national vital statistics reportsmi ny pa md de nj ct ri ma me vt nh dc not significantly different...

National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 58 Number 17 April 30 2010

Infant Mortality Statistics From the 2006 Period Linked BirthInfant Death Data Set by TJ Mathews MS and Marian F MacDorman PhD Division of Vital Statistics

US DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics National Vital Statistics System

MT

WY

ID

WA

OR

NV

UT

CA

AZ

ND

SD

NE

CO

NM

TX

OK

KS

AR

LA

MO

IA

MN

WI

IL IN

KY

TN

MS AL GA

FL

SC

NC

VAWV

OH

MI

NY

PA

MD DE

NJ

CT RI MA

ME

VT NH

DC

Not significantly different from US

Significantly lower than US

10 lowest

HI

AK

Significantly higher than the US

10 highestSOURCE CDCNCHS National Vital Statistics System

Figure 1 Infant mortality rates by state United States 2004ndash2006

2 National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 58 Number 17 April 30 2010

Abstract ObjectivesmdashThis report presents 2006 period infant mortality

statistics from the linked birthinfant death data set (linked file) by a variety of maternal and infant characteristics The linked file differs from the mortality file which is based entirely on death certificate data

MethodsmdashDescriptive tabulations of data are presented and intershypreted

ResultsmdashThe US infant mortality rate was 668 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2006 a 3 percent decline from 686 in 2005 Infant mortality rates ranged from 452 per 1000 live births for Central and South American mothers to 1335 for non-Hispanic black mothers Infant mortality rates were higher for those infants whose mothers were born in the 50 states or the District of Columbia were unmarried or were born in multiple deliveries Infant mortality was also higher for male infants and infants born preterm or at low birthweight The neonatal mortality rate was essentially unchanged in 2006 (446) from 2005 (454) The postneonatal mortality rate decreased 4 percent from 232 in 2005 to 222 in 2006 Infants born at the lowest gestational ages and birthweights have a large impact on overall US infant mortality For example more than half of all infant deaths in the United States in 2006 (54 percent) occurred to the 2 percent of infants born very preterm (less than 32 weeks of gestation) Still infant mortality rates for late preterm infants (34ndash36 weeks of gestation) were three times those for term infants (37ndash41 weeks) The three leading causes of infant deathmdashcongenital malformations low birthweight and sudden infant death syndromemdashtaken together accounted for 46 percent of all infant deaths The percentage of infant deaths that were lsquolsquopreterm-relatedrsquorsquo was 361 percent in 2006 The preterm-related infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic black mothers was 34 times higher and the rate for Puerto Rican mothers was 84 percent higher than for non-Hispanic white mothers

Keywords infant health c birthweight c gestational age c maternal characteristics

Introduction This report presents infant mortality data from the 2006 period

linked file The linked file contains a numerator file consisting of all infant deaths occurring in 2006 that have been linked to their corresponding birth certificates whether the birth occurred in 2005 or in 2006

In the linked file information from the death certificate is linked to information from the birth certificate for each infant under 1 year of age who died in the 50 states the District of Columbia Puerto Rico the Virgin Islands or Guam during 2006 (1) Linked birthinfant death data are not available for American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas The purpose of the linkage is to use the many additional variables available from the birth certificate to conduct more detailed analyses of infant mortality patterns (2) This report presents infant mortality data by race and Hispanic origin of the mother birth-weight period of gestation sex of infant plurality maternal age live-birth order motherrsquos marital status motherrsquos place of birth age at death and underlying cause of death (Tables 1ndash8 and AndashE Figshyures 1ndash6) Other variables available in the linked file (1) but not disshycussed in this report include fatherrsquos age race and Hispanic origin

birth attendant place of delivery motherrsquos weight gain during pregshynancy and many medical and health measurements

Another report based on data exclusively from the vital statistics mortality file provides further information on trends in infant mortality and causes of infant death (3) The linked file is used for analysis and for calculating infant mortality rates by race and ethnicity which are more accurately measured from the birth certificate Some rates calshyculated from the mortality file differ from those published using the linked file A more detailed discussion of the differences in the number of infant deaths and infant mortality rates between the linked file and the mortality file is presented in lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo

Methods

Data shown in this report are based on birth and infant death certificates registered in all states the District of Columbia Puerto Rico the Virgin Islands and Guam As part of the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program each state provided to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventionrsquos (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) matching birth and death certificate numbers for each infant under 1 year of age who died in the state during 2006 When the birth and death occurred in different states the state of death was responsible for contacting the state of birth identified on the death certificate to obtain the original birth certificate number NCHS used the matching birth and death certificate numbers provided by the states to extract final edited data from the NCHS natality and mortality statistical files These data were linked to form a single statistical record thereby establishing a national linked record file

After the initial linkage NCHS returned lists of unlinked infant death records and records with inconsistent data between the birth and death certificates to each state State additions and corrections were incorporated and a final national linked file was produced In 2006 987 percent of all infant death records were successfully linked or matched to their corresponding birth records Records were weighted to adjust for the 13 percent of infant death records that were not linked to their corresponding birth certificates see lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo

Information on births by age race or marital status of mother is imputed if it is not reported on the birth certificate These items were not reported for less than 1 percent of US births in 2006 (2)

Race and Hispanic origin are reported independently on the birth certificate In tabulations of birth data by race and Hispanic origin data for Hispanic persons are not further classified by race because the vast majority of women of Hispanic origin are reported as white Data for American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) and Asian or Pacific Islander (API) births are not shown separately by Hispanic origin because the vast majority of these populations are non-Hispanic

Cause-of-death statistics in this publication are classified in accorshydance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Tenth Revision (ICDndash10) (4) see lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo

This report includes data based on the 1989 and 2003 revisions of the birth certificate Nineteen states and Puerto Rico implemented the 2003 revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth on or before January 1 2006 (revised) The remaining reporting areas include data which are based on the 1989 revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth (unrevised) Revised and unrevised data are


combined when comparable For more information see National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 57 Number 7 lsquolsquoBirths Final Data for 2006rsquorsquo (2)

Three key data items are considered noncomparable between the 1989 and 2003 revisions trimester of pregnancy in which prenatal care began maternal educational attainment and maternal smoking during pregnancy (2) Because infants who died in 2006 were born in both 2005 and 2006 this report includes data on these three topics from the 12 states that implemented the 2003 revision as of January 1 2005 (see respective text sections and lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo) The 12 states are Florida Idaho Kansas Kentucky Nebraska New Hampshire New York (excluding New York City) Pennsylvania South Carolina Tenshynessee Texas and Washington Results for these three items from the limited reporting area are not generalizable to the country as a whole (2)

Data by maternal and infant characteristics

This report presents descriptive tabulations of infant mortality data by a variety of maternal and infant characteristics These tabulations are useful for understanding the basic relationships between risk factors and infant mortality unadjusted for the possible effects of other variables In reality women with one risk factor often have other risk factors as well For example teenage mothers are more likely to also be unmarried and of a low-income status and mothers who do not receive prenatal care are more likely to be of a low-income status and uninsured The preferred method for disentanshygling the multiple interrelationships among risk factors is multivariate analysis however an understanding of the basic relationships between risk factors and infant mortality is a necessary precursor to more sophisticated types of analyses and is the aim of this publication

Race and Hispanic origin datamdashInfant mortality rates are preshysented here by race and detailed Hispanic origin of mother The linked file is particularly useful for computing accurate infant mortality rates for this purpose because the race and Hispanic origin of the mother from the birth certificate are used in both the numerator and denomishynator of the infant mortality rate In contrast for the vital statistics mortality file race information for the denominator is the race of the mother as reported on the birth certificate and that for the numerator is the race of the decedent as reported on the death certificate (235) Thus standard infant mortality rates can be based on inconsistent race

Table A Infant neonatal and postneonatal deaths and mortafile

Live Number of

Race of mother births Infant Neonatal

All races 4265593 28509 19041 White 3310331 18422 12292 Black 666494 8595 5778 American Indian or Alaska Native 47720 395 205 Asian or Pacific Islander 241048 1097 766

NOTES Infant deaths are weighted so numbers may not exactly add to totals due to rounding Neonareported multiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states wersee reference 2 in this report

information In addition race information from the birth certificate reported by the mother is considered to be more reliable than that from the death certificate where the race and ethnicity of the deceased infant are reported by the funeral director based on information provided by an informant or by observation These different reporting methods can lead to differences in race- and ethnicity-specific infant mortality rates between the two data files (35)

The 2003 revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth allows the reporting of more than one race (multiple races) for each parent (67) Information on this change is presented in a recent report (2) Twenty-three states reported multiple race on their birth certificates for either part or all of 2006 To provide uniformity and comparability of data multiple race is imputed to a single race (see lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo)

Statistical significancemdashText statements have been tested for statistical significance and a statement that a given infant mortality rate is higher or lower than another rate indicates that the rates are significantly different Information on the methods used to test for statistical significance as well as information on differences between period and cohort data the weighting of the linked file and a comshyparison of infant mortality data between the linked file and the vital statistics mortality file are presented in lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo Additional information on maternal age marital status period of gestation birth-weight and cause-of-death classification is also presented in lsquolsquoTechshynical Notesrsquorsquo

Results and Discussion

Trends in infant mortality

The overall 2006 infant mortality rate from the linked file was 668 infant deaths per 1000 live births 3 percent lower than the 2005 rate of 686 (Table C) the 2006 rate from the mortality file was 669 (3) The neonatal mortality rate for 2006 (446) was not significantly different from 2005 (454) The postneonatal mortality rate decreased from 232 in 2005 to 222 in 2006 (Tables A and B for 2006 data)

While the infant mortality rate was 9 percent lower in 2000 (689) than in 1995 (757) the rate has declined only 3 percent since 2000 (Figure 2 and Table C) Significant declines in 2006 from 2005 were observed for infants of non-Hispanic white mothers (3 percent) and the total of Hispanic mothers (4 percent) (Table C)

lity rates by race of mother United States 2006 linked

deaths Mortality rate per 1000 live births

Postneonatal Infant Neonatal Postneonatal

9468 668 446 222 6130 557 371 185 2818 1290 867 423

190 828 430 398 331 455 318 137

tal is less than 28 days and postneonatal is 28 days to under 1 year Twenty-three states e bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states


Category not applicable 1Origin of mother not stated included in lsquolsquoAll originsrsquorsquo but not distributed among origins 2Includes races other than white or black

NOTES Infant deaths are weighted so numbers may not exactly add to totals due to rounding Neonatal is less than 28 days and postneonatal is 28 days to under 1 year Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin non-Hispanic women are classified by race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported multiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report

Table B Infant neonatal and postneonatal deaths and mortality rates by Hispanic origin of mother and by race of mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin United States 2006 linked file

Live Number of deaths Mortality rate per 1000 live births

Hispanic origin and race of mother births Infant Neonatal Postneonatal Infant Neonatal Postneonatal

All origins1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 Total Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167

Mexican 718148 3837 2679 1158 534 373 161 Puerto Rican 66932 536 364 172 801 544 257 Cuban 16936 86 61 24 508 360 142 Central and South American 165321 748 515 233 452 312 141 Other and unknown Hispanic 71742 415 264 151 578 368 210

Non-Hispanic total2 3196111 22493 14820 7673 704 464 240 Non-Hispanic white 2308654 12884 8410 4474 558 364 194 Non-Hispanic black 617260 8241 5525 2716 1335 895 440

Not stated 30403 395 338 57

Infant mortality by race and Hispanic origin of mother

As in past years infant mortality rates in 2006 varied considershyably by race and Hispanic origin of mother (89) The highest rate 1335 per 1000 live births was for infants of non-Hispanic black mothers nearly three times greater than the lowest rate of 452 for infants of Central and South American mothers and 455 for API mothers Rates were also fairly high for infants of AIAN (828) and Puerto Rican (801) mothers Rates were intermediate but all below the US rate for infants of non-Hispanic white (558) and Mexican (534) mothers Cuban mothers (508) also had a low rate (Figure 2 Tables AndashC)

Infant mortality by state

In 2006 compared with 2005 only three states had significant changes in infant mortality rates Rates declined in South Carolina

Table C Infant mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin o

Race and Hispanic origin of mother 1995 2000 2001 2002

All races 757 689 684 695 White 630 571 569 579 Black 1458 1348 1334 1381 American Indian or Alaska Native 904 830 965 864 Asian or Pacific Islander 527 487 473 477 Hispanic 627 559 544 562

Mexican 603 543 522 542 Puerto Rican 888 821 853 820 Cuban 529 454 428 372 Central and South American 552 464 498 506

Non-Hispanic white 628 570 572 580 Non-Hispanic black 1465 1359 1346 1389

Significant at p lt 005

NOTES Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are cmay be of any race In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin non-Hispanimultiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridgreference 2 in this report

(12 percent) California (5 percent) and Texas (5 percent) (Table D) To obtain statistically reliable rates by race and Hispanic origin three years of data were combined (Table 3) Across the United States rates are generally higher in the South and Midwest and lower elsewhere (Figure 1) For 2004ndash2006 infant mortality rates ranged from 1063 for Mississippi to 493 for Massachusetts The highest rate noted 1257 was for the District of Columbia (DC) however the DC rate is more appropriately compared with rates for other large US cities because of the high concentration of women at high risk in these areas

For infants of non-Hispanic black mothers mortality rates ranged from 2085 in Hawaii to 812 in Washington For infants of non-Hispanic white mothers Oklahoma had the highest infant mortality rate (768) and Hawaii had the lowest rate (366) among states Among the 41 states where infant mortality rates could be reliably computed for Hispanic mothers Rhode Island had the highest rate (795) and Minnesota had the lowest (427)

f mother United States 1995 2000ndash2006 linked files

Percent change

2003 2004 2005 2006 2000ndash2006 2005ndash2006

684 678 686 668 ndash30 ndash26 572 566 573 557 ndash25 ndash28

1350 1325 1326 1290 ndash43 ndash27 873 845 806 828 ndash02 27 483 467 489 455 ndash66 ndash70 565 555 562 541 ndash32 ndash37 549 547 553 534 ndash17 ndash34 818 782 830 801 ndash24 ndash35 457 455 442 508 119 149 504 465 468 452 ndash26 ndash34 570 566 576 558 ndash21 ndash31

1360 1360 1363 1335 ndash18 ndash21

onsistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards Persons of Hispanic origin c women are classified by race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported ed to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see


Table D Infant mortality rates by state 2000 2005 and 2006 linked files [By place of residence]

Infant mortality rate per 1000 live births Percent

change State 2000 2005 2006 2005ndash2006

Total 689 686 668 ndash26

Alabama 951 953 898 ndash57 Alaska 692 593 700 181 Arizona 675 685 636 ndash72 Arkansas 823 783 845 79 California 542 532 504 ndash52 Colorado 614 644 577 ndash105 Connecticut 651 585 617 55 Delaware 959 902 809 ndash103 District of Columbia 1213 1367 1185 ndash133 Florida 691 724 726 03 Georgia 845 807 807 00 Hawaii 809 658 585 ndash112 Idaho 756 598 682 140 Illinois 848 738 729 ndash12 Indiana 779 804 791 ndash16 Iowa 643 544 512 ndash59 Kansas 655 737 715 ndash30 Kentucky 710 673 750 114 Louisiana 903 985 996 11 Maine 485 687 629 ndash85 Maryland 751 730 795 90 Massachusetts 461 513 485 ndash53 Michigan 819 789 733 ndash70 Minnesota 562 509 518 18 Mississippi 1064 1146 1053 ndash81 Missouri 719 752 745 ndash10 Montana 602 725 600 ndash173 Nebraska 718 566 554 ndash22 Nevada 645 566 662 169 New Hampshire 582 527 591 122 New Jersey 626 517 544 53 New Mexico 672 617 571 ndash75 New York 640 582 564 ndash30 North Carolina 860 881 809 ndash82 North Dakota 834 596 592 ndash07 Ohio 766 817 776 ndash51 Oklahoma 840 795 796 01 Oregon 557 599 538 ndash101 Pennsylvania 710 729 765 50 Rhode Island 624 646 622 ndash36 South Carolina 877 946 832 ndash121 South Dakota 522 698 688 ndash14 Tennessee 911 877 865 ndash13 Texas 560 655 619 ndash54 Utah 532 452 512 133 Vermont 646 649 568 ndash124 Virginia 691 747 710 ndash50 Washington 520 507 470 ndash73 West Virginia 738 816 707 ndash133 Wisconsin 664 654 637 ndash25 Wyoming 672 663 678 22


