National University of Sciences & Technology

• Developed and Developing Countries

• Little Known Facts About Pakistan

• Govt initiatives in Bridging Digital Divide

• Pakistan Educational Research Network Architecture

• NUST-CERN-Caltech Research Collaboration initiative

• Research Performance Analysis

• Conclusion

• Recommendations

Overview

A “Developed Country” (not necessarily a rich one) has gone, sometime in its past history, through the cycle:

• improvements to its population’s level of education

• progress in (and application of) science & technology

• deployment of its own (and other’s) natural resources

• wealth generation through manufacture or services

• improvement to infrastructure (of education, industry, energy supply, services, communications…)

leading to competitivity and productivity, better social conditions and higher standard of living

““Developed Countries”Developed Countries”

Arshad Ali, NUST, Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03

A “Developing Country” (not necessarily a poor country) is in the process of deploying:

- its human resources (educated people)

- its natural resources (prospecting, exploiting and transforming into higher-value items), and

- its infrastructure (of education, health, industry, transport & communications, water & energy supply, environmental, etc) in order to make its economy more efficient and competitive

““Developing Countries”Developing Countries”““Developing Countries”Developing Countries”

Arshad Ali, NUST, Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03

2002

Iran

Afghanistan

India

China

Kashmir

India

Afghanistan

China

Arabian Sea

Iran

Karachi

Islamabad

LahoreMultanQuetta

Dr Abdus Salam

Pakistan (little known facts)

Government-Parliamentary form

Capital – Islamabad

Languages :

English (official)

Urdu (national)

140 million people

Per capita income - $ 460 (US)

Hospitals – 830

Professional colleges - 161

Universities - 43

One million internet users

Over 400 cities connected to internet

VoIP capability

Islamabad ranked among best cities in Asia

by Asiaweek Magazine (April 2002)

Outside of U.S. and U.K. 10% of all English

speaking people in the world live in Pakistan.

Pakistan (little known facts)

Violent Crime Rate(Per 1000 People)

Seventh United Nation Survey of Crime Trends and Operations of Criminal Justice System. Covering 1998-2000 for Country Data FBI Uniform Crime Report for City Data

9.7710.8 13.21 13.53 14.16 14.32 16.3

13.09

49.5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Talented people are born anywhere in the world they are not a privilege of developed countries!

Talented people without education, however, will remain talented but uneducated people!

Talented, but uneducated people:

• will not contribute much to their country’s development

• some of them will even use their talents in a detrimental way

Human Resources: Human Resources: Talented and Educated PeopleTalented and Educated People

Educated, not just Talented Educated, not just Talented

PeoplePeopleMaxwell, Thomson, Rutherford, Curie, Fermi, Dirac, Einstein (physics), Watson, Crick (biology), Mendeleev, Pauling (chemistry), Fleming, Pasteur (medicine)….have dramatically changed our world through their research followed by its technological applicationsAll these scientists were not just talented, they were found to be talented as they were educated!Therefore, without education their talents would have been lost for the progress of mankind!

Natural Resources & Natural Resources &

InfrastructureInfrastructure

Educated people are a necessary, but not a sufficient condition for the development of a country:

A country’s wealth thus depends on its educated people producing items or a providing service - commerce or just selling natural resources does not produce wealth

S&E Researchers per Million Inhabitants

72

149

291

454

2,193

2,319

2,799

3,676

4,828

4909

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Pakistan

India

Turkey

China

Korea

Ireland

Finland

United States

Israel

Japan

Council of Higher Education, Turkey-Web Site

Numbers

Best Capital Investment Country = Talented and Best Capital Investment Country = Talented and Educated PeopleEducated People

Japan is a striking example: it was a poor island nation with few natural resources and bad infrastructure (as well as closed ports until the late 19th century) - but Japan always had a strong tradition for good education.

