clean andhealthyenvironment,” that the State will “Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger theenvironment”;anddevolvesresponsibilitiesoverwastemanagementtothe47counties.

Kenya’sNationallyDeterminedContribution(NDC)totheParisAgreementsetanemissionreductiontargetof30percentby2030comparedwiththe“businessasusual”(BAU)scenarioandincludesthewastesector.

Kenya’s development blueprint, Vision 2030, includes a Solid Waste Management initiative which calls forrelocationofNairobi’sDandoradumpsiteandthedevelopmentofsolidwastemanagementsystemsinfive(5)leadingmunicipalities.

TheEnvironmentalPolicy(2014)section6.3WasteManagement,statesthat“Inefficientproductionprocesses,low durability of goods and unsustainable consumption and production patterns lead to excessive wastegeneration” and sets out three policy statements, the first of which has been completed but not fullyimplemented:

1.Developanintegratednationalwastemanagementstrategy. 2.Promotetheuseofeconomicincentivestomanagewaste. 3.Promoteestablishmentoffacilitiesandincentivesforcleanerproduction,waste recovery,recyclingandre-use.

TheEnvironmentManagementandCoordinationActCAP387includesprovisionsforeconomicincentivesthatcould be developed to encourage good solid waste management practices and incentivize investment in,recyclingandgreenmanufacturing.

Finally,Kenya’sNationalClimateChangeActionPlan2018-2022commitsthegovernmenttodevelopa“National


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policy… to substantially reducewastegeneration throughprevention, reduction, recyclingand reuse”and todevelop“FiveCounty-basedwastemanagementplansandregulationsthatareconsistentwithNationalWasteManagementStrategyandotherrelevantpolicies.”

Legislative and regulatory review will be an ongoing iterative process to ensure that barriers to action areremovedandenablingframeworksforimplementationareinplacebasedonevolvingcircumstances.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Putinplaceoverarchingwastelegislationtoprovidetheframeworkforcoordinatedimplementationofwastemanagement actions, plans and financial incentives at thenational level and laws, regulations,strategies,actionsandinvestmentatthecountylevel.

2. PutinplaceanationalWasteManagementDirectoratetocoordinatetheimplementationofprograms,measures andactions to advance the circular economyandassist counties to create jobs andwealthfromwaste.

3. Putinplaceandregularlyreviewsubsidiarylegislationasmaybenecessarytosupportimplementationofvariousinterventionsonwastemanagement.

4. Putinplacemechanismsforpublicconsultationandparticipationinwastemanagementgovernanceatalllevelsofgovernment.

5. Ensureandfacilitatecountygovernmentstoputinplacecountywastemanagementlawsandstrategies.

6. Setasidesufficientlandforwastemanagementactivities

7. Enable community engagement in waste management plans and projects, and generate jobs andlivelihoodsfromwastecollection,recycling,andmanagementactivities.

8. Promulgateastrategytophaseoutsingleuseplastics.

9. Promulgate product standards for recyclable materials in partnership with the Kenya Bureau ofStandards.

10. Promulgatearecyclingand/ortakebackschemeforPETplasticbottles.

11. Adopt incentives and regulations to promote source separation of waste to significantly increaserecycling and organic compost production and to reduce the volume of organic waste destined forlandfills.

12. Adopt incentives and regulations to promote the closure of open dumpsites and the construction ofengineeredsanitarylandfillsandwastetoenergyfacilitiestosignificantlyreducemethaneemissions.

13. Promulgatelaborstandardsforwastepickers.

14. Establish Extended Producer Responsibility (EPR) for electronic products and products that generatehazardouswaste


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15. Operationalizearegistryofelectronicandhazardouswastegeneratorstotrack,publicizeandimproveEPRimplementation.

8.2 Institutional Arrangements

Kenyarequiresappropriatelydesignedlegislative,policyandinstitutionalframeworksthatprovidearegulatoryarchitecturecomprisingthevitalcomponentsofsustainablewastemanagementgovernance.Itisimperativetoensurecompliancewiththeconstitutional frameworkofpublicadministration,especiallythedevolvedsystemof government. Waste management responsibilities are currently spread across multiple institutions at thenationalandcountylevel.