0 3 6 9 12

Central and South American

Asian or Pacific Islandersup1

Cuban

Mexican

NonndashHispanic white

Total

Puerto Rican

American Indian or Alaska Nativesup1

NonndashHispanic black

sup1Includes persons of Hispanic and nonndashHispanic origin SOURCE CDCNCHS National Vital Statistics System

Rate per 1000 live births

1335

828

801

668

558

534

508

455

452

Figure 2 Infant mortality rates by race and ethnicity of

1

mother United States 2006

Mortality rates could be reliably computed for only 13 states for infants of AIAN mothers and for 31 states for infants of API mothers For infants of AIAN mothers mortality rates ranged from 1228 in South Dakota to 630 in California Mortality rates for infants of API mothers ranged from 864 in Iowa to 319 in Connecticut

Sex of infant

In 2006 the overall mortality rate for male infants was 731 per 1000 live births 21 percent higher than the rate for female infants (602) Infant mortality rates were higher for male than female infants in each race and Hispanic-origin group (Tables 1 and 2) although the difference was not significant for infants of Cuban and Central and South American mothers

Multiple births

For multiple births the infant mortality rate was 3007 more than five times the rate of 587 for singleton births (Tables 1 and 2) Infant mortality rates for multiple births were higher than the rates for singleton births for all race and Hispanic-origin groups

The risk of infant death increases with the increasing number of infants in the pregnancy In 2006 the infant mortality rate for twins (2792) was nearly five times the rate for singleton births (587) The rate for triplets (6963) was nearly 12 times and the rate for quadruplets (14648) was 25 times higher than the rate for singleton births (Figshyure 3) A reliable infant mortality rate for quintuplet and higher order births could not be computed due to small numbers of infant deaths for that category Infant mortality rates for singleton and twin births were significantly lower in 2006 than in 2005 while the infant mortality rate for triplets was significantly higher in 2006 compared with 2005

Multiple pregnancy can lead to an accentuation of maternal risks and complications associated with pregnancy (210ndash12) For example multiple births are much more likely to be preterm and of low birthweight than singleton births (210ndash12) The higher risk profile of multiple births

has a substantial impact on overall infant mortality (1013ndash15) For example in 2006 multiples accounted for 3 percent of all live births but 15 percent of all infant deaths in the United States (Table 1)

Age at death

In 2006 two-thirds of all infant deaths (19041 out of 28509) occurred during the neonatal period (from birth through 27 days of


0

30

60

90

120

150

QuadrupletTriplet Twin SingletonAll pluralitiessup1

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

686 587

2792

6963

14648

sup1Includes quintuplet and higher order births not shown separately SOURCE CDCNCHS National Vital Statistics System

Figure 3 Infant mortality rates by plurality United States 2006

age) (Tables A and B) In 2006 the neonatal mortality rate was 446 deaths per 1000 live births essentially unchanged from the previous year (454) The 2006 postneonatal (28 days to under 1 year) mortality rate of 222 was 4 percent lower than the 2005 rate (232) but was not significantly different from the 2004 rate (225) (2004 and 2005 data not shown)

0

2

4

6

8

10

MAmerican Indian or Alaska Nativesup2

Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths


sup1Difference between neonatal and postneonatal is not significant

895

440

544

257

446

222

430 398 3

NSsup1

Figure 4 Neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates by race

The neonatal mortality rate for infants of non-Hispanic black mothers (895) was more than twice those for infants of AIAN (430) non-Hispanic white (364) API (318) Mexican (373) Central and South American (312) and Cuban women (360) (Figure 4) The neonatal mortality rate for Puerto Rican women (544) was the second highest after that for non-Hispanic black women Neonatal mortality rates did not decline significantly for any race or ethnic group in 2006 from 2005 (data not shown)

Infants of non-Hispanic black (440) and AIAN (398) mothers had the highest postneonatal mortality rates of any groupmdashmore than twice that for non-Hispanic white women (194) (Figure 4) The postneonatal mortality rate for Puerto Rican women (257) was 32 percent higher than for non-Hispanic white women In contrast postneonatal mortality rates for Mexican (161) API (137) and Central and South American women (141) were 17ndash29 percent lower than for non-Hispanic white women (Figure 4 Tables A and B) Postneonatal mortality rates declined in 2006 from 2005 for non-Hispanic white (205 to 194 respectively) and Mexican (175 to 161 respectively) women rates for other race and Hispanic origin groups were essentially unchanged (2005 data not shown)

Period of gestation

The gestational age of an infant is perhaps the most important predictor of his or her subsequent health and survival Infants born too small and too soon have a much greater risk of death and both short- and long-term disability than those born at term (37ndash41 weeks of gestation) and the percentage of preterm births has been linked to variations in infant mortality rates between countries (16ndash21) Infant

Neonatal

Central and

South American

Cubanexican Nonndash Hispanic

white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2

Postneonatal

73

161

364

194

360

142

318

137

312

141

and ethnicity of mother United States 2006


mortality rates are highest for very preterm (less than 32 weeks) infants and the risk decreases sharply with increasing gestational age (16ndash20) In 2006 the infant mortality rate for very preterm infants (17594) was 74 times the rate of 239 for term infants (Table E) The mortality rate for infants born at 32ndash33 weeks of gestation was 1619 nearly seven times the rate for term infants Although mortality falls with increasing gestational age even infants born only a few weeks early have a substantially increased risk of death when compared with term infants (22ndash24) In 2006 the infant mortality rate for late preterm infants (34ndash36 weeks of gestation) was 708 29 times the rate for term infants Even within the term period infants born at 37ndash39 weeks of gestation had mortality rates that were 28 percent higher than those for infants born at 40ndash41 weeks of gestation (Tables 1 and 2)

Because of their much greater risk of death infants born at the lowest gestational ages have a large impact on overall US infant mortality For example infants born very preterm accounted for only 2 percent of births but more than one-half of all infant deaths (54 pershycent) in the United States in 2006 (Table E) Conversely infants born at 37 weeks of gestation or more accounted for 87 percent of births but 32 percent of infant deaths

After a plateau from 2000 to 2005 the infant mortality rate for very preterm infants declined by 4 percent in 2006 from 2005 In 2006 the infant mortality rate for very preterm infants was 17594 compared with

Table E Infant mortality rates and percent distribution of liUnited States 2000ndash2006 linked files

P

All gestational Total (

Year ages1 preterm 3

2006 668 3515 2005 686 3655 2004 678 3656 2003 684 3721 2002 695 3786 2001 684 3694 2000 689 3788

2006 1000 681 2005 1000 686 2004 1000 683 2003 1000 681 2002 1000 673 2001 1000 661 2000 1000 656

2006 1000 128 2005 1000 127 2004 1000 125 2003 1000 123 2002 1000 121 2001 1000 119 2000 1000 116

1Infant mortality rates are deaths less than 1 year per 1000 live births in specified group 2Infant deaths and births with not stated gestational age are subtracted from the total number of eve

18324 in 2005 and 18095 in 2000 (Table E) Changes in 2006 from 2005 for other specific gestational age categories were not statistically significant

There were large differences in the percentage of preterm births by race and ethnicity and these differences have a large impact on infant mortality rates (1525) In 2006 the percentage of preterm births ranged from 109 percent of births to API mothers to 185 percent of births to non-Hispanic black mothers (Tables 4 and 5) The percentage of preterm births in the United States has been increasing since the mid-1980s (2) A portion of the increase is related to a rise in multiple births (in part due to growth in the use of assisted reproductive technologies) although the percentage of preterm births has also risen for singletons (2) Changes in the medical management of pregnancy (ie increases in cesarean section and induction of labor for preterm infants) may have also had an impact (2122226ndash28)

Some differences occurred in gestational age-specific infant morshytality rates by race and ethnicity (Tables 1 and 2) Infant mortality rates were significantly higher for non-Hispanic black than for non-Hispanic white mothers for the gestational age categories less than 32 weeks 34ndash36 weeks 37ndash41 weeks and 42 weeks or more When compared with non-Hispanic white mothers infant mortality rates were higher for AIAN mothers at 34ndash36 weeks and 37ndash41 weeks of gestation while infant mortality rates were higher for Puerto Rican mothers at less than 32 weeks of gestation Compared with non-Hispanic white mothers

ve births and infant deaths by period of gestation

reterm (less than 37 weeks)

Very Late preterm preterm Term Post-term less than 32ndash33 (34ndash36 (37ndash41 (42 weeks 2 weeks) weeks weeks) weeks) or more)

Infant mortality rate1

17594 1619 708 239 280 18324 1669 730 243 266 18247 1606 732 239 287 18824 1642 712 242 288 18639 1763 766 248 307 18100 1762 732 254 295 18095 1737 796 259 291

Percent distribution of infant deaths2

543 40 98 295 24 549 39 98 291 23 547 38 97 291 27 550 38 93 292 27 537 40 97 296 30 528 38 90 309 30 520 37 94 312 32

Percent distribution of live births2

20 16 91 815 57 20 16 91 814 58 20 16 89 813 62 20 16 88 813 64 20 15 86 812 67 19 15 84 812 69 19 15 81 811 73

nts used as denominators for percentage computations


infant mortality rates for API mothers were lower at 34ndash36 weeks of gestation for Mexican mothers infant mortality rates were lower at 37ndash41 weeks of gestation and for Central and South American mothers infant mortality rates were lower at both less than 32 weeks and 37ndash41 weeks of gestation

Birthweight Birthweight is another important predictor of infant health It is

closely associated but does not exactly correspond with the period of gestation Infant mortality rates are highest for the smallest infants and decrease sharply as birthweight increases In 2006 infant mortality rates were much higher for low birthweight (less than 2500 grams) infants (5538 per 1000) than for infants with birthweights of 2500 grams or more (224) (Table 1) The infant mortality rate for very low birthweight (less than 1500 grams) infants was 24044 more than 100 times the rate for infants with birthweights of 2500 grams or more When detailed birthweight categories are examined (Table 6) 85 percent of infants with birthweights of less than 500 grams (1 lb 1 oz or less) died within the first year of life Reporting of deaths among these very small infants may be incomplete (29) An infantrsquos chances of survival increases rapidly with increasing birth-weight Infant mortality rates were lowest at birthweights of 3000ndash4999 grams

Because of their much higher mortality rates infants born at the lowest birthweights have a substantial impact on overall infant mortality rates For example infants born weighing less than 1000 grams accounted for only 07 percent of births but nearly one-half of all infant deaths (480 percent) in the United States in 2006 (tabular data not shown) Conversely 917 percent of infants born in the United States in 2006 weighed 2500 grams or more but these infants accounted for less than one-third of infant deaths (310 percent) The large race and Hispanic-origin variations in the percentage of births at low birthweight (less than 2500 grams)mdashfrom 66 percent for Mexican mothers to 140 percent for non-Hispanic black mothersmdashmean that some race or ethnic groups are disproportionately impacted by the high infant morshytality rates for low birthweight infants (Tables 4 and 5)

From 2000 to 2006 infant mortality rates for the total population declined by 10 percent for infants weighing 1000ndash1249 grams and by 8ndash14 percent for infants weighing 1500ndash3999 grams at birth (Table 6) Changes for other detailed birthweight categories were not statistically significant

For non-Hispanic white women from 2000 to 2006 birthweightshyspecific infant mortality rates declined for specific birthweight categories (1000ndash1249 grams and 2000ndash3499 grams) while for non-Hispanic black and Hispanic women declines were significant for infants with birthweights of 2500ndash3999 grams No significant changes for any detailed birthweight category were observed for AIAN and API women The infant mortality rates for several race and Hispanic origin groups declined for one or both of the summary categories less than 2500 grams or 2500 grams or more (Table 6)

Prenatal care

This report includes data on the timing of prenatal care based only on the 12 states that had implemented the 2003 Revision to the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth as of January 1 2005 (2) The 2003 revision of the birth certificate introduced substantive changes

in item wording and to the sources of prenatal information (see lsquolsquoMethodsrsquorsquo and lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo) Accordingly prenatal care data based on the 2003 and 1989 revisions are not directly comparable Only rates based on the 2003 revised data are shown in this report (see Table II lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo)

The timing and quality of prenatal care received by the mother during pregnancy is important to the infantrsquos subsequent health and survival (30ndash33) Early comprehensive prenatal care can promote healthier pregnancies by providing health behavior advice as well as early detection and treatment of risk factors and symptoms (3031) The initiation and subsequent utilization of prenatal care is also viewed as an indicator for access to care (33)

Maternal age

Infant mortality rates vary with maternal age Infants of teenage mothers (978) and mothers aged 40 years and over (801) have the highest rates The lowest rates are for infants of mothers in their late twenties and early thirties (Tables 1 and 2)

In 2006 among births to teenagers infants of the youngest mothers (under 15 years) had the highest mortality rate (1814) The rate for infants of mothers aged 15ndash17 was 1042 a 9-percent decrease from 2005 (1140) the rate for infants of mothers aged 18ndash19 was 930 in 2006 compared with 960 in 2005 (tabular data not shown) and the rate for infants of mothers aged 20ndash24 decreased 4 percent from 786 in 2005 to 755 in 2006

Within racial and ethnic subgroups among groups for which rates could be reliably computed infant mortality rates for births to non-Hispanic white mothers under age 20 years were higher than for mothers aged 40 and over In contrast for Mexican mothers rates for births to the oldest women were higher than rates for infants of teenagers

Maternal education

Information on educational attainment in this report is drawn from the 12 states that had implemented the 2003 US Standard Certificate of Live Birth as of January 1 2005 (2) The format of the education item on the 2003 revised birth certificate substantively differs from that of the unrevised (1989) standard certificate (see lsquolsquoMethodsrsquorsquo and lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo) Only rates based on the 2003 revised data are shown in this report (see Table II lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo)

Infant mortality rates are known to decrease with increasing educational levels which may reflect socioeconomic differences women with more education tend to have higher income levels (934)

Live birth order Infant mortality rates were generally higher for first births than for

second births and then generally increased as birth order increased (Tables 1 and 2) Overall the infant mortality rate for first births (669) was 14 percent higher than for second births (589) The rate for fifth and higher order births (1013) was 72 percent higher than the rate for second births The higher parities and therefore the highest-order births (fifth child and above) are more likely to be associated with older maternal age multiple births and lower socioeconomic status (235)