Some 30 years after its “opening to the World” Japan’s navy destroyed the Russian fleet at Tsushima. One generation later later, and (like Germany) following its total destruction, Japan (with less inhabitants than Pakistan) succeeded to rebuild its country to become the second most powerful economy on the globe

When Japan “opened up ” in about 1880, it When Japan “opened up ” in about 1880, it began to complement the education of its began to complement the education of its most talented people by sending them to most talented people by sending them to study in “developed countries”.study in “developed countries”.

Need of a Need of a Modern Modern InfrastructureInfrastructure

An obsolete or decrepit infrastructure in universities, institutes or hospitals, inadequate equipment, poor communication networks, and to a certain degree also low salaries etc. cause the best scientists to migrate to better equipped countries whilst the other scientists “stay at home”

Next to the need for educated people, a country needs modern and competitive infrastructure and proper tools as the working environment

--> A very negative “Darwinistic process” <----> A very negative “Darwinistic process” <--

The “Negative” Development The “Negative” Development AidAid A “Developing Country” with a

poor infrastructure (in particular in the area of science, research and education) is often providing, “free of charge”, its most talented people (who’s education it paid from its scarce resources) to Developed Countries

Therefore, investments in education are wasted if no investments are also made in the science, research and education infrastructure (+ salaries)

EXPORT PERFORMANCE

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1960 1980 1985 1990 1995 1999 2000 2001 2002

Pakistan Thailand Malaysia Korea China

1960 2002

Pakistan 0.16 9.88

Thailand 0.43 68.62

Malaysia

1.23 95.65

Korea 0.03 162.47

China 2.79 325.56

US$ BILLIONUS$ BILLION

CHINA

KOREAKOREA

MALAYSIAMALAYSIA

THAILANDTHAILAND

PAKISTANPAKISTAN

Source: WTO, Database

COMPARISON: SELECTED COUNTRIESCOMPARISON: SELECTED COUNTRIES

1960-80 in Korea employment of GMs doubled while that of engineers Increased Ten Fold.

Help scientists from Developing Countries to Help scientists from Developing Countries to work “at home”work “at home”

Governments should therefore make their best effort to provide opportunities to its scientists to work in their home country, and make it also attractive for them work there. Governments should also provide good communications with the rest of the world

Arshad Ali NUST Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03

Science cannot progress in Science cannot progress in IsolationIsolation However, science has become rather

complex, and only very few scientists can make any progress in isolation: “to limit the community of scientists to a small group leads to common spiritual poverty” (A. Einstein)

Most scientists in isolation will soon cease to be scientists - as such they will no longer be able to educate younger talents, and their “knowledge” will eventually have become obsolete.

This was recognized by Abdus Salam, and others when they promoted institutions like the ICTP, …….Arshad Ali NUST Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03

International Basic Science International Basic Science CollaborationsCollaborations At the same time, scientists must be

also able to collaborate with their colleagues from other countries - as otherwise they would soon be “out of touch”, i.e. they would become much less useful (or quite useless) for the development of their own country… and there are plenty of opportunities for international basic science collaborations (CERN, FNAL, ICTP, GENOME etc which are a good training ground - or an opportunity to make a major contribution to mankind

2003

Iran

Afghanistan

India

China

SDH/PDH (525/622 Mb/s) backbone being

upgraded to DWDM

10 Gb/s

Arshad Ali NUST Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03

Bandwidth Available

Operative Data bandwidth

-

50

100

150

200

250

300

Jan-

96

Jul-9

6

Jan-

97

Jul-9

7

Jan-

98

Jul-9

8

Jan-

99

Jul-9

9

Jan-

00

Jul-0

0

Jan-

01

Jul-0

1

Jan-

02

Mb/

s Operative Data bandwidth

today

Start point

October 2000: 32 Mb/s Mar 2002: 265 Mb/s

Aug 2003: 610 Mb/s

Plummeting costs….

Cost /E1

-

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

US

$

Cost /E1

Start point

Today

June 2000: US$ 87,000/E1 October 2003: US$ 5,400/E1

Internet user growth

Internet users

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

Internet users

Start point

Today

June 2000: 130,000 Oct 2003: 5,400,000

Total users more than 5

Million!

