Nationalism in EuropeNationalism in Europe

Nationalism’s Transformation: From Nationalism’s Transformation: From Liberal Idea to Conservative RealityLiberal Idea to Conservative Reality

How to make sense of Nationalism in the How to make sense of Nationalism in the 1919thth century century

National Identity as a Social ConstructNational Identity as a Social Construct Italian UnificationItalian Unification

– From Liberal Idea to the Conservative From Liberal Idea to the Conservative Achievement of Piedmont-Sardinia Achievement of Piedmont-Sardinia (1860)(1860)

German Unification: German Unification: – From Liberal Idea to the Conservative From Liberal Idea to the Conservative

Achievement of Germany (1871)Achievement of Germany (1871)– Role of WarRole of War

1789 191418481830 1854-1856 1860 18711866

Crimean War

Italian Unification

Austro-Prussian War

German Unification

Series of Liberal Bourgeois Revolutions

1870

Fr-Prussian War3rd French Republic

LIBERAL CHALLENGE CONSERVATIVE REALITY

Terms: Benedict Anderson“Imagined Community”Giuseppe MazziniVictor Emmanuel IICount Camillio di CavourGiuseppe Garibaldi Otto von BismarckRealpolitikFranco-Prussian War

•Lithuania (1989/1991)•Estonia (1991)•Latvia (1991)•Ukraine (1991)•Belarus (1991)•Croatia (1991)•Slovenia (1991)•Macedonia (1992)•Czech Republic (1993)•Slovakia (1993)•Bosnia (1995)

•Greece (1830)•Belgium (1830)•Serbia (1830)•Italy (1861)•Romania (1862)•Hungary (1867/1920)•Germany (1871)•Bulgaria (1878)•Finland (1917)•Poland (1920)•Ireland (1921)

Making Sense of Nationalism:The Creation of Nation States

Conservative Achievement of Italian Conservative Achievement