Marital status

Marital status may be a marker for the presence or absence of social emotional and financial resources (3637) Infants of mothers who are not married have been shown to be at higher risk for poor outcomes (3839) In 2006 infants of unmarried mothers had an infant mortality rate of 919 per 1000 80 percent higher than the rate for infants of married mothers (511) (Tables 1 and 2) Within each race and Hispanic origin group infants of unmarried mothers had higher rates of mortality and with the exception of AIAN and Cuban infants these differences were significant

Nativity

In 2006 the infant mortality rate for mothers born in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (703) was 38 percent higher than the rate for mothers born elsewhere (509) (Figure 5 Tables 1 and 2) Among race and Hispanic origin groups for whom infant mortality rates could be calculated except for Puerto Rican Cuban and Central and South American mothers mothers born in the 50 states and the District of Columbia had higher infant mortality rates than mothers born elsewhere (Tables 1 and 2)

A variety of hypotheses have been advanced to account for the lower infant mortality rate among infants of mothers born outside the 50 states and the District of Columbia including possible differences in migration selectivity social support and risk behaviors (4041) Also women born outside the 50 states and the District of Columbia have

0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2


sup2Difference between born in the US and born elsewhere is not significant sup1Not applicable for mothers born elsewhere there are fewer than 20 infant deaths

Figure 5 Infant mortality rates by motherrsquos place of birth an

been shown to have different characteristics than their US-born counterparts with regard to socioeconomic and educational status (42)

Maternal smoking

Information on smoking during pregnancy in this report is based on the 2003 revision of the birth certificate which differs substantively from that of the unrevised (1989) standard certificate (2) For the 2006 linked file revised data are available for 11 of the 12 states that revised their certificates as of January 1 2005 Florida revised the certificate but had a noncomparable question (see lsquolsquoMethodsrsquorsquo and lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo) Only rates based on the 2003 revised data are shown in this report (see Table II lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo)

Tobacco use during pregnancy causes the passage of substances such as nicotine hydrogen cyanide and carbon monoxide from the placenta into the fetal blood supply These substances restrict the growing infantrsquos access to oxygen and can lead to adverse pregnancy and birth outcomes such as low birthweight preterm delivery intraushyterine growth retardation and infant mortality (4344) Maternal smoking has also been shown to increase the risk of respiratory infections and inhibit allergic immune responses in infants (4546)

Leading causes of infant death

Infant mortality rates for the five leading causes of infant death are presented in Table 7 by race and Hispanic origin of mother The leading cause of infant death in the United States in 2006 was

Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2

d race and ethnicity of mother United States 2006


Congenital malformations deformations and chromosomal abnormalishyties (congenital malformations) accounting for 21 percent of all infant deaths Disorders relating to short gestation and low birthweight not elsewhere classified (low birthweight) was second accounting for 17 percent of all infant deaths followed by Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) at 8 percent of infant deaths The fourth and fifth leading causesmdashNewborn affected by maternal complications of pregnancy (maternal complications) followed by Accidents (unintenshytional injuries)mdashaccounted for 6 percent and 4 percent respectively of all infant deaths in 2006 Together the five leading causes accounted for 56 percent of all infant deaths in the United States in 2006 The order of the top four leading causes was the same as in 2005 The fifth leading cause of death in 2006 was unintentional injuries which was ranked sixth in 2005 Newborn affected by complications of placenta cord and membranes (cord complications) was fifth in 2005 but dropped to sixth in 2006 Infant mortality rates for the five leading causes did not change significantly in 2006 from 2005 except for maternal complications which declined by 8 percent in 2006 from a year earlier (2005 data not shown)

In 2006 the rank order of leading causes of infant death varied substantially by race and Hispanic origin of the mother Congenital malformations was the leading cause of infant death for all groups except for non-Hispanic black and Puerto Rican women for whom low birthweight was the leading cause

When differences between cause-specific infant mortality rates were examined by race and ethnicity infant mortality rates from Conshygenital malformations were 38 percent higher for non-Hispanic black and 20 percent higher for Mexican than for non-Hispanic white women Infant mortality rates from Congenital malformations were 14 percent lower for API than for non-Hispanic white women

Infants of non-Hispanic black mothers had the highest mortality rates from low birthweight The rate for non-Hispanic black mothers was nearly four times the rate for non-Hispanic white mothers The rate for Puerto Rican mothers was more than twice the rate for non-Hispanic white mothers

SIDS rates were highest for AIAN and non-Hispanic black mothersmdash21 and 19 times those for non-Hispanic white mothers respectively As most SIDS deaths occur during the postneonatal period the high SIDS rates for infants of non-Hispanic black and AIAN mothers accounted for much of their elevated risk of postneonatal mortality Compared with non-Hispanic white mothers SIDS rates were 54 percent lower for Mexican mothers 59 percent lower for API mothers and 73 percent lower for Central and South American mothers

For maternal complications (eg incompetent cervix premature rupture of membranes and multiple pregnancy among others) infants of non-Hispanic black mothers had the highest mortality ratesmdash28 times those for non-Hispanic white mothers Rates for Puerto Rican mothers were 74 percent higher than for non-Hispanic white mothers Infants of non-Hispanic black and Puerto Rican women have a much higher percentage of low birthweight (Tables 4 and 5) which may help to explain their higher infant mortality rates from maternal complicashytions as this cause occurs predominantly among low birthweight infants Infant mortality rates from maternal complications were 26 pershycent lower for API and 52 percent lower for Central and South American women than for non-Hispanic white women

For AIAN women infant mortality rates from unintentional injuries were triple those for non-Hispanic white women For non-Hispanic black women rates from unintentional injuries were double those for non-Hispanic white women Infant mortality rates from unintentional injuries were 47 percent lower for Mexican and 50 percent lower for API women than for non-Hispanic white women

An examination of cause-specific differences in infant mortality rates among race and Hispanic origin groups can help in understanding overall differences in infant mortality rates among these groups For example 29 percent of the elevated infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic black mothers when compared with non-Hispanic white mothers can be accounted for by their higher rate from low birthweight and 7 percent by differences in maternal complications In other words if non-Hispanic black infant mortality rates for these two causes could be reduced to the levels for non-Hispanic white infants the difference in the infant mortality rate between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white mothers would be reduced by 36 percent

For AIAN mothers 24 percent of their elevated infant mortality rate when compared with non-Hispanic white mothers can be accounted for by their higher SIDS rate and 19 percent by differences in unintentional injuries Thus if AIAN infant mortality rates for these two causes could be reduced to non-Hispanic white levels the differshyence in the infant mortality rate between AIAN and non-Hispanic white mothers would be reduced by 43 percent

Similarly 37 percent of the difference between Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic white infant mortality rates can be accounted for by differences in low birthweight and 10 percent by differences in maternal complications Thus if Puerto Rican infant mortality from these two causes could be reduced to non-Hispanic white levels the difference in the infant mortality rate between Puerto Rican and non-Hispanic white infants would be reduced by 47 percent

Preterm-related causes of death

In order to more fully assess the impact of preterm birth on infant mortality CDC researchers have developed a grouping of preterm-related causes of death A cause of death is considered preterm related if 75 percent or more of infants whose deaths were attributed to that cause were born at less than 37 weeks of gestation and the cause of death was a direct consequence of preterm birth based on a clinical evaluation and review of the literature (4748)

This grouping was developed because it is difficult using tradishytional analyses of the leading causes of infant death to assess the overall impact of preterm-related infant deaths on infant mortality In particular the category of Disorders related to short gestation and low birthweight not elsewhere classified includes the phrase lsquolsquonot elseshywhere classifiedrsquorsquo indicating that many other preterm-related infant deaths are classified to other cause-of-death categories

The comprehensive list of preterm-related cause-of-death catshyegories (ICDndash10 codes) is shown in the Table 8 footnote Note that even this more comprehensive listing probably underestimates the total impact of preterm-related infant death as some cause-of-death catshyegories (notably those beginning with the words lsquolsquootherrsquorsquo and lsquolsquoall otherrsquorsquo) had a high percentage of preterm infant deaths but lacked sufficient specificity to be able to establish the etiologic connection to prematurity with any degree of certainty

National Vital Statistics Reports Volume 58 Number 17 April 30 2010 11

Table 8 shows trends in preterm-related infant mortality by race and Hispanic origin of mother from 2000 to 2006 Of the total 28509 infant deaths in the United States in 2006 10303 were preterm related In 2006 361 percent of all infant deaths in the United States were preterm related slightly lower than in 2005 (365 percent) but still 4 percent higher than in 2000 (346 percent)

The impact of preterm-related infant deaths varied considerably by maternal race and ethnicity In 2006 45 percent of infant deaths to non-Hispanic black women and 41 percent of infant deaths to Puerto Rican women were due to preterm-related causes while percentages were somewhat lower for other race and ethnic groups (Table 8)

Preterm-related infant mortality rates varied considerably by race and ethnicity of the mother (Figure 6 and Table 8) Preterm-related infant mortality rates were 34 times higher for non-Hispanic black (601) than for non-Hispanic white mothers (179) In fact in 2006 the preterm-related infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic black mothers was higher than the total infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic white Mexican Central and South American and API women The pretermshyrelated infant mortality rate for Puerto Rican women (330) was 84 pershycent higher than for non-Hispanic white women Preterm-related infant mortality rates for API (149) and Central and South American (152) women were significantly lower than for non-Hispanic white women Changes in preterm-related infant mortality rates in 2006 from 2005 were not statistically significant except for API women who had a 14 percent decline in preterm-related infant mortality

As with the leading causes of death it is possible to compute the contribution of preterm-related infant mortality to race and ethnic difshyferences in infant mortality rates Thus 54 percent of the difference

0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242

sup1Preterm-related deaths are those where the infant was born preterm (before 37 completed weeks oInternational Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision catagories K550 P000 P010 P011 P015P520ndashP523 and P77 see ldquoTechnical Notesrdquo sup2Includes persons of Hispanic and Non-Hispanic origin SOURCE CDCNCHS National Vital Statistics System

Figure 6 Total and preterm-related infant mortality rates by

between the non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white infant mortality rates is due to preterm-related causes If preterm-related infant morshytality for non-Hispanic black women could be reduced to non-Hispanic white levels the difference in the infant mortality rate between non-Hispanic black and non-Hispanic white mothers would be reduced by 54 percent

Similarly for Puerto Rican women 62 percent of the difference in infant mortality rates compared with non-Hispanic white women is due to differences in preterm-related causes of death and reducing preterm-related infant mortality for Puerto Rican women to the levels for non-Hispanic white women would lower the difference in rates between the two groups by the same percentage In addition to helping to explain differences in infant mortality rates between various groups comparisons such as these can be helpful in targeting prevention efforts

References

1 National Center for Health Statistics Public-use data file documentashytion 2006 period linked birthinfant death data set [online] Hyattsville MD Available from httpwwwcdcgovnchsdata_accessVitalStatsOnlinehtm

2 Martin JA Hamilton BE Sutton PD et al Births Final data for 2006 National vital statistics reports vol 57 no 7 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2009

3 Heron M Hoyert DL Murphy SL et al Deaths Final data for 2006 National vital statistics reports vol 57 no 14 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2009

Total

Central and

South American

MexicanNonndash Hispanic

white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2

Pretermndashrelatedsup1

558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152

f gestation) with the underlying cause of death assigned to one of the following P020 P021 P027 P070ndashP073 P102 P220ndashP229 P250ndashP279 P280 P281 P360ndashP369

race and ethnicity of mother United States 2006


4 World Health Organization International statistical classification of diseases and related health problems tenth revision Geneva World Health Organization 1992

5 Rosenberg HM Maurer JD Sorlie PD et al Quality of death rates by race and Hispanic origin A summary of current research 1999 National Center for Health Statistics Vital Health Stat 2(128) 1999

6 National Center for Health Statistics US Standard Certificate of Live Birth Available from httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatadvsbirth11-03finalshyACCpdf 2003

7 Hamilton BE Ventura SJ Characteristics of births to single- and multiple-race women California Hawaii Pennsylvania Utah and Washington 2003 National vital statistics reports vol 55 no 15 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2007

8 Tomashek KM Qin C Hsia J Iyasu S Barfield WD Flowers LM Infant mortality trends and differences between American IndianAlaska Native infants and white infants in the United States 1989ndash1991 and 1998ndash2000 Am J Public Health 962222ndash7 2006

9 Singh GK Kogan MD Persistent socioeconomic disparities in infant neonatal and postneonatal mortality rates in the United States 1969ndash2001 Pediatrics 119e928ndashe39 2007

10 American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists Multiple gestashytion Complicated twin triplet and high-order multifetal pregnancy ACOG practice bulletin no 56 Washington DC October 2004

11 Ayres A Johnson TRB Management of multiple pregnancy Prenatal caremdashPart 1 Obstet Gynecol 60527ndash37 2005

12 Goldenberg RL Culhane JF Iams JD Romero R Epidemiology and causes of preterm birth Lancet 37175ndash84 2008

13 Blondel B Kogan MD Alexander GR et al The impact of the increasing number of multiple births on the rates of preterm birth and low birthweight An international study Am J Public Health 921323ndash30 2002

14 MacDorman MF Martin JA Hoyert DL et al Explaining the 2001ndash02 infant mortality increase Data from the linked birthinfant death data set National vital statistics reports vol 53 no 12 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2005

15 Luke B Brown MB The changing risk of infant mortality by gestation plurality and race 1989ndash91 versus 1999ndash2001 Pediatrics 1182488ndash97 2006

16 Marlow N Wolke D Bracewell MA Samara M Neurologic and developmental disability at six years of age after extremely preterm birth N Engl J Med 3529ndash19 2005

17 Fanaroff AA Stoll BJ Wright LL et al Trends in neonatal morbidity and mortality for very low birthweight infants Am J Obstet Gynecol 196147e1ndash8 2007

18 Costello DW Friedman H Minich N et al Improved neurodevelopshymental outcomes for extremely low birth weight infants in 2000ndash2002 Pediatrics 11937ndash45 2008

19 Tyson JE Parikh NA Langer J Intensive care for extreme prematuritymdashMoving beyond gestational age N Engl J Med 3581672ndash81 2008

20 Saigal S Doyle LW An overview of mortality and sequelae of preterm birth from infancy to adulthood Lancet 371261ndash69 2008

21 MacDorman MF Mathews TJ Behind international rankings of infant mortality How the United States compares with Europe NCHS data brief no 23 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2009

22 Davidoff MJ Dias T Damus K et al Changes in the gestational age distribution among US singleton births Impact on rates of late preterm birth 1992 to 2002 Semin Perinatol 308ndash15 2006

23 McIntire DD Leveno KJ Neonatal mortality and morbidity rates in late preterm births compared with births at term Obstet Gynecol 11135ndash41 2008

24 Tomashek KM Shapiro-Mendoza CK Davidoff MJ Petrini JR Differshyences in mortality between late-preterm and term singleton infants in the United States 1995ndash2002 J Pediatr 151450ndash6 2007

25 Schempf AH Branum AM Lukacs SL Schoendorf KC The contribution of preterm birth to the black-white infant mortality gap 1990 and 2000 Am J Public Health 97(7)1255ndash60 2007

26 Bettegowda VR Dias T Davidoff MJ Damus K Callaghan WM Petrini JR The relationship between cesarean delivery and gestational age among US singleton births Clin Perinatol 35(2)309ndash24 2008

27 Sunderam S Change J Flowers L et al Assisted reproductive technology surveillancemdashUnited States 2006 MMWR 58(SS05)1ndash25 2009

28 Martin JA Kirmeyer S Osterman M Shepherd RA Born a bit too early Recent trends in late preterm births NCHS data brief no 24 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2009