Dial up

Cellular explosion

Cellular Users

-

200,000

400,000

600,000

800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

1,400,000

Jan-

95

Jan-

96

Jan-

97

Jan-

98

Jan-

99

Jan-

00

Jan-

01

Jan-

02

Ce

llula

r U

se

rs

Cellular Users

Start point

Today

CPP

Jan 2001: 225,000 Oct 2003: 2,450,000

Educational Intranet Network Topology

International4 MB

LahoreNTC IP/ATM Core

KarachiNTC IP/ATM Core

International2 MB

RawalpindiNTC IP/ATM Core

2 X 2 Mbps 2 X 2 Mbps

Replica of Kr./Iba

International2 MB

12 Universities

2 X 2 Mbps

22 Universities 22 Universities

LAN Switch

AccessRouter

LAN Switch

AccessRouter

Customer

Microwave towerMicrowave tower Microwave tower Microwave tower

Customer

OFNODE

OFNODE

Customer Customer Customer Customer

DXX DXX DXX DXX DXX DXX

Dec 2000: CERN scientists visited NUST

Feb 2001: WISDOM II Project started at NUST with CERN and University of West England (UWE) UK

April 2001: Monalisa module development started with Caltech, USA

(Thanks to Ian Willers, Harvey Newman and Richard McClatchey for their role in making this a success)

NUST-CERN Collaboration

Collaboration Projects

• End Host Monitoring Agent (EMA) for MonaLisa -- Caltech, USA

• IP Network Topology Discovery Module -- Caltech, USA

• Grid Enabled Analysis Application for Handheld Devices --Caltech, USA

• Java Based Claren Server for Physics Analysis -- Caltech, USA

• Data Warehousing Services for Grid -- Caltech, USA

• Establishment of CMS Production Centre and LCG Grid deployment -- CMS CERN

• Integration of Agents and Web Services in Semantic Grid -- Comtec Japan

• FIPA Compliant Multi Agent System -- Comtec Japan

• Mobilen Grid for Ubquitous computing – KHU Korea

Collaboration Projects

JAS interfacing to Clarens being developed in collaboration NUST Scientists

Annual Report For Award #0218937Harvey B Newman ; California Inst of Tech

(ITR) CMS Analysis: an Interactive Grid-Enabled Environment (CAIGEE)

• Participant Individuals: Senior personnel(s) : Conrad Steenberg; Ian Fisk; Julian J Bunn; Eric Aslakson;

Iosif LegrandGraduate student(s) : Ashiq Anjum (NUST)

NUST CALTECH collaboration on JClarens, JASOnPDA/WiredOnPDA.

Source: http://monalisa.cacr.caltech.edu/tests_SC2002.html

• MonaLisa is running and being developed at : Caltech, UCSD, Fermilab, UFL, CERN, UPB, NUST

Pakistan

(Nust)

MonaLisa

Grid analysis demo by Caltech, CERN, KEK (Japan), Sinica (Taiwan), NUST (Pakistan), UERJ (Rio de Janeiro), PUB (Bucharest).

Pakistan

Establishment of LHC Grid Node at NUST

• Establishment of LHC Grid node at NUST

– Grid node will help in developing state of the art technologies in Pakistan for socio-economic development

– Strengthen research in priority areas

– Breed technologies for Pakistani industrial sector

– Enhance scientific research profile of Pakistan

Collaborative activities by VRVS

VRVS at NUST Pakistan

IEPM/PingER

Internet End-to-end Performance Monitoring and the PingER project

IEPM/PingER

Internet End-to-end Performance Monitoring and the PingER project

NIIT & SLAC Research Collaboration

Measurements of Internet performance for NIIT, Pakistan Jan 2004

Karachi

NIIT/Rawalpindi

Islamabad

Lahore

Loss %

RTT ms

Routes: ESnet (hops 3-6) - SNVSINGTEL (7-12) - KarachiPakistan Telecom

KarachiRawalpindi

Routes: ESnet (hops 3-6) - SNVSINGTEL (7-12) - KarachiPakistan Telecom

KarachiLahore

Routes: ESnet (hops 3-8) - DCATT (9-21) - Karachi

NIIT performance from U.S. (SLAC)