TheConstitutionhassetuparenewedstructureofpublicadministration,withonenationalgovernmentand47countygovernments.Wastemanagement isadevolvedfunctionundertheKenyanconstitution,hencecountygovernmentshaveacentralroleinimplementingthisPolicy.

Thesetwolevelsofgovernment,whiledistinct,areinterdependentandexpectedtofunctionconsultativelyinacooperativemannertodischargetheirrespectiveandconcurrentmandates.Incertaininstances,theremaybeconcurrentperformanceofsustainablewastemanagementrelatedfunctionsbythetwolevelsofgovernment.Itis therefore necessary to review the overall legislative and institutional arrangements that govern wastemanagementactions.

Effective waste management requires a legislative and institutional mechanism that provides high-levelguidance.Thelegislativemechanismisnecessarytoprovideoverallcontentanddirection.

Thenationalgovernment ismandatedtomakepolicyandenactframeworknational legislationonsustainablewastemanagement,andtoenforcenationallawsandregulationsonwastemanagement.

It isalsonecessarytohavean institutionalcoordinationmechanismwithhigh-levelconveningpowertoguidepolicy and implementation of legal obligations of the national and county governments. This Policy aims tostrengthenoversightandcoordinationoftheimplementationofthepolicyandmaximizeimpactandefficiencybycreatinganationalWasteManagementDirectorate.

The Directoratewill serve as the national knowledge and informationmanagement hub for information andknowledgeonsustainablewastemanagement,thecirculareconomyandrelatedmatters. Itwillalsoprovideanalyticalanddatacollectionandanalysissupportonwastemanagementtovariousnationalsectorministriesandotherbodies,andtothecountygovernments.

TheDirectoratewill,incollaborationwillallotherrelevantnationalagenciesandCountyGovernments,identifywaste reduction, reuse and recycling strategies in relevant sectors, optimize the country’s opportunities tomobilize finance for sustainablewastemanagement, and ensure coordination across all national and countygovernmentbodies. TheDirectoratewillalsocoordinatereportingonKenya’sinternationalobligationsunderthewasteandchemicalsconventions.

GovernanceapproachesshouldavailopportunitiesforallKenyanpeopletoparticipate indecisionmakingandbecomeagentsfordesignandimplementationofwastemanagementresponses.


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Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Put in place a legal and institutional framework for efficient implementation of sustainable wastemanagementlegalobligationsofthenationalandcountygovernments.

2. Establish a national Sustainable Waste Management Directorate to coordinate the comprehensivenational approach to sustainable waste management and put in place an appropriate institutionalcoordination mechanism with high-level convening power to enhance inter-sectoral and inter-governmentalresponses.

3. Promulgatenecessarylaws,regulationsandotherguidancefortheefficientandtransparentfunctioningoftheDirectorateandensuretheireffectiveenforcement.

4. Ensurethatnationalandcountyplanningprocessesaccountforsustainablewastemanagement.

5. Put inplacemechanisms forpublic consultationandparticipation inclimatechangegovernanceatalllevelsofgovernment.

8.3 Finance, Investment and Other Resources

Adequate and predictable financial resources are a crucial component for achieving Kenya’s sustainablewastemanagement objectives. Given the extent of the wastemanagement challenge, it is important toensurethatallsourcesoffinancescanbemobilized–international,domestic,publicandprivate–includingthrough Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs). Kenya therefore requires a suitable framework to attract andefficientlyutilisewastemanagementfinance.

A functional waste management finance mechanism is critical to developing and maintaining requiredhumancapacity,supportgovernancearrangementsandenhancecollaborationamongstthevariousactors.