29 Paulson J Ramsini W Conrey E et al Unregistered deaths among extremely low birthweight infantsmdashOhio 2006 MMWR 56 1101ndash3 2007

30 Kirkham C Harris S Grzybowski S Evidence-based prenatal care Part 1 General prenatal care and counseling issues Am Fam Physician 711307ndash16 2005

31 Cramer ME Chen LW Roberts S Clute D Evaluating the social and economic impact of community-based prenatal care Public Health Nurs 24(4)329ndash36 2007

32 Conway KS Deb P Is prenatal care really ineffective Or is the lsquolsquodevilrsquorsquo in the distribution J Health Econ 24489ndash513 2005

33 Vintzileos AM Ananth CV Smulian JC Scorza WE Knuppel RA The impact of prenatal care on neonatal deaths in the presence and absence of antenatal high-risk conditions Am J Obstet Gynecol 186(5) 1011ndash6 2002

34 US Bureau of the Census PINCndash04 Educational attainmentmdashPeople 18 years old and over by total money earnings in 2008 work experience in 2008 age race Hispanic origin and sex Current population survey 2009 annual social and economic supplement Available from httpwwwcensusgovhheswwwcpstables032009 perincnew04_019htm 2009

35 Bai J Wong FWS Bauman A Mohsin M Parity and pregnancy outcomes Am J Obstet Gynecol 186(2) 274ndash8 2002

36 McNamara TK Orav EJ Wilkins-Haug L Chang G Social support and prenatal alcohol use J Womenrsquos Health 15(1)70ndash6 2006

37 Feldman PJ Dunkel-Schetter C Sandman CA Wadhwa P Maternal social support predicts birth weight and fetal growth in human pregnancy Psychosom Med 67715ndash25 2000

38 Jooma N Borstell J Shenkang Y Tahner A Vu H Infant mortality in LouisianamdashIdentifying the risks J La State Med Soc Februshyary15385ndash91 2001

39 Raatikainen K Heiskanen N Heinonen S Marriage still protects pregnancy BJOG 112(10)1411ndash6 2005

40 Singh GK Miller BA Health life expectancy and mortality patterns among immigrant populations in the United States Can J Public Health 95(3)I14ndash21 2004

41 Liu KL Laraque F Higher mortality rate among infants of US-born mothers compared to foreign-born mothers in New York City J Immigr Minor Health 8(3)281ndash9 2006

42 Acevedo-Garcia D Soobader M Berkman LF The differential effect of foreign-born status on low birth weight by raceethnicity and education Pediatrics 11520ndash30 2005

43 US Department of Health and Human Services The health conseshyquences of smoking A report of the surgeon general Atlanta Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Office on Smoking and Health 2004

44 Delpisheh A Attia E Drammond S Brabin BJ Adolescent smoking in pregnancy and birth outcomes Eur J Public Health 16168ndash72 2006


45 Noakes PS Hale J Thomas R Lane C Devadason SG Prescott SL Maternal smoking is associated with impaired neonatal toll-likeshyreceptor-mediated immune responses Eur Respir J 28721ndash9 2006

46 Le Soueumlf PN Adverse effects of maternal smoking during pregnancy on innate immunity in infants Eur Respir J 28675ndash7 2006

47 Callaghan WD MacDorman MF Rasmussen SA et al The contribushytion of preterm birth to infant mortality rates in the United States Pediatrics 1181566ndash73 2006

48 MacDorman MF Callaghan WM Mathews TJ Hoyert DL Kochanek KD Trends in preterm-related infant mortality by race and ethnicity United States 1999ndash2004 Int J Health Serv 37635ndash41 2007

49 Buehler JW Prager K Hogue CJR The role of linked birth and infant death certificates in maternal and child health epidemiology in the United States Am J Prev Med 19(1S)3ndash11 2000

50 National Center for Health Statistics 2003 revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth Available from httpwwwcdcgovnchsnvssvital_certificate_revisionshtm 2003

51 National Center for Health Statistics Report of the Panel to Evaluate the US Standard Certificates and Reports Available from httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatadvspanelreport_accpdf 2000

52 National Center for Health Statistics Technical appendix Vital statistics of the United States 2003 vol I natality Hyattsville MD 2005 Available from httpwwwcdcgovnchsdataTechApp03_1-09pdf

53 Office of Management and Budget Race and ethnic standards for federal statistics and administrative reporting Statistical Policy Direcshytive 15 May 12 1977

54 Office of Management and Budget Revisions to the standards for the classification of federal data on race and ethnicity Fed Regist 62FR58781ndash58790 October 30 1997 Available from httpwwwwhitehousegovombrewritefedregombdir15html

55 Johnson D Coding and editing multiple race and ethnicity Presented at the 2004 joint meeting of NAPHSIS and VSCP Portland OR June 6ndash10 2004 Available from httpwwwnaphsisorgindexaspdownloadid=75

56 Alexander GR Allen MC Conceptualization measurement and use of gestational age I Clinical and Public Health Practice J Perinatol 16(1)53B9 1996

57 National Center for Health Statistics Computer edits for natality data effective 1993 Instruction manual part 12 Hyattsville MD 1995

58 National Center for Health Statistics Vital statistics instructions for classifying the underlying cause of death NCHS instruction manual part 2a Hyattsville MD Public Health Service Published annually

59 National Center for Health Statistics Vital Statistics instructions for classifying multiple causes of death NCHS instruction manual part 2b Hyattsville MD Public Health Service Published annually

60 Israel RA Rosenberg HM Curtin LR Analytical potential for multiple cause-of-death data Am J Epidemiol 124(2)161ndash79 1986

61 National Center for Health Statistics 2006 mortality multiple cause public-use data file userrsquos guide Hyattsville MD 2009 Available from httpwwwcdcgovnchsdatadvsRecord_Layout_2006pdf Accessed 10272009

62 World Health Organization Manual of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases Injuries and Causes of Death Ninth Revision Geneva 1977

63 Anderson RN Minintildeo AM Hoyert DL Rosenberg HM Comparability of cause of death between ICDndash9 and ICDndash10 Preliminary estimates National vital statistics reports vol 49 no 2 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2001

64 National Center for Health Statistics Data Warehouse Comparability of cause-of-death between ICD revisions Available from httpwwwcdcgovnchsnvssmortalitycomparability_icdhtm 2008

65 National Center for Health Statistics ICDndash10 cause-of-death lists for tabulating mortality statistics effective 1999 NCHS instruction manual part 9 Hyattsville MD Public Health Service 1999

66 Brillinger DR The natural variability of vital rates and associated statistics Biometrics 42693ndash734 1986

List of Detailed Tables 1 Infant mortality rates live births and infant deaths by selected

characteristics and race of mother United States 2006 linked file 14

2 Infant mortality rates live births and infant deaths by selected characteristics and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin United States 2006 linked file 17

3 Infant mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin of mother United States and each state Puerto Rico Virgin Islands and Guam 2004ndash2006 linked files 20

4 Percentage of live births with selected maternal and infant characteristics by race of mother United States 2006 linked file 21

5 Percentage of live births with selected maternal and infant characteristics by Hispanic origin of mother and race of mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin United States 2006 linked file 21

6 Live births and infant neonatal and postneonatal deaths and mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin of mother and birthweight United States 2006 linked file and percent change in birthweight-specific infant mortality 2000ndash2006 linked files 22

7 Infant deaths and mortality rates for the five leading causes of infant death by race and Hispanic origin of mother United States 2006 linked file 25

8 Number and percent of preterm-related infant deaths and preterm-related infant mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin of mother United States 2000ndash2006 linked files 26


Table 1 Infant mortality rates live births and infant deaths by selected characteristics and race of mother United States 2006 linked file

Race of mother

American All Indian or Asian or

Characteristic races White Black Alaska Native Pacific Islander

Infant mortality rates per 1000 live births in specified group

Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death

Total neonatal 446 371 867 430 318 Early neonatal (less than 7 days) 355 295 693 329 256 Late neonatal (7ndash27 days) 091 077 174 103 063

Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality

Single births 587 487 1139 784 396 Plural births 3007 2557 5218 2638 2432

Birthweight

Less than 2500 grams 5538 5010 7295 5471 3855 Less than 1500 grams 24044 22821 26915 22756 20682 1500ndash2499 grams 1411 1395 1509 1881 1104

2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation

Less than 32 weeks 17594 16226 20841 13988 16022 32ndash33 weeks 1619 1583 1711 1691 34ndash36 weeks 708 661 911 969 527 37ndash41 weeks 239 217 368 485 165

37ndash39 weeks 258 234 396 479 174 40ndash41 weeks 202 184 306 505 146

42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother

Under 20 years 978 830 1394 883 951 20ndash24 years 755 626 1272 845 540 25ndash29 years 595 499 1194 828 409 30ndash34 years 532 446 1296 767 339 35ndash39 years 609 514 1373 668 528 40ndash54 years 801 692 1488 780

Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status

Married 511 468 1071 728 417 Unmarried 919 733 1382 882 648

Motherrsquos place of birth

Born in the 50 states and DC 703 566 1336 835 576 Born elsewhere 509 482 865 419

See footnotes at end of table


Table 1 Infant United States

mortality rates live births 2006 linked filemdashCon

and infant deaths by selected characteristics and race of mother

Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or

Alaska Native Asian or

Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality

Single births Plural births

Birthweight

Less than 2500 grams Less than 1500 grams 1500ndash2499 grams

2500 grams or more Not stated

Period of gestation

Less than 32 weeks 32ndash33 weeks 34ndash36 weeks 37ndash41 weeks

37ndash39 weeks 40ndash41 weeks

42 weeks or more Not stated

Age of mother

Under 20 years 20ndash24 years 25ndash29 years 30ndash34 years 35ndash39 years 40ndash54 years

Live-birth order

1 2 3 4 5 or more Not stated

Marital status

Married Unmarried


Born in the 50 states and DC Born elsewhere Not stated


4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980


Table 1 Infant mortality rates live births and infant deaths by selected characteristics and race of mother United States 2006 linked filemdashCon

Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 8779 6331 1918 198 333 Not stated 154 103 44 ndash 8

Period of gestation

Less than 32 weeks 15227 9047 5480 141 559 32ndash33 weeks 1110 764 276 14 56 34ndash36 weeks 2746 1890 708 47 102 37ndash41 weeks 8272 5888 1871 181 332


42 weeks or more 674 505 134 11 24 Not stated 481 329 127 1 24

Age of mother

Under 20 years 4320 2588 1584 74 75 20ndash24 years 8156 5124 2721 139 172 25ndash29 years 7036 4669 1992 101 274 30ndash34 years 5058 3376 1349 52 281 35ndash39 years 3039 2053 741 21 224 40ndash54 years 901 613 209 8 71

Live-birth order

1 11345 7359 3387 131 469 2 7977 5417 2116 89 355 3 4583 2949 1418 68 148 4 2248 1393 740 49 67 5 or more 1874 1033 738 57 46 Not stated 482 271 197 2 12

Marital status



Born in the 50 states and DC 22450 14397 7417 373 263 Born elsewhere 5389 3643 914 17 815 Not stated 671 383 265 5 18

Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator ndash Quantity zero

NOTES Infant deaths are weighted so numbers may not exactly add to totals due to rounding lsquolsquoNot statedrsquorsquo responses were included in totals but not distributed among groups for rate computations Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards In this table all women (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported multiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report


Table 2 Infant mortality rates live births and infant deaths by selected characteristics and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin United States 2006 linked file

Hispanic Non-Hispanic

Central and Other and All Puerto South unknown

Characteristic origins1 Total Mexican Rican Cuban American Hispanic Total2 White Black


Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death

Total neonatal 446 374 373 544 360 312 368 464 364 895 Early neonatal (less than 7 days) 355 298 300 436 295 244 279 367 287 715 Late neonatal (7ndash27 days) 091 076 074 108 068 089 097 078 180

Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality

Single births 587 489 484 709 420 412 520 614 482 1178 Plural births 3007 2806 2869 3727 2090 2665 3026 2469 5330

Birthweight

Less than 2500 grams 5538 5316 5479 5885 5120 4742 4528 5541 4817 7344 Less than 1500 grams 24044 23688 24191 25019 25114 21560 21557 23905 22113 26978 1500ndash2499 grams 1411 1467 1563 1364 1342 1221 1390 1356 1513

2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation

Less than 32 weeks 17594 15560 15460 18718 17705 14501 14286 17967 16274 20963 32ndash33 weeks 1619 1453 1493 1516 1327 1671 1638 1731 34ndash36 weeks 708 612 643 594 530 563 736 678 932 37ndash41 weeks 239 196 202 251 144 230 253 226 383

37ndash39 weeks 258 213 220 273 153 241 272 243 410 40ndash41 weeks 202 166 169 207 127 207 215 192 324

42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother

Under 20 years 978 685 663 1038 609 601 1122 948 1430 20ndash24 years 755 530 510 752 594 457 634 840 677 1318 25ndash29 years 595 478 474 692 397 534 626 502 1236 30ndash34 years 532 485 489 818 394 490 538 428 1347 35ndash39 years 609 582 603 748 485 547 604 481 1428 40ndash54 years 801 878 921 816 779 635 1553

Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status

Married 511 492 505 580 399 419 483 513 458 1116 Unmarried 919 591 566 934 660 484 676 1062 835 1426


Born in the 50 states and DC 703 600 592 756 530 499 561 717 559 1354 Born elsewhere 509 499 498 870 476 443 548 522 404 1001



Table 2 Infant mortality rates live births and infant deaths by selected characteristics and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin United States 2006 linked filemdashCon


Central and Other and All Puerto South unknown Not

Characteristic origins1 Total Mexican Rican Cuban American Hispanic Total2 White Black stated

Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality

Single births 4121964 1015594 703125 64866 16425 161350 69828 3077248 2220739 593977 29122 Plural births 143629 23485 15023 2066 511 3971 1914 118863 87915 23283 1281

Birthweight

Less than 2500 grams 353460 72795 47343 6797 1211 11283 6161 277872 169517 86588 2793 Less than 1500 grams 64456 12610 8193 1299 219 1897 1002 51227 28260 19827 619 1500ndash2499 grams 289004 60185 39150 5498 992 9386 5159 226645 141257 66761 2174

2500 grams or more 3911038 965881 670461 60127 15723 154008 65562 2917768 2138863 530536 27389 Not stated 1095 403 344 8 2 30 19 471 274 136 221

Period of gestation

Less than 32 weeks 86547 18477 12102 1731 305 2855 1484 67323 38115 25063 747 32ndash33 weeks 68579 16453 11055 1319 286 2487 1306 51655 32542 15247 471 34ndash36 weeks 387791 90804 60810 6571 1624 14516 7283 294343 198612 73138 2644 37ndash41 weeks 3456424 837354 579187 53069 13806 134432 56860 2595142 1902205 469239 23928

37ndash39 weeks 2303021 548532 376953 35170 9641 87320 39448 1738927 1263875 324318 15562 40ndash41 weeks 1153403 288822 202234 17899 4165 47112 17412 856215 638330 144921 8366

42 weeks or more 240589 63499 44408 4074 878 9885 4254 175409 129674 31980 1681 Not stated 25663 12492 10586 168 37 1146 555 12239 7506 2593 932

Age of mother

Under 20 years 441834 148125 107982 11852 1352 14785 12154 291004 170997 106188 2705 20ndash24 years 1080451 303455 216372 20998 3703 40297 22085 770249 528360 198740 6747 25ndash29 years 1181909 280615 193311 17051 4151 48120 17982 893307 665484 153615 7987 30ndash34 years 950267 194595 129902 10385 4745 37306 12257 748467 566712 95782 7205 35ndash39 years 498620 91568 58200 5347 2385 19787 5849 402599 309033 49929 4453 40ndash54 years 112512 20721 12381 1299 600 5026 1415 90485 68068 13006 1306