Ping RTT & Loss

Nb. Heavy losses during congested day-times

Bandwidth measurements using packet pair dispersion & TCPABW (pkt-pair dispersion):Average To NIIT: ~350Kbits/s From NIIT: 365 Kbits/sIperf/TCP: Average: To NIIT: ~320Kbits/s From: NIIT 40Kbits/s

Can also derive throughput (assuming standard TCP) from RTT & loss using: BW~1.2*S(1460B)/(RTT*sqrt(loss)This yields about 160Kbits/s

Preliminary results, started measurements end Dec 2003.

Avg daily:

loss~2%,

RTT~320ms

APNIC

APNIC Services & Activities

Resources Services• IPv4, IPv6, ASN,

reverse DNS• Policy development

– Approved and implemented by membership

• APNIC whois db– whois.apnic.net– Registration of resources

Information dissemination• APNIC meetings• Web and ftp site• Mailing lists

– Open for anyone!

• Training Courses– Subsidised for members

• Co-ordination & liaison– With membership, other RIRs

& other Internet Orgs.

Research Performance Measures

Need to look at investment vis-à-vis benefits

accrued to the nation

Intellectual input by Faculty and UG/PG students

Output

No of Research Students (MS/PhD) Completed

Research Funding attracted

Research Papers Published

Research Team

Number of Researchers at NIIT

14

18

31

1/1/00

Time (Years)

Nu

mb

er

of

Stu

de

nts

Number of Researchers at NIIT

14

18

31

1/1/00

Time (Years)

Nu

mb

er

of

Stu

de

nts

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004

Five MS and One MPhil studies completed under joint supervision of International and NUST Faculty

Caltech (39000)

European Commission (468110)

MamoGrid (108000)

Korean Univ (388800)

CERN (115800)

NUST Attracted Research Funding in USD

Total: 1.69 Mil USD

Form of Funding• Ms/PhD funding• Students visits• Lab equipment• CERN fellowship • PC-1 Govt of Pakistan

Pakistan

(18750)

Research Papers

Years International Publications

Internal Papers &

Report2001 0 3

2002 3 8

2003 8 10

Total 11 21

Current Status

Six students undergoing PhD studies (UWE, CERN, Caltech, KOREA, Univ of Portsmouth) as continuation of their initial CERN related research conducted at NUST

Four team members Trained in Korea for Embedded Systems Training

Nine students benefited from visits to CERN

Rich research culture established at NUST

Conclusion

• Knowledge is expanding at an exponential rate

• Important to address the digital divide in an aggressive manner

• Failure will threaten peace and development to the humanity

• Scientific collaborations can play key role in bridging the digital divide

Arshad Ali, NUST, Pakistan 23-24 Oct 03

Recommendation

• Developed countries scientists shall identify and form

research collaboration partnership of mutual interest

in developing countries

• Retiring Profs from developed countries, willing to

spend some time with academic institutions in

developing countries can play major role in this effort

• Help/support in building academic strength is much

more beneficial than pledging money by international

organizations

• World Bank/UN shall ensure that a good percentage of the loan / donation is spent on education by the developing countries

• International scientific community can play key role in making developing countries aware about need for high speed network requirements:

( Thanks to Harvey Newman and Ian Willers )

Recommendation

Thanks

The 2nd International Workshop on Distributed Computing,

Communication and ApplicationsIWDCCA 2005

March 10 – 12, 2005 (Islamabad, Pakistan)

Email: arshad.ali@niit.edu.pkURL: www.niit.edu.pk