Additionally,economicinstrumentsthatencourageordiscourageparticularbehaviororactionswithrespectto sustainable waste management will be critical to augment other legal and regulatory instruments.Economicinstrumentsforsustainablewastemanagementinclude:DepositRefundSchemes;WasteDisposalTaxes; Product Taxes; Tax interventions forhazardouswastedisposal, and; tax rebates and incentives forinvestment,forexampleinnewrecyclingtechnologies,

The Kenya National Environmental Policy (2013) directs the use of “fiscal incentives to encouragewasteminimization, recovery, reuse and recycling.” Similarly, the Kenya Waste Management NAMA (2017)underlinestheimportanceofpromoting“theuseofeconomicincentivestomanagewaste.”

TheEnvironmentalManagementandCoordinationAct(Art.57)listsarangeof“Governmenttaxandotherfiscalincentives,disincentivesorfeestoinduceorpromotethepropermanagementoftheenvironmentandnaturalresourcesforthepreventionorabatementofenvironmentaldegradation,”including:

(a) Customs and excise waiver in respect of imported capital goods which prevent or substantiallyreduceenvironmentaldegradationcausedbyanundertaking;


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(b)taxrebatestoindustriesorotherestablishmentsthatinvestinplants,equipmentandmachineryforpollutioncontrol,re-cyclingofwastes,waterharvestingandconservation,preventionoffloodsandforusingotherenergyresourcesassubstitutesforhydrocarbons; (c) Tax disincentives to deter bad environmental behavior that leads to depletion of environmentalresourcesorthatcausepollution;or (d)Userfeestoensurethatthosewhouseenvironmentalresourcespaypropervaluefortheutilizationofsuchresources.

PPPshaveemergedasviablemechanismsforleveragingprivatesectorfinancingtosupportpublicpolicygoals.AnenablingregulatoryframeworkhasbeenputinplacebythegovernmenttosupportPPPs.Investmentsthatsupport low carbon climate resilient development can therefore be identified, prepared and implementedthroughthePPPframework.

The government recognizes the urgency of strengthening transparency and accountability andwill thereforetakenecessarystepstoencouragebestpracticesinwastemanagementfinanceandactions.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Adoptasustainablewastemanagementfinancestrategyandestablishasustainablewastemanagementfundmechanismandeligibilitycriteriathatenablesimplementationofpriorityactions.

2. Explore possible avenues to attract internal and external sustainable waste management finance,including through foreign direct investment and other multilateral or bilateral funding, including taxrelief

3. Promoteprivatesectorinvolvementinthewastesectorthroughtheintroductionofincentives,removalofinvestmentbarriers,creationofaconduciveinvestmentclimateandfacilitationofaccesstofinance.

4. Adopt and implement sector specific anti-corruption, transparency, accountability and integritymechanismstosafeguardprudentmanagementofwastemanagementfinance.

5. Put in placemechanisms to attract and leverage Public-Private Partnerships as a vehicle tomobiliseresourcesandenhanceprivatesectorparticipationinsustainablewastemanagementacrossthewastevaluechain.

6. Putinplaceaframeworkforcoordinationandmonitoringandtrackingsources,applicationandimpactsofsustainablewastemanagementfinance.

8.4 Mainstreaming Issues of Gender, Youth and Special Needs Groups in Sustainable Waste Management

8.4.1 TheconstitutionalfoundationsofgovernanceinKenyaaimforanequalsociety,andclearlyassertthatwomenandmenareequal.ThisequalityisthegoalthatKenyaaimstoachieveinallaspectsofsocietyinteraction,whethereconomic, socialorenvironmental.TheConstitutionprovides for socio-economic


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rights,suchastherighttowater,food,housing,emergencymedicalservicesandsanitation.Theserightsaremechanisms for addressing vulnerability arising fromgender inequity, but also for supporting theyouthandpersonswithspecialneedstoreinforceintra-andinter-generationalequity.

8.4.2 Women, because of their roles in society, can be active agents to address sustainable wastemanagementchallenges.Mechanismsareneededtoenhancethisrole.