Live-birth order

1 1697000 370192 243208 26719 7691 64776 27798 1314988 957389 237839 11820 2 1354418 315284 214039 20448 6138 52874 21785 1030204 763217 175187 8930 3 716673 203278 147738 11447 2180 29021 12892 508665 366962 106505 4730 4 288771 91519 69059 4841 557 11333 5729 195232 132304 50144 2020 5 or more 185022 55926 42550 3197 273 6638 3268 127443 76718 41191 1653 Not stated 23709 2880 1554 280 97 679 270 19579 12064 6394 1250

Marital status

Married 2623623 520953 368900 25164 10268 80208 36413 2083551 1694125 181022 19119 Unmarried 1641970 518126 349248 41768 6668 85113 35329 1112560 614529 436238 11284


Born in the 50 states and DC 3191345 389002 257356 45926 8309 22652 54759 2780477 2164913 534924 21866 Born elsewhere 1058707 648344 460089 20584 8611 142451 16609 403281 137287 77391 7082 Not stated 15541 1733 703 422 16 218 374 12353 6454 4945 1455







Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death

Total neonatal 19041 3883 2679 364 61 515 264 14820 8410 5525 338 Early neonatal (less than 7 days) 15148 3096 2151 292 50 403 200 11735 6620 4414 317 Late neonatal (7ndash27 days) 3893 787 528 72 11 112 64 3085 1790 1111 21

Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 8779 1729 1224 135 23 211 135 6997 4666 1842 53 Not stated 154 23 19 2 ndash 2 ndash 99 53 40 32

Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 11345 2019 1338 217 38 271 155 9195 5395 3251 131 2 7977 1612 1090 128 27 231 135 6290 3863 2021 75 3 4583 987 695 93 15 122 62 3551 1984 1363 46 4 2248 517 364 48 4 66 36 1701 880 718 29 5 or more 1874 438 324 42 ndash 48 23 1398 590 713 38 Not stated 482 50 26 8 1 11 3 357 171 173 76

Marital status



Born in the 50 states and DC 22450 2335 1523 347 44 113 307 19928 12107 7242 187 Born elsewhere 5389 3233 2289 179 41 631 91 2104 554 775 52 Not stated 671 54 25 10 ndash 3 16 461 223 224 156

Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator ndash Quantity zero 1Includes origin not stated 2Includes races other than black or white

NOTES Infant deaths are weighted so numbers may not exactly add to totals due to rounding lsquolsquoNot statedrsquorsquo responses were included in totals but not distributed among groups for rate computations Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin non-Hispanic women are classified by race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported multiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report


Table 3 Infant mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin of mother United States and each state Puerto Rico Virgin Islands and Guam 2004ndash2006 linked files [By place of residence]

Race and Hispanic origin of mother

Race Hispanic origin

Asian or American Indian Pacific Non-Hispanic Non-Hispanic

State Total White Black or Alaska Native Islander Hispanic white black


United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352

Alabama 907 702 1385 743 698 1376 Alaska 651 468 984 501 Arizona 664 641 1130 719 596 672 605 1230 Arkansas 823 690 1394 628 696 1399 California 517 487 1131 630 412 491 467 1140 Colorado 614 580 1369 562 701 518 1397 Connecticut 582 478 1341 319 776 397 1338 Delaware 857 623 1518 554 631 1502 District of Columbia 1257 399 1654 322 1846 Florida 718 560 1209 547 507 586 1276

Georgia 822 592 1299 591 515 607 1295 Hawaii 607 411 1855 636 611 366 2085 Idaho 631 621 732 597 Illinois 740 597 1442 512 621 588 1439 Indiana 794 696 1599 674 699 1607 Iowa 521 497 825 864 501 496 818 Kansas 728 664 1445 643 643 677 1446 Kentucky 703 650 1253 735 648 1254 Louisiana 1004 696 1466 632 565 700 1469 Maine 628 626 616

Maryland 790 559 1230 455 526 555 1294 Massachusetts 493 441 933 356 638 399 1031 Michigan 760 590 1567 486 732 574 1566 Minnesota 497 445 877 948 406 427 436 962 Mississippi 1063 675 1538 574 680 1540 Missouri 748 645 1370 549 623 645 1379 Montana 595 532 994 503 Nebraska 591 546 1159 584 525 1215 Nevada 618 544 1395 557 510 553 1433 New Hampshire 560 543 533

New Jersey 539 415 1092 468 514 368 1176 New Mexico 612 584 761 541 675 New York 587 478 1027 380 529 461 1146 North Carolina 854 632 1566 1061 611 617 637 1566 North Dakota 591 538 979 537 Ohio 782 635 1556 436 561 635 1592 Oklahoma 795 735 1294 831 630 538 768 1307 Oregon 561 549 899 832 518 537 554 942 Pennsylvania 740 613 1400 563 771 584 1382 Rhode Island 602 543 1087 795 397 1142

South Carolina 900 630 1402 612 737 628 1434 South Dakota 726 615 1228 620 Tennessee 868 682 1523 743 650 687 1587 Texas 634 567 1188 421 554 583 1211 Utah 496 480 768 531 474 Vermont 557 553 564 Virginia 730 565 1357 400 528 569 1379 Washington 509 488 752 925 443 482 449 812 West Virginia 761 739 1539 733 1509 Wisconsin 629 509 1687 809 564 573 501 1694 Wyoming 737 720 733

Puerto Rico 859 857 876 - - shy - - shy - - shy - - shy - - shyVirgin Islands 678 807 676 Guam 1191 1233

Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator - - - Data not available 1Excludes data for Puerto Rico Virgin Islands and Guam

NOTES Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin non-Hispanic women are classified by race See reference 2 in this report Multiple-race data on the birth certificate were reported for 15 states in 2004 19 in 2005 and 23 in 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report


Table 2006

4 Percentage linked file

of live births with selected maternal and infant characteristics by race of mother United States

Characteristic All

races White Black American or Alaska

Indian Native

Asian or Pacific Islander

Birthweight Less than 1500 grams Less than 2500 grams

Preterm births1 Births to mothers under 20 years Fourth and higher order births Births to unmarried mothers Mothers born in the 50 states and DC

151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190

1Born prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation

NOTES Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and (including Hispanic women) are classified only according to their race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported multiple-race data on data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report

Budget standards the birth certificate

In this table all women for 2006 The multiple-race

Table 5 Percentage of live births with selected maternal and infant characteristics by Hispanic origin of mother and race of mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin United States 2006 linked file


Other and All Puerto Central and unknown

Characteristic origins1 Total Mexican Rican Cuban South American Hispanic Total2 White Black

Birthweight Less than 1500 grams 151 121 114 194 129 115 140 161 122 321 Less than 2500 grams 83 70 66 102 72 68 86 87 73 140

Preterm births3 128 122 119 144 131 121 142 130 117 185 Births to mothers under 20 years 104 143 150 177 80 89 169 91 74 172 Fourth and higher order births 112 142 156 121 49 109 126 102 91 150 Births to unmarried mothers 385 499 486 624 394 515 492 348 266 707 Mothers born in the 50 states and DC 751 375 359 691 491 137 767 872 940 874

1Includes origin not stated 2Includes races other than black or white 3Born prior to 37 completed weeks of gestation

NOTES Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin non-Hispanic women are classified by race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported multiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report


Table 6 Live births and infant neonatal and postneonatal deaths and mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin of mother and birthweight United States 2006 linked file and percent change in birthweight-specific infant mortality 2000ndash2006 linked files

Number in 2006 Mortality rate per 1000 live births in 2006 Percent

change in infant

Race and Hispanic origin Live Infant Neonatal Postneonatal mortality rate and birthweight births deaths deaths deaths Infant Neonatal Postneonatal 2000ndash2006

All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30

Less than 2500 grams 353460 19576 15897 3679 5538 4498 1041 ndash68 Less than 1500 grams 64456 15498 13465 2033 24044 20890 3154 ndash16

Less than 500 grams 7294 6177 6017 160 84686 82492 2194 01 500ndash749 grams 11782 5507 4654 853 46741 39501 7240 ndash19 750ndash999 grams 12737 1916 1414 501 15043 11102 3933 ndash35 1000ndash1249 grams 14910 1040 756 285 6975 5070 1911 ndash98 1250ndash1499 grams 17733 857 624 233 4833 3519 1314 60

1500ndash1999 grams 69555 1810 1210 600 2602 1740 863 ndash80 2000ndash2499 grams 219449 2268 1222 1046 1033 557 477 ndash120

2500 grams or more 3911038 8779 2997 5782 224 077 148 ndash93 2500ndash2999 grams 786117 3153 1225 1928 401 156 245 ndash123 3000ndash3499 grams 1657170 3499 1100 2399 211 066 145 ndash113 3500ndash3999 grams 1134511 1636 477 1160 144 042 102 ndash138 4000ndash4499 grams 287710 390 143 247 136 050 086 ndash75 4500ndash4999 grams 40972 76 32 43 185 078 105 ndash98 5000 grams or more 4558 25 19 5 548 ndash105

Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25




2500 grams or more 3070169 6331 2286 4045 206 074 132 ndash80 2500ndash2999 grams 556908 2145 900 1246 385 162 224 ndash123 3000ndash3499 grams 1282104 2507 848 1659 196 066 129 ndash105 3500ndash3999 grams 943506 1278 378 900 135 040 095 ndash106 4000ndash4499 grams 248421 328 123 206 132 050 083 ndash22 4500ndash4999 grams 35400 55 24 30 155 068 085 ndash129 5000 grams or more 3830 17 13 4

Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43

Less than 2500 grams 90940 6634 5198 1436 7295 5716 1579 ndash37 Less than 1500 grams 20710 5574 4681 893 26915 22603 4312 09

Less than 500 grams 2948 2486 2384 102 84328 80868 3460 08 500ndash749 grams 4364 1946 1540 406 44592 35289 9303 ndash27 750ndash999 grams 4177 599 403 196 14340 9648 4692 12 1000ndash1249 grams 4409 314 203 111 7122 4604 2518 ndash06 1250ndash1499 grams 4812 230 151 79 4780 3138 1642 66


2500 grams or more 575385 1918 538 1380 333 094 240 ndash148 2500ndash2999 grams 165410 835 259 576 505 157 348 ndash105 3000ndash3499 grams 255831 764 189 575 299 074 225 ndash172 3500ndash3999 grams 125072 262 67 195 209 054 156 ndash261 4000ndash4499 grams 25101 35 11 24 139 096 ndash421 4500ndash4999 grams 3499 15 7 8 5000 grams or more 472 6 5 1

Not stated 169 44 42 2



Table 6 Live births and infant neonatal and postneonatal deaths and mortality rates by race and Hispanic origin of mother and birthweight United States 2006 linked file and percent change in birthweight-specific infant mortality 2000ndash2006 linked filesmdashCon


change in infant


American Indian or Alaska Native 47720 395 205 190 828 430 398 ndash02

Less than 2500 grams 3601 197 156 42 5471 4332 1166 ndash122 Less than 1500 grams 624 142 128 14 22756 20513 ndash148

Less than 500 grams 63 55 53 2 87302 84127 ndash28 500ndash749 grams 97 44 40 3 45361 41237 ndash02 750ndash999 grams 133 23 18 5 17293 ndash395 1000ndash1249 grams 150 10 9 1 1250ndash1499 grams 181 10 7 3

1500ndash1999 grams 729 18 9 9 2000ndash2499 grams 2248 37 19 18 1646 52

2500 grams or more 44111 198 50 148 449 113 336 49 2500ndash2999 grams 8077 58 19 38 718 470 167 3000ndash3499 grams 17799 77 17 60 433 337 ndash88 3500ndash3999 grams 13575 44 10 34 324 250 73 4000ndash4499 grams 3857 13 2 11 4500ndash4999 grams 712 5 ndash 5 5000 grams or more 91 1 1 ndash

Not stated 8 ndash ndash ndash

Asian or Pacific Islander 241048 1097 766 331 455 318 137 ndash66


Less than 500 grams 263 208 205 3 79087 77947 ndash87 500ndash749 grams 447 194 175 19 43400 39150 ndash52 750ndash999 grams 529 77 57 20 14556 10775 3781 ndash140 1000ndash1249 grams 660 39 28 11 5909 4242 ndash139 1250ndash1499 grams 857 52 42 10 6068 4901 ndash143


2500 grams or more 221373 333 124 209 150 056 094 ndash85 2500ndash2999 grams 55722 115 48 68 206 086 122 ndash226 3000ndash3499 grams 101436 151 47 104 149 046 103 221 3500ndash3999 grams 52358 53 21 31 101 040 059 ndash241 4000ndash4499 grams 10331 13 7 6 4500ndash4999 grams 1361 1 1 ndash 5000 grams or more 165 ndash ndash ndash

Not stated 66 8 8 ndash

Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32


Less than 500 grams 1292 1062 1038 23 82198 80341 1780 ndash01 500ndash749 grams 2368 1143 1009 134 48269 42610 5659 11 750ndash999 grams 2510 379 278 101 15100 11076 4024 ndash77 1000ndash1249 grams 2961 226 168 58 7633 5674 1959 11 1250ndash1499 grams 3479 177 127 50 5088 3650 1437 36


2500 grams or more 965881 1729 671 1059 179 069 110 ndash135 2500ndash2999 grams 189101 607 283 325 321 150 172 ndash160 3000ndash3499 grams 422972 720 251 469 170 059 111 ndash124 3500ndash3999 grams 277047 310 94 217 112 034 078 ndash243 4000ndash4499 grams 66121 71 29 42 107 044 064 ndash144 4500ndash4999 grams 9477 11 7 4 5000 grams or more 1163 9 7 2






change in infant


NonHispanic white 2308654 12884 8410 4474 558 364 194 ndash21




2500 grams or more 2138863 4666 1633 3033 218 076 142 ndash48 2500ndash2999 grams 375743 1564 623 942 416 166 251 ndash100 3000ndash3499 grams 874868 1821 608 1213 208 069 139 ndash88 3500ndash3999 grams 675294 970 284 686 144 042 102 ndash59 4000ndash4499 grams 184103 259 95 164 141 052 089 37 4500ndash4999 grams 26156 43 17 26 164 099 ndash73 5000 grams or more 2699 8 6 2


Non-Hispanic black 617260 8241 5525 2716 1335 895 440 ndash18






Significant at p lt 005 Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator Category not apllicable ndash Quantity zero 1Includes races other than white or black

NOTES Infant deaths are weighted so numbers may not exactly add to totals due to rounding Neonatal is less than 28 days and postneonatal is 28 days to under 1 year Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin non-Hispanic women are classified by race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported multiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report


Table 7 Infant deaths and mortality rates for the five leading causes of infant death by race and Hispanic origin of mother United States 2006 linked file [Rates per 100000 live births in specified group]

American Indian Cause of death (based on the All races Non-Hispanic white Non-Hispanic black1 or Alaska Native2 Asian or Pacific Islander3

International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision 1992) Rank Number Rate Rank Number Rate Rank Number Rate Rank Number Rate Rank Number Rate

All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551

Congenital malformations deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00ndashQ99) 1 5850 1371 1 2922 1266 2 1078 1746 1 73 1530 1 263 1091

Disorders related to short gestation and low birthweight not elsewhere classified (P07) 2 4843 1135 2 1774 768 1 1863 3018 3 47 985 2 184 763

Sudden infant death syndrome (R95) 3 2327 546 3 1283 556 3 641 1038 2 57 1194 4 55 228 Newborn affected by maternal

complications of pregnancy (P01) 4 1676 393 4 731 317 4 552 894 6 13 3 57 236 Accidents (unintentional injuries) (V01ndashX59) 5 1143 268 5 597 259 6 326 528 4 37 775 6 31 129

Central and South Cause of death (based on the Total Hispanic4 Mexican5 Puerto Rican6 American7

International Classification of Diseases Tenth Revision 1992) Rank Number Rate Rank Number Rate Rank Number Rate Rank Number Rate

All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525

Congenital malformations deformations and chromosomal abnormalities (Q00ndashQ99) 1 1476 1420 1 1087 1514 2 82 1225 1 194 1173

Disorders related to short gestation and low birthweight not elsewhere classified (P07) 2 887 854 2 586 816 1 111 1658 2 115 696

Sudden infant death syndrome (R95) 4 282 271 4 183 255 3 37 553 5 25 151 Newborn affected by maternal

complications of pregnancy (P01) 3 290 279 3 203 283 3 37 553 5 25 151 Accidents (unintentional injuries) (V01ndashX59) 8 154 148 7 99 138 6 19 9 19

Category not applicable Figure does not meet standards of reliability or precision based on fewer than 20 deaths in the numerator 1For Non-Hispanic black women Newborn affected by complications of placenta cord and membranes (P02) was the fifth leading cause of death with 356 deaths and a rate of 577 2For American Indian or Alaska native women Newborn affected by complications of placenta cord and membranes (P02) was the fifth leading cause of death with 19 deaths 3For Asian or Pacific Islander women Newborn affected by complications of placenta cord and membranes (P02) was the fifth leading cause of death with 44 deaths and a rate of 183 4For Hispanic women Newborn affected by complications of placenta cord and membrances (P02) was the fifth leading cause of death with 221 deaths and a rate of 213 5For Mexican women Newborn affected by complications of placenta cord and membrances (P02) was the fifth leading cause of death with 161 deaths and a rate of 224 6For Puerto Rican women Respiratory distress of newborn (P22) was the fifth leading cause of death with 25 deaths and a rate of 374 7For Central and South American women Respiratory distress of newborn (P22) was the third leading cause with 27 deaths and a rate of 163 Newborn affected by complications of placenta cord and membranes (P02) was the fourth leading cause with 26 deaths and a rate of 157

NOTES Reliable cause-specific infant mortality rates cannot be computed for Cuban women because of the small number of infant deaths (86) Race and Hispanic origin are reported separately on birth certificates Race categories are consistent with the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards Persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race In this table Hispanic women are classified only by place of origin non-Hispanic women are classified by race See reference 2 in this report Twenty-three states reported multiple-race data on the birth certificate for 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other states see reference 2 in this report


Table 8 Number and percent of preterm-related infant deaths and preterm-related and Hispanic origin of mother United States 2000ndash2006 linked files

infant mortality rates by race

Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander Total

Hispanic1 Mexican Puerto Rican


2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175

Number of preterm-related infant deaths

3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411

Percent of total infant deaths that are preterm-related

450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309

Preterm-related infant mortality rate2

601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150

1Includes Cuban and other and unknown Hispanic Cuban data were not shown separately because of small numbers of infant deaths 2Rate per 1000 live births in specified group

NOTES Preterm-related deaths are those where the infant was born preterm (before 37 completed weeks of gestation) with the underlying cause of death assigned to categories K550 P000 P010 P011 P015 P020 P021 P027 P070ndashP073 P102 P220ndash229 P250ndash279 P280 P281 P360ndash369 P520ndash523 P77 Twenty-three states the birth certificate for all of 2006 The multiple-race data for these states were bridged to the single-race categories of the 1977 standards for comparability with other report

one of the following ICDndash10 reported multiple-race data on states see reference 2 in this


Table I Percentage of infant death records that were linked to their corresponding birth records United States and each state Puerto Rico Virgin Islands and Guam 2006 linked file

Percent linked by

State state of occurrence of death

United States1 987

Alabama 998 Alaska 958 Arizona 994 Arkansas 997 California 963 Colorado 995 Connecticut 1000 Delaware 990 District of Columbia 1000 Florida 993

Georgia 998 Hawaii 1000 Idaho 1000 Illinois 990 Indiana 991 Iowa 995 Kansas 1000 Kentucky 989 Louisiana 933 Maine 1000

Maryland 1000 Massachusetts 1000 Michigan 1000 Minnesota 1000 Mississippi 995 Missouri 996 Montana 1000 Nebraska 994 Nevada 996 New Hampshire 1000

New Jersey 989 New Mexico 979 New York State 984 New York City 997 North Carolina 998 North Dakota 1000 Ohio 979 Oklahoma 1000 Oregon 997 Pennsylvania 989 Rhode Island 1000

South Carolina 990 South Dakota 1000 Tennessee 1000 Texas 965 Utah 990 Vermont 1000 Virginia 1000 Washington 1000 West Virginia 1000 Wisconsin 1000 Wyoming 1000

Puerto Rico 998 Virgin Islands 1000 Guam 1000

1Excludes data for Puerto Rico Virgin Islands and Guam

Technical Notes

Differences between period and cohort data

From 1983ndash1991 the Centers for Disease Control and Prevenshytionrsquos National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) produced linked files in a birth cohort format (49) Beginning with 1995 data linked files are produced first using a period format and then using a birth cohort format The 2006 period linked file contains a numerator file consisting of all infant deaths occurring in 2006 that have been linked to their corresponding birth certificates whether the birth occurred in 2005 or in 2006 In contrast the 2006 birth cohort linked file will contain a numerator file that consists of all infant deaths to infants born in 2006 whether the death occurred in 2006 or 2007 Beginning with 1995 data the period linked file is the basis for all official NCHS linked file statistics

For the 2006 file NCHS accepted birth records that could be linked to infant deaths even if registered after the closure of the 2006 birth file (fewer than 100 cases) This improved the infant birthdeath linkage and made the denominator file distinctly but slightly different from the official 2006 birth file

Weighting

In 2006 a record weight was added to the linked file to compensate for the 13 percent of infant death records that could not be linked to their corresponding birth certificates This procedure was initiated in 1995 Records for Puerto Rico the Virgin Islands and Guam were not weighted The percentage of records linked varied by registration area (from 933 to 1000 percent with all but four areasmdashAlaska California Louisiana and Texasmdashat 975 percent or higher) (Table I) The number of infant deaths in the linked file for the 50 states and the District of Columbia was weighted to equal the sum of the linked plus unlinked infant deaths by state of occurrence at birth and age at death (less than 7 days 7ndash27 days and 28 days to under 1 year) The addition of the weight reduced the potential for bias in comparing infant mortality rates by characteristics

The 2006 linked file started with 28540 infant death records Of these records 28174 were linked and 366 were unlinked because corresponding birth certificates could not be identified The 28540 linked and unlinked records contained 31 records of infants whose motherrsquos usual place of residence was outside of the United States These 31 records were excluded to derive a weighted total of 28509 infant deaths for 2006

Comparison of infant mortality data between linked file and vital statistics mortality file

The overall infant mortality rate of 668 from the 2006 period linked file is nearly the same as the 669 rate from the 2006 vital statistics mortality file (3) The number of infant deaths differs slightly from the 28527 infant deaths in the mortality file (3) Differences in numbers of infant deaths between the two data sources are primarily due to geographic coverage differences For the vital statistics mortality file all deaths occurring in the 50 states and the District of Columbia are included regardless of the infantrsquos place of birth In contrast to be included in the US linked file both the birth and death must occur in the 50 states and the District of Columbia (the

territory linked file is a separate file) Weighting of the linked file also may contribute to small differences in numbers and rates by specific variables between these two data sets


1989 and 2003 revisions of US Standard Certificate of Live Birth

This report includes 2006 data on items that are collected on both the 1989 Revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth (unrevised) and the 2003 Revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth (revised) (2) The 2003 revision is described in detail elsewhere (50ndash52)

Data for educational attainment prenatal care and tobacco use although collected on both the revised and unrevised certificates are not considered comparable between revisions Since the 2006 linked file has birth records from both 2005 and 2006 the reporting of the three items from the 2003 revised certificate is from the 12 states that had revised the certificate by January 1 2005 Florida Idaho Kansas Kentucky Nebraska New Hampshire New York (excluding New York City) Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas and Washshyington Data for Florida are excluded from the smoking results because the statersquos birth certificate question on smoking is not comparable to the 2003 revision (2)

Marital status

National estimates of births to unmarried women are based on two methods of determining marital status In 2006 marital status was based on a direct question in 48 states and the District of Columbia In the two states that used inferential procedures to compile birth statistics by marital status (Michigan and New York) a birth is inferred as nonmarital if either of the following factors listed in priority-of-use order is present a paternity acknowledgment was received or the fatherrsquos name is missing For more information on the inferential procedures see lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo in National Vital Statisshytics Reports Volume 57 Number 7 lsquolsquoBirths Final Data for 2006rsquorsquo (2)

Multiple race

For the birth certificates in the 2006 data year multiple race was reported by 23 states (both revised and unrevised) California Delaware Florida Hawaii Idaho Kansas Kentucky Michigan (for births at selected facilities only) Minnesota Nebraska New Hampshyshire New York (excluding New York City) North Dakota Ohio Pennsylvania South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont (for births occurring from July 1 2005 only) Washshyington and Wyoming (2) Data from the vital records of the remaining states the District of Columbia and New York City followed the 1977 Office of Management and Budget standards in which a single race is reported (5354) In addition these areas report the minimum set of four races as stipulated in the 1977 standards compared with the minimum of five races mandated by the 1997 standards (2)

To provide uniformity and comparability of the data during the transition period before multiple-race data are available for all reporting areas the responses of those who reported more than one race are bridged to a single race Multiple race is imputed to a single race (AIAN API black or white) according to the combination of races Hispanic origin sex and age indicated on the birth certificate using methods described elsewhere (2755)

Period of gestation

The primary measure used to determine the gestational age of the newborn is the interval between the first day of the motherrsquos last normal menstrual period (LMP) and the date of birth It is subject to error for several reasons including imperfect maternal recall or misidentification of the LMP because of postconception bleeding delayed ovulation or intervening early miscarriage These data are edited for LMP-based gestational ages that are clearly inconsistent with the infantrsquos plurality and birthweight (see below) but reporting problems for this item persist and may occur more frequently among some subpopulations and among births with shorter gestations (5657)

The US Standard Certificate of Live Birth contains the clinical or obstetric estimate of gestation which is compared with length of gestation computed from the date the LMP began when the latter appears to be inconsistent with birthweight This is done for normal-weight births of apparently short gestations and very-low-birthweight births reported to be full term The clinical estimate was also used if the LMP date was not reported The period of gestation for 56 percent of the births in 2006 was based on the clinical estimate of gestation For 97 percent of these records the clinical estimate was used because the LMP date was not reported For the remaining 3 percent the clinical estimate was used because it was consistent with the reported birth-weight whereas the LMP-based gestation was not In cases where the reported birthweight was inconsistent with both the LMP-computed gestation and the clinical estimate of gestation the LMP-computed gestation was used and the birthweight was reclassified as lsquolsquonot statedrsquorsquo This was necessary for about 006 percent of all birth records in 2006 (2)

Birthweight For the linked file not-stated birthweight was imputed for 3635

records or 009 percent of the birth records in 2006 when birthweight was not stated but the period of gestation was known In this case birthweight was assigned the value from the previous record with the same period of gestation maternal race sex and plurality If birthweight and period of gestation were both unknown the not-stated value for birthweight was retained This imputation was done to improve the accuracy of birthweight-specific infant mortality rates since the percentage of records with not-stated birthweight was higher for infant deaths (310 percent before imputation) than for live births (011 percent before imputation) The imputation reduced the percentage of not-stated records to 054 percent for infant deaths and 003 percent for births The not-stated birthweight cases in the natalitybirth file as distinct from the linked file are not imputed (2)

Cause-of-death classification

The mortality statistics presented in this report were compiled in accordance with World Health Organization (WHO) regulations which specify that member nations classify and code causes of death in accordance with the current revision of the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems (ICD) The


ICD provides the basic guidance used in virtually all countries to code and classify causes of death The ICD not only details disease classification but also provides definitions tabulation lists the format of the death certificate and the rules for coding cause of death Cause-of-death data presented in this report were coded by proceshydures outlined in annual issues of the NCHS Instruction Manual (5859)

In this report tabulations of cause-of-death statistics are based solely on the underlying cause of death The underlying cause is defined by WHO as lsquolsquothe disease or injury which initiated the chain of events leading directly to death or the circumstances of the accident or violence which produced the fatal injuryrsquorsquo (4) It is selected from the conditions entered by the physician in the cause-of-death section of the death certificate When more than one cause or condition is entered by the physician the underlying cause is determined by the sequence of conditions on the certificate ICD provisions and associated selecshytion and modification rules Generally more medical information is reported on death certificates than is directly reflected in the underlying cause of death This is captured in NCHS multiple cause-of-death statistics (6061)

About every 10 to 20 years the ICD is revised to take into account advances in medical knowledge Effective with deaths occurring in 1999 the United States began using the ICDrsquos Tenth Revision (ICDndash10) (4) during the 1979ndash1998 period causes were coded and classified according to the Ninth Revision (ICDndash9) (62)

Changes in classification of causes of death due to these revisions may result in discontinuities in cause-of-death trends Measures of this discontinuity are essential to interpreting mortality trends and are discussed in detail in other NCHS publications (36364)

Tabulation lists and cause-of-death ranking

The cause-of-death rankings for ICDndash10 are based on the List of 130 Selected Causes of Infant Death The tabulation lists and rules for ranking leading causes of death are published in the NCHS Instruction Manual Part 9 ICDndash10 Cause-of-Death Lists for Tabushylating Mortality Statistics Effective 1999 (65) Briefly category titles that begin with the words lsquolsquootherrsquorsquo and lsquolsquoall otherrsquorsquo are not ranked to determine the leading causes of death When one of the titles that represents a subtotal is ranked [for example Influenza and pneushymonia (ICD codes J10ndashJ18)] its component parts are not ranked [in this case Influenza (J10ndashJ11) and Pneumonia (J12ndash18)]


Preterm-related causes of death are those causes that have a direct etiological connection to preterm birth For an underlying cause of death to be considered preterm related 75 percent or more of infants whose deaths were attributed to that cause had to be born preterm and the cause of death had to be a direct consequence of preterm birth based on a clinical evaluation and review of the literature (47) The cause-of-death categories included in this grouping are shown in the Table 8 footnote Causes that are incidental to preterm birth (for example a motor vehicle accident involving a preterm infant) are not included This grouping of preterm-related causes probably underestimates the total impact of preterm-related infant death as some ICD categories (notably those beginning with the words lsquolsquootherrsquorsquo and lsquolsquoall otherrsquorsquo) had a high

percentage of preterm infant deaths but lacked sufficient specificity to be able to establish the etiologic connection to prematurity with any degree of certainty Further details on the development of this cause-of-death grouping are available in related publications (4748)