8.4.3 The youth represent a crossover between the present and future generations, and therefore play acriticalroleinsocio-economicdevelopment,includingaddressingwastemanagement.Itisnecessarytocarve out specific roles and opportunities for youth participation in decision-making in wastemanagementgovernance,andtopursueopportunitiesthatarisethroughwastemanagementactions.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Put in place mechanisms to ensure and enhance the participation of the youth and women insustainable waste management governance and project implementation, and to help them availthemselvesoftheopportunities.

2. Undertake a systemic analysis of the various special needs and ensure that planning and wastemanagementresponsesmainstreamparticipationandprotectiontopersonswithspecialneeds.

3. Supporttheformationandfullengagementofwastecollection,separation,recyclingandwastepickercooperatives (SACCOs) to enhance the provision of wastemanagement services and formalize theseimportantlinksinthewastemanagementvaluechain.

8.5 Waste Management Data Generation and Reporting on Actions

8.5.1 Currently, Kenya hasweakmechanisms for collecting informationonwaste generation, recycling andmanagement,whichmakes itdifficultforthepublic,privatesectorcompanies,potential investorsandotherkeystakeholderstocreatebusinessmodels,trackprogress,shareresultsandaccessinformation.

8.5.2 Requiringreportingonwastegenerationandmanagementwillgeneratedatathatisavitalgovernancetooltoassessperformanceagainstsettargetsandtoupdateactionplansaccordingly.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Establish a national waste reporting framework for both waste generation and sustainable wastemanagementactions.

2. Assist the counties to establish county waste reporting frameworks for both waste generation andsustainablewastemanagementactions.

3. Enhance awareness and build capacities of both national and county entities to participate in wastemanagementreportingprocess.


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9 IMPLEMENTATION FRAMEWORK

Implementationofsustainablewastemanagementpolicyprioritiesandotheractionswillrequiresignificantplanning,includingdetailingthefullcosttodeterminebudgetaryandothereconomicimplications.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Prepare and implement comprehensive, fully costed and periodically reviewed Sustainable WasteManagementActionPlansundertheframeworkofthisPolicy.

2. EnsurethatSustainableWasteManagementPlansforimplementationofthisPolicyarealignedwiththeregularMTPsofVision2030.

3. EnsureCountiesprepareandimplementcontextualizedSustainableWasteManagementActionPlans

4. Facilitate continuous consultations and public awareness across all sectors, interest groups and thepublic.

9.1 Monitoring and Evaluation of Policy Implementation

9.1.1 The Government recognizes the importance of tracking implementation of this waste managementPolicyandevaluatingrelatedoutcomes.This importanttaskcansignalpotentialweaknessesindesign,identify implementation challenges and facilitate policy adjustments. In this context, it is crucial toprioritizerigorousandcontinuousMonitoringandEvaluation(M&E)ofthisPolicy.

9.1.2 InordertotracktheimplementationofthisPolicy, itwillbeessentialtorecordandmeasureprogressandchanges,aswellastheoverallperformanceofwastemanagementpolicies,plansandactions.M&Ewillprovidereliableandtimelydataonprogress,resultsandshortcomingsofthePolicyimplementationto inform decisionmakers, stakeholders and the public. A highly consultative and participatoryM&Esystemwillbeadopted to facilitateperiodic reviewsof thisPolicyand itscontribution to thenationaleconomy.

9.1.3 AnappropriatewastemanagementM&Esystemwillcoordinateinputsfromdifferentsources,includingvariousstakeholders,toprovidereliableandtimelyinformationanddataforplanningpurposes,andasinputstonationalandcountylevelreports.

9.1.4 M&E of this Policy will be synchronized to the five-year MTPs of Vision 2030, and will adopt aparticipatoryapproachthatfacilitatesactiveengagementofstakeholders,

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Put in place mechanisms to utilize actions plans and performance contracts as tools for review andevaluationofinputsandresultsunderthisPolicy.

2. CollaboratewithcountygovernmentsinsettingupM&Eproceduresforthiswastemanagementpolicy.


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3. Incorporate waste management indicators into the National Integrated Monitoring and EvaluationSystem.

4. SetupacoordinationmechanisminvolvingrelevantstakeholderstoundertakeM&EofthisPolicyoverfive-yearintervalsinlinewiththeMTPsofVision2030.