Computation of rates

Infant mortality rates are the most commonly used index for measuring the risk of dying during the first year of life For the linked birthinfant death data set they are calculated by dividing the number of infant deaths in a calendar year by the number of live births registered for the same period and are presented as rates per 1000 or per 100000 live births Both the mortality file and the linked birthinfant death file use this computation method but due to unique numbers of infant deaths (as explained in the section above on the comparison of these two files) the rates will often differ for specific variables particularly for race and ethnicity Infant mortality rates use the number of live births in the denominator to approximate the population at risk of dying before the first birthday In contrast to the infant mortality rates based on live births infant death rates used only in age-specific death rates with the mortality file use the estimated population of persons under 1 year of age as the denominator

For all variables not-stated responses were shown in tables of frequencies but were dropped before rates were computed Rates per 1000 live births display two digits after the decimal place to provide a more precise and sensitive measurement For rates per 100000 live births (by cause of death) the infant mortality rate is shown for one decimal place Adding a decimal for rates per 100000 does not increase precision as it does for rates per 1000

As stated previously infant death records for the 50 states and the District of Columbia in the US linked file are weighted so that the infant mortality rates are not underestimated for those areas that did not successfully link all records

Random variation in infant mortality rates

The number of infant deaths and live births reported for an area represents complete counts of such events As such they are not subject to sampling error although they are subject to nonsampling error in the registration process However when the figures are used for analytic purposes such as the comparison of rates over time for different areas or among different subgroups the number of events that actually occurred may be considered as one of a large series of possible results that could have arisen under the same circumstances (66) As a result numbers of births deaths and infant mortality rates are subject to random variation The probable range of values may be estimated from the actual figures according to certain statistical assumptions

In general distributions of vital events may be assumed to follow the normal distribution When the number of events is large the relative standard error is usually small When the number of events is small (perhaps fewer than 100) and the probability of such an event is small considerable caution must be observed in interpreting the data Such infrequent events may be assumed to follow a Poisson probability distribution (23) Estimates of relative standard errors (RSEs) and 95 percent confidence intervals are shown below


NOTES Includes data from Florida Idaho Kansas Kentucky Nebraska New Hampshire New York (excluding New York City) Pennsylvania South Carolina Tennessee Texas and Washington Information on smoking status excludes data for Florida These states are those that revised as of January 1 2005 See lsquolsquoMethodsrsquorsquo and lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo

Table II Infant mortality rates for 2006 by trimester of pregnancy prenatal care began smoking status during pregnancy and education of mother 12-state reporting area as of January 1 2005

Characteristic Rate

Prenatal care Prenatal care beginning in the 1st trimester 549 Prenatal care beginning after the 1st trimester

or no care 794 Prenatal care beginning in the 2nd or 3rd

trimester 647 No prenatal care 2667

Smoking status Smoker 952 Nonsmoker 600

Educational attainment Less than high school diploma 828

High school diploma 765 Some college or technical school 576

Bachelorrsquos degree or higher 378

The formula for the RSE of infant deaths and live births is

Œwhere D is the number of deaths and

Œwhere B is the number of births

For example suppose that for group A the number of infant deaths was 497 while the number of live births was 81555 yielding an infant mortality rate of 609 infant deaths per 1000 live births

Œ 1The RSE of the deaths = 100 c 497 = 449

Œ 1whereas the RSE of the births = 100 c = 035 81555

The formula for the RSE of the infant mortality rate (IMR) is

ŒThe RSE of the IMR for the example above

1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +

Normal distributionmdashWhen the number of events is greater than 100 the normal distribution is used to estimate the 95 percent confidence intervals as follows

1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B

1 RSE(IMR) = 100 c D

1+ B

100

RSE(R1) Lower R1 ndash 196 c R1 c

RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100

Thus the chances are 95 out of 100 that the true IMR for Group A lies somewhere in the 555ndash663 interval

Poisson distributionmdashWhen the number of events in the numerator is fewer than 100 the confidence interval for the rate can be estimated based on the Poisson distribution using the values in Table III

Lower IMR c L(95 Dadj)

Upper IMR c U(95 Dadj)

where Dadj is the adjusted number of infant deaths (rounded to the nearest integer) used to take into account the RSE of the number of infant deaths and live births It is computed as follows

D c B Dadj = D + B

L (95 Dadj) and U (95 Dadj) refer to the values in Table III corresponding to the value of Dadj

For example suppose that for Group B the number of infant deaths was 53 the number of live births was 9241 and the infant mortality rate was 574

53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241

Therefore the 95 percent confidence interval (using the formula in Table III for 1 to 99 infant deaths) is

Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751

Comparison of two infant mortality ratesmdashIf either of the two rates to be compared is based on fewer than 100 deaths compute the confidence intervals for both rates and check to see if they overlap If so the difference is not statistically significant at the 95 percent level If they do not overlap the difference is statistically significant If both of the two rates to be compared (R1 and R2) are based on 100 or more deaths the following z-test may be used to define a significance test statistic

R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100

If z ge 196 then the difference is statistically significant at the 005 level and if z lt 196 the difference is not significant


Table III Values of L number of events is

and less

U for than

calculating 100

95 percent confidence limits for numbers of events and rates when the

N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746

Availability of linked file data

Beginning with 2005 the public-use file no longer includes geographic detail such files are available upon special request Linked file data are available for download from httpwwwcdcgov nchsdata_accessVitalStatsOnlinehtm Prebuilt tables and table creshyation are available at VitalStats from httpwwwcdcgovnchs VitalStatshtm Data are also available in issues of Vital and Health Statistics Series 20 and the National Vital Statistics Reports from the NCHS website httpwwwcdcgovnchs


Contents Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be Abstract 2 reproduced or copied without permission citation as to source however Introduction 2 is appreciated Methods 2

Data by maternal and infant characteristics 3 Results and Discussion 3

Trends in infant mortality 3 Suggested citation Infant mortality by race and Hispanic origin of mother 4 Mathews TJ MacDorman MF Infant mortality statistics from the 2006 Infant mortality by state 4 period linked birthinfant death data set National vital statistics reports vol Sex of infant 5 58 no 17 Hyattsville MD National Center for Health Statistics 2010 Multiple births 5 Age at death 5 Period of gestation 6 Birthweight 8 National Center for Health Statistics Prenatal care 8 Edward J Sondik PhD Director Maternal age 8 Jennifer H Madans PhD Associate Director for Science Maternal education 8 Live birth order 8 Division of Vital Statistics Marital status 9 Charles J Rothwell MS Director Nativity 9 Maternal smoking 9 Leading causes of infant death 9 Acknowledgments Preterm-related causes of death 10

References 11 This report was prepared in the Division of Vital Statistics under the general direction of Stephanie J Ventura Chief of the Reproductive Statistics Branch List of Detailed Tables 13 (RSB) Nicholas Pace Chief of Systems Programming and Statistical

Technical Notes 27 Resources Branch (SPSRB) and Steve Steimel Candace Cosgrove Annie Liu and Jordan Sacks SPSRB provided computer programming support and statistical tables Yashu Patel RSB and Vanetta Harrington SPSRB provided assistance with content review The Registration Methods staff and the Data Acquisition and Evaluation Branch provided consultation to state vital statistics offices regarding collection of the birth and death certificate data on which this report is based This report was edited by Jane Sudol and Demarius Miller CDCNCHMDivision of Creative Services Writer-Editor Services Branch and typeset by Jacqueline M Davis of CDCOSELS NCHSODOffice of Information Services Information Design and Publishing Staff graphics were produced by John Jeter CDCOSELSNCHSODOffice of Information Services Information Design and Publishing Staff

US DEPARTMENT OF MEDIA MAIL

HEALTH amp HUMAN SERVICES POSTAGE amp FEES PAID

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDCNCHS

National Center for Health PERMIT G-284 Statistics NO

3311 Toledo Road Hyattsville MD 20782

OFFICIAL BUSINESS PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE $300

To receive this publication regularly contact the National Center for Health Statistics by calling 1ndash800ndash232ndash4636 E-mail cdcinfocdcgov Internet httpwwwcdcgovnchs

CS210313 T36502 (042010) DHHS Publication No (PHS) 2010ndash1120

Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References

List of Detailed Tables

Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight








Abstract ObjectivesmdashThis report presents 2006 period infant mortality

statistics from the linked birthinfant death data set (linked file) by a variety of maternal and infant characteristics The linked file differs from the mortality file which is based entirely on death certificate data

MethodsmdashDescriptive tabulations of data are presented and intershypreted

ResultsmdashThe US infant mortality rate was 668 infant deaths per 1000 live births in 2006 a 3 percent decline from 686 in 2005 Infant mortality rates ranged from 452 per 1000 live births for Central and South American mothers to 1335 for non-Hispanic black mothers Infant mortality rates were higher for those infants whose mothers were born in the 50 states or the District of Columbia were unmarried or were born in multiple deliveries Infant mortality was also higher for male infants and infants born preterm or at low birthweight The neonatal mortality rate was essentially unchanged in 2006 (446) from 2005 (454) The postneonatal mortality rate decreased 4 percent from 232 in 2005 to 222 in 2006 Infants born at the lowest gestational ages and birthweights have a large impact on overall US infant mortality For example more than half of all infant deaths in the United States in 2006 (54 percent) occurred to the 2 percent of infants born very preterm (less than 32 weeks of gestation) Still infant mortality rates for late preterm infants (34ndash36 weeks of gestation) were three times those for term infants (37ndash41 weeks) The three leading causes of infant deathmdashcongenital malformations low birthweight and sudden infant death syndromemdashtaken together accounted for 46 percent of all infant deaths The percentage of infant deaths that were lsquolsquopreterm-relatedrsquorsquo was 361 percent in 2006 The preterm-related infant mortality rate for non-Hispanic black mothers was 34 times higher and the rate for Puerto Rican mothers was 84 percent higher than for non-Hispanic white mothers

Keywords infant health c birthweight c gestational age c maternal characteristics

Introduction This report presents infant mortality data from the 2006 period

linked file The linked file contains a numerator file consisting of all infant deaths occurring in 2006 that have been linked to their corresponding birth certificates whether the birth occurred in 2005 or in 2006

In the linked file information from the death certificate is linked to information from the birth certificate for each infant under 1 year of age who died in the 50 states the District of Columbia Puerto Rico the Virgin Islands or Guam during 2006 (1) Linked birthinfant death data are not available for American Samoa and the Commonwealth of the Northern Marianas The purpose of the linkage is to use the many additional variables available from the birth certificate to conduct more detailed analyses of infant mortality patterns (2) This report presents infant mortality data by race and Hispanic origin of the mother birth-weight period of gestation sex of infant plurality maternal age live-birth order motherrsquos marital status motherrsquos place of birth age at death and underlying cause of death (Tables 1ndash8 and AndashE Figshyures 1ndash6) Other variables available in the linked file (1) but not disshycussed in this report include fatherrsquos age race and Hispanic origin

birth attendant place of delivery motherrsquos weight gain during pregshynancy and many medical and health measurements

Another report based on data exclusively from the vital statistics mortality file provides further information on trends in infant mortality and causes of infant death (3) The linked file is used for analysis and for calculating infant mortality rates by race and ethnicity which are more accurately measured from the birth certificate Some rates calshyculated from the mortality file differ from those published using the linked file A more detailed discussion of the differences in the number of infant deaths and infant mortality rates between the linked file and the mortality file is presented in lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo

Methods

Data shown in this report are based on birth and infant death certificates registered in all states the District of Columbia Puerto Rico the Virgin Islands and Guam As part of the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program each state provided to the Centers for Disease Control and Preventionrsquos (CDC) National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) matching birth and death certificate numbers for each infant under 1 year of age who died in the state during 2006 When the birth and death occurred in different states the state of death was responsible for contacting the state of birth identified on the death certificate to obtain the original birth certificate number NCHS used the matching birth and death certificate numbers provided by the states to extract final edited data from the NCHS natality and mortality statistical files These data were linked to form a single statistical record thereby establishing a national linked record file

After the initial linkage NCHS returned lists of unlinked infant death records and records with inconsistent data between the birth and death certificates to each state State additions and corrections were incorporated and a final national linked file was produced In 2006 987 percent of all infant death records were successfully linked or matched to their corresponding birth records Records were weighted to adjust for the 13 percent of infant death records that were not linked to their corresponding birth certificates see lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo

Information on births by age race or marital status of mother is imputed if it is not reported on the birth certificate These items were not reported for less than 1 percent of US births in 2006 (2)

Race and Hispanic origin are reported independently on the birth certificate In tabulations of birth data by race and Hispanic origin data for Hispanic persons are not further classified by race because the vast majority of women of Hispanic origin are reported as white Data for American Indian or Alaska Native (AIAN) and Asian or Pacific Islander (API) births are not shown separately by Hispanic origin because the vast majority of these populations are non-Hispanic

Cause-of-death statistics in this publication are classified in accorshydance with the International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems Tenth Revision (ICDndash10) (4) see lsquolsquoTechnical Notesrsquorsquo

This report includes data based on the 1989 and 2003 revisions of the birth certificate Nineteen states and Puerto Rico implemented the 2003 revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth on or before January 1 2006 (revised) The remaining reporting areas include data which are based on the 1989 revision of the US Standard Certificate of Live Birth (unrevised) Revised and unrevised data are








Live Number of














9468 668 446 222 6130 557 371 185 2818 1290 867 423

190 828 430 398 331 455 318 137











Not stated 30403 395 338 57















Percent change

2003 2004 2005 2006 2000ndash2006 2005ndash2006



1360 1360 1363 1335 ndash18 ndash21









0 3 6 9 12



Cuban

Mexican


Total

Puerto Rican





1335

828

801

668

558

534

508

455

452


1



Sex of infant


Multiple births





Age at death



0

30

60

90

120

150


Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

686 587

2792

6963

14648




0

2

4

6

8

10


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths



895

440

544

257

446

222

430 398 3

NSsup1




Period of gestation


Neonatal

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2

Postneonatal

73

161

364

194

360

142

318

137

312

141







P



2006 668 3515 2005 686 3655 2004 678 3656 2003 684 3721 2002 695 3786 2001 684 3694 2000 689 3788

2006 1000 681 2005 1000 686 2004 1000 683 2003 1000 681 2002 1000 673 2001 1000 661 2000 1000 656

2006 1000 128 2005 1000 127 2004 1000 125 2003 1000 123 2002 1000 121 2001 1000 119 2000 1000 116









17594 1619 708 239 280 18324 1669 730 243 266 18247 1606 732 239 287 18824 1642 712 242 288 18639 1763 766 248 307 18100 1762 732 254 295 18095 1737 796 259 291


543 40 98 295 24 549 39 98 291 23 547 38 97 291 27 550 38 93 292 27 537 40 97 296 30 528 38 90 309 30 520 37 94 312 32


20 16 91 815 57 20 16 91 814 58 20 16 89 813 62 20 16 88 813 64 20 15 86 812 67 19 15 84 812 69 19 15 81 811 73









Prenatal care




Maternal age




Maternal education






Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight














Live Number of














9468 668 446 222 6130 557 371 185 2818 1290 867 423

190 828 430 398 331 455 318 137











Not stated 30403 395 338 57















Percent change

2003 2004 2005 2006 2000ndash2006 2005ndash2006



1360 1360 1363 1335 ndash18 ndash21









0 3 6 9 12



Cuban

Mexican


Total

Puerto Rican





1335

828

801

668

558

534

508

455

452


1



Sex of infant


Multiple births





Age at death



0

30

60

90

120

150


Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

686 587

2792

6963

14648




0

2

4

6

8

10


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths



895

440

544

257

446

222

430 398 3

NSsup1




Period of gestation


Neonatal

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2

Postneonatal

73

161

364

194

360

142

318

137

312

141







P



2006 668 3515 2005 686 3655 2004 678 3656 2003 684 3721 2002 695 3786 2001 684 3694 2000 689 3788

2006 1000 681 2005 1000 686 2004 1000 683 2003 1000 681 2002 1000 673 2001 1000 661 2000 1000 656

2006 1000 128 2005 1000 127 2004 1000 125 2003 1000 123 2002 1000 121 2001 1000 119 2000 1000 116









17594 1619 708 239 280 18324 1669 730 243 266 18247 1606 732 239 287 18824 1642 712 242 288 18639 1763 766 248 307 18100 1762 732 254 295 18095 1737 796 259 291


543 40 98 295 24 549 39 98 291 23 547 38 97 291 27 550 38 93 292 27 537 40 97 296 30 528 38 90 309 30 520 37 94 312 32


20 16 91 815 57 20 16 91 814 58 20 16 89 813 62 20 16 88 813 64 20 15 86 812 67 19 15 84 812 69 19 15 81 811 73









Prenatal care




Maternal age




Maternal education






Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight
















Not stated 30403 395 338 57















Percent change

2003 2004 2005 2006 2000ndash2006 2005ndash2006



1360 1360 1363 1335 ndash18 ndash21









0 3 6 9 12



Cuban

Mexican


Total

Puerto Rican





1335

828

801

668

558

534

508

455

452


1



Sex of infant


Multiple births





Age at death



0

30

60

90

120

150


Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

686 587

2792

6963

14648




0

2

4

6

8

10


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths



895

440

544

257

446

222

430 398 3

NSsup1




Period of gestation


Neonatal

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2

Postneonatal

73

161

364

194

360

142

318

137

312

141







P



2006 668 3515 2005 686 3655 2004 678 3656 2003 684 3721 2002 695 3786 2001 684 3694 2000 689 3788

2006 1000 681 2005 1000 686 2004 1000 683 2003 1000 681 2002 1000 673 2001 1000 661 2000 1000 656

2006 1000 128 2005 1000 127 2004 1000 125 2003 1000 123 2002 1000 121 2001 1000 119 2000 1000 116









17594 1619 708 239 280 18324 1669 730 243 266 18247 1606 732 239 287 18824 1642 712 242 288 18639 1763 766 248 307 18100 1762 732 254 295 18095 1737 796 259 291


543 40 98 295 24 549 39 98 291 23 547 38 97 291 27 550 38 93 292 27 537 40 97 296 30 528 38 90 309 30 520 37 94 312 32


20 16 91 815 57 20 16 91 814 58 20 16 89 813 62 20 16 88 813 64 20 15 86 812 67 19 15 84 812 69 19 15 81 811 73









Prenatal care




Maternal age




Maternal education






Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight














0 3 6 9 12



Cuban

Mexican


Total

Puerto Rican





1335

828

801

668

558

534

508

455

452


1



Sex of infant


Multiple births





Age at death



0

30

60

90

120

150


Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

686 587

2792

6963

14648




0

2

4

6

8

10


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths



895

440

544

257

446

222

430 398 3

NSsup1




Period of gestation


Neonatal

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2

Postneonatal

73

161

364

194

360

142

318

137

312

141







P



2006 668 3515 2005 686 3655 2004 678 3656 2003 684 3721 2002 695 3786 2001 684 3694 2000 689 3788

2006 1000 681 2005 1000 686 2004 1000 683 2003 1000 681 2002 1000 673 2001 1000 661 2000 1000 656

2006 1000 128 2005 1000 127 2004 1000 125 2003 1000 123 2002 1000 121 2001 1000 119 2000 1000 116









17594 1619 708 239 280 18324 1669 730 243 266 18247 1606 732 239 287 18824 1642 712 242 288 18639 1763 766 248 307 18100 1762 732 254 295 18095 1737 796 259 291


543 40 98 295 24 549 39 98 291 23 547 38 97 291 27 550 38 93 292 27 537 40 97 296 30 528 38 90 309 30 520 37 94 312 32


20 16 91 815 57 20 16 91 814 58 20 16 89 813 62 20 16 88 813 64 20 15 86 812 67 19 15 84 812 69 19 15 81 811 73









Prenatal care




Maternal age




Maternal education






Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight








0

30

60

90

120

150


Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

686 587

2792

6963

14648




0

2

4

6

8

10


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths



895

440

544

257

446

222

430 398 3

NSsup1




Period of gestation


Neonatal

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2

Postneonatal

73

161

364

194

360

142

318

137

312

141







P



2006 668 3515 2005 686 3655 2004 678 3656 2003 684 3721 2002 695 3786 2001 684 3694 2000 689 3788

2006 1000 681 2005 1000 686 2004 1000 683 2003 1000 681 2002 1000 673 2001 1000 661 2000 1000 656

2006 1000 128 2005 1000 127 2004 1000 125 2003 1000 123 2002 1000 121 2001 1000 119 2000 1000 116









17594 1619 708 239 280 18324 1669 730 243 266 18247 1606 732 239 287 18824 1642 712 242 288 18639 1763 766 248 307 18100 1762 732 254 295 18095 1737 796 259 291


543 40 98 295 24 549 39 98 291 23 547 38 97 291 27 550 38 93 292 27 537 40 97 296 30 528 38 90 309 30 520 37 94 312 32


20 16 91 815 57 20 16 91 814 58 20 16 89 813 62 20 16 88 813 64 20 15 86 812 67 19 15 84 812 69 19 15 81 811 73









Prenatal care




Maternal age




Maternal education






Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight












P



2006 668 3515 2005 686 3655 2004 678 3656 2003 684 3721 2002 695 3786 2001 684 3694 2000 689 3788

2006 1000 681 2005 1000 686 2004 1000 683 2003 1000 681 2002 1000 673 2001 1000 661 2000 1000 656

2006 1000 128 2005 1000 127 2004 1000 125 2003 1000 123 2002 1000 121 2001 1000 119 2000 1000 116









17594 1619 708 239 280 18324 1669 730 243 266 18247 1606 732 239 287 18824 1642 712 242 288 18639 1763 766 248 307 18100 1762 732 254 295 18095 1737 796 259 291


543 40 98 295 24 549 39 98 291 23 547 38 97 291 27 550 38 93 292 27 537 40 97 296 30 528 38 90 309 30 520 37 94 312 32


20 16 91 815 57 20 16 91 814 58 20 16 89 813 62 20 16 88 813 64 20 15 86 812 67 19 15 84 812 69 19 15 81 811 73









Prenatal care




Maternal age




Maternal education






Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight














Prenatal care




Maternal age




Maternal education






Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight








Marital status


Nativity



0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1354

1001

835

NAsup1

756

870

703

509 59

NSsup2





Maternal smoking





Born in the US

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup3

Born elsewhere

2

498 559

404

576

419

530 476 499

443

NSsup2 NSsup2






















0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight



























0

3

6

9

12

15


Total Puerto Rican

Nonndash Hispanic

black

Rat

e pe

r 10

00 li

ve b

irths

1335

601

828

210

801

330

668

242





References




Total

Central and

South American


white

Asian or Pacific

Islandersup2


558

179

534

171

455

149

452

152















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight



















































































Race of mother




Total 668 557 1290 828 455

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 185 423 398 137

Sex

Male 731 612 1391 954 509 Female 602 498 1184 696 398

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 206 333 449 150

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 265 383 209

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 561 1315 782 425 2 589 508 1114 687 421 3 639 524 1233 779 500 4 778 630 1380 1061 702 5 or more 1013 788 1697 1286 757

Marital status









Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight











Characteristic All

races

Race of mother

White Black

American Indian or


Pacific Islander

Total

Sex

Male Female

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status

Married Unmarried




4265593

2184260 2081333

4121964 143629

353460 64456

289004 3911038

1095

86547 68579

387791 3456424 2303021 1153403

240589 25663

441834 1080451 1181909

950267 498620 112512

1697000 1354418

716673 288771 185022

23709

2623623 1641970

3191345 1058707

15541

3310331

1695886 1614445

3199491 110840

239310 40366

198944 3070169

852

55756 48264

285839 2709329 1792662

916667 190709

20434

311948 818260 935936 756478 399118 88591

1312347 1067145

563322 220968 131031

15518

2206767 1103564

2545857 755713

8761

Live

666494

339844 326650

641869 24625

90940 20710 70230

575385 169

26294 16129 77746

508501 349822 158679 34959

2865

113616 213884 166862 104123

53964 14045

257537 189937 115040 53640 43480

6860

198596 467898

555151 105652

5691

births

47720

24308 23412

46545 1175

3601 624

2977 44111

8

1008 874

4848 37292 24410 12882 3451

247

8385 16447 12197

6780 3143

768

16754 12947

8725 4618 4431

245

16892 30828

44659 2952

109

241048

124222 116826

234059 6989

19609 2756

16853 221373

66

3489 3312

19358 201302 136127 65175 11470

2117

7885 31860 66914 82886 42395

9108

110362 84389 29586

9545 6080 1086

201368 39680

45678 194390

980



Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight









Race of mother



Infant deaths

Total 28509 18422 8595 395 1097

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 6130 2818 190 331

Sex

Male 15973 10384 4726 232 632 Female 12536 8039 3869 163 465

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status












Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight













Total 668 541 534 801 508 452 578 704 558 1335

Age at death


Postneonatal 222 167 161 257 142 141 210 240 194 440

Sex

Male 731 586 580 913 497 460 653 772 619 1436 Female 602 494 487 686 507 445 498 632 494 1230

Plurality


Birthweight


2500 grams or more 224 179 183 225 146 137 206 240 218 347

Period of gestation



42 weeks or more 280 235 239 202 298 281 397

Age of mother


Live-birth order

1 669 545 550 812 494 418 558 699 564 1367 2 589 511 509 626 440 437 620 611 506 1154 3 639 486 470 812 420 481 698 541 1280 4 778 565 527 992 582 628 871 665 1432 5 or more 1013 783 761 1314 723 704 1097 769 1731

Marital status










Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight












Live births

Total 4265593 1039079 718148 66932 16936 165321 71742 3196111 2308654 617260 30403

Sex

Male 2184260 530875 366632 34288 8659 84860 36436 1637893 1184310 314607 15492 Female 2081333 508204 351516 32644 8277 80461 35306 1558218 1124344 302653 14911

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status










Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight












Infant deaths

Total 28509 5622 3837 536 86 748 415 22493 12884 8241 395

Age at death


Postneonatal 9468 1739 1158 172 24 233 151 7673 4474 2716 57

Sex Male 15973 3110 2125 313 43 390 238 12640 7328 4518 224 Female 12536 2512 1712 224 42 358 176 9853 5556 3723 171

Plurality


Birthweight



Period of gestation




Age of mother


Live-birth order


Marital status













United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight














United States1 677 565 1313 826 470 552 567 1352










Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight








Table 2006



Characteristic All


Indian Native




151 83

128 104 112 385 751

122 72

119 94

107 333 771

311 136 181 170 147 702 840

131 75

142 176 191 646 938

114 81

109 33 65

165 190
















change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight










change in infant


All races1 4265593 28509 19041 9468 668 446 222 ndash30





Not stated 1095 154 147 7

White 3310331 18422 12292 6130 557 371 185 ndash25





Not stated 852 103 98 5

Black 666494 8595 5778 2818 1290 867 423 ndash43










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight










change in infant














Hispanic 1039079 5622 3883 1739 541 374 167 ndash32










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight










change in infant




















All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight











All causes 28509 6683 12884 5581 8241 13351 395 8277 1097 4551







All causes 5622 5411 3837 5343 536 8008 748 4525










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight










Year All

and races origins

Non-Hispanic white

Non-Hispanic black

American Indian or





2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

2006 2005 2004 2003 2002 2001 2000

10303

10364

10180

10331

9965

9767

9673

361

365

365

369

356

355

346

242

250

248

253

248

243

238

4134 4206 4171 4358 4342 4289 4141

321 320 321 329 326 322 308

179 184 182 188 189 184 175


3709 100 358 1868 3655 86 401 1880 3641 83 378 1752 3615 91 364 1761 3581 90 321 1540 3561 79 280 1436 3586 96 298 1411


450 253 326 332 459 238 355 340 463 224 353 334 461 242 341 342 446 246 319 313 449 196 296 310 437 277 305 309


601 210 149 180 626 192 174 191 629 189 165 185 628 211 165 193 619 212 152 176 604 189 140 169 593 230 149 173

1229 1266 1192 1163 1018

951 929

320 330 322 324 299 298 294

171 183 176 178 162 156 160

221 218 195 200 190 196 189

412 414 407 418 403 399 396

330 344 319 342 331 340 325

252 241 238 256 192 189 170

337 340 357 374 301 313 323

152 159 166 189 152 156 150






Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight









Percent linked by


United States1 987








Technical Notes




Weighting










Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight











Marital status


Multiple race



Period of gestation



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight



























Characteristic Rate
















1 = 100 c Œ 1

81555 = 450 497 +


1 RSE(D) = 100 c D

1 RSE(B) = 100 c B


1+ B

100


RSE(R1) Upper R1 + 196 c R1 c 100

Thus for Group A

450 Lower 609 ndash (196 c 609 c ) = 555 100

450 Upper 609 + (196 c 609 c ) = 663 100






D c B Dadj = D + B



53 c 9241Dadj = = 53 53 + 9241


Lower 574 c 074907 = 430

Upper 574 c 130802 = 751


R1 ndash R2

RSE(R1) 2 RSE(R2) 2

+ R2

z = ŒR 2 ( ) ( )1 100 2 100




and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight









and less

U for than

calculating 100


N L U N L U

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50

002532 012110 020622 027247 032470 036698 040205 043173 045726 047954 049920 051671 053246 054671 055969 057159 058254 059266 060207 061083 061902 062669 063391 064072 064715 065323 065901 066449 066972 067470 067945 068400 068835 069253 069654 070039 070409 070766 071110 071441 071762 072071 072370 072660 072941 073213 073476 073732 073981 074222

557164 361234 292242 256040 233367 217658 206038 197040 189831 183904 178928 174680 171003 167783 164935 162394 160110 158043 156162 154442 152861 151401 150049 148792 147620 146523 145495 144528 143617 142756 141942 141170 140437 139740 139076 138442 137837 137258 136703 136172 135661 135171 134699 134245 133808 133386 132979 132585 132205 131838

51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99

074457 074685 074907 075123 075334 075539 075739 075934 076125 076311 076492 076669 076843 077012 077178 077340 077499 077654 077806 077955 078101 078244 078384 078522 078656 078789 078918 079046 079171 079294 079414 079533 079649 079764 079876 079987 080096 080203 080308 080412 080514 080614 080713 080810 080906 081000 081093 081185 081275

131482 131137 130802 130478 130164 129858 129562 129273 128993 128720 128454 128195 127943 127698 127458 127225 126996 126774 126556 126344 126136 125933 125735 125541 125351 125165 124983 124805 124630 124459 124291 124126 123965 123807 123652 123499 123350 123203 123059 122917 122778 122641 122507 122375 122245 122117 121992 121868 121746


















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight






















Contents

Abstract

Introduction

Methods






Sex of infant

Multiple births

Age at death

Period of gestation

Birthweight

Prenatal care

Maternal age

Maternal education

Live birth order

Marital status

Nativity

Maternal smoking



References


Technical Notes


Weighting



Marital status

Multiple race

Period of gestation

Birthweight







national vital statistics reportsmi ny pa md de nj ct ri ma me vt nh dc not significantly different...

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