5. Disseminate the outcomes of reviews and evaluations for public and stakeholder discussion, and forparliamentaryandcountyassemblydebateandoversight.

9.2 Resource Mobilisation

9.2.1 Fundingrequired for financingsustainablewastemanagementprogramsandactionsunder thispolicywillbemobilisedfrombothinternalandexternalsources.

9.2.2 Governments at all levels will be required to integrate sustainable waste management actions intobudgetary processes. This will complement and be in addition to any external waste managementfinanceresources.Inparticular,sufficientbudgetaryallocationforallinstitutionsperformingsustainablewaste management functions will be prioritised to ensure that the necessary human, technical andfinancialresourcesareavailable.

9.2.3 ThisPolicyunderscorestheGovernment’scommitmenttoincreasePPPinitiativesforactionsthathelptoachievesustainablewastemanagement.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Allocate resources for sustainable waste management actions in national and county budgetaryprocesses.

2. Assistcountiestodevelopeffectivesustainablewastemanagementactionsplansandbudgets.

3. Build capacity to mobilise and enhance absorption of resources for sustainable waste managementinterventions.

4. MobiliseinternationalfinancetofundimplementationofthisPolicy.

5. Put inplacemechanisms toattractand leveragePPPsasavehicle tomobilise resourcesandenhanceprivate sector participation in sustainable waste management and circular economy developmentactivities.

9.3 Capacity development

Capacity-developmenton sustainablewastemanagement is critical formultiple sectorsof theeconomy, thepublic, and national and county governments. Its focus will include the training of government and countyinstitutionstoeffectivelyimplementpolicyframeworks,lawsandregulationsandtocreatepublicawarenesstoeffectivelyadvancesustainablewastemanagementapproaches.


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Itwill also include theprivate sector throughcapacitybuildingandknowledge transferon thecirculargreeneconomyacrossthewastevaluechain,fromcollectiontorecyclingandreuse.Aspecialfocuswillbeplacedontheindustrialsectorandtheagriculturesector.ProductstandardsforrecyclablematerialsandorganiccompostwillbedevelopedandpromulgatedinpartnershipwiththeKenyaBureauofStandards.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

1. Putinplaceandoperationaliseasustainablewastemanagementcapacitydevelopmentstrategy.

2. Establishandsustainpartnershipswithvariouscategoriesofwastemanagementstakeholdersincludingcounties, development partners, sectoral departments, waste picker organizations and civil societygroupstofacilitatedeliveryofcapacitydevelopmenttraining.

10 Collaboration and stakeholders participation

10.1.1 Article 10 of the Constitution identifies public participation as a binding national value during theimplementationof anypublic policy or decision, or in themakingor implementationof any law. TheGovernment therefore recognizes the importance of building and sustaining partnerships with theKenyan public, at all levels of society, to ensure a collective national ownership of sustainablewastemanagementactivities.

10.1.2 TheGovernmentwillcontinuetoplaytheleadroleinthestrategicplanningandmanagementofwastemanagementresponses.Thenationalgovernmentwill fosterparticipatorypartnershipsbetween itselfandcountygovernments,otherpublicentities, theprivatesector,civil society,developmentpartners,media and international agencies. Steps will be taken to consolidate and strengthen the workingrelations with development partners. Improved sectoral and donor coordination will be formalizedthroughperiodicmeetingsandfora.

Policy Statements

TheGovernmentwill:

3. Putinplaceandoperationaliseasustainablewastemanagementpublicparticipationstrategy.

4. Ensure that public participation enhances consultation and awareness of all sectors of the public,includingfacilitatingequitablerolesforwomenandmen,personswithspecialneedsandtheyouth.

5. Establishandsustainpartnershipswithvariouscategoriesofwastemanagementstakeholdersincludingdevelopmentpartnersandsectoraldepartments.

AnnexI–AbbreviationsandAcronyms


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AnnexII–Terminology

national sustainable waste management policy · the constitutional framework of public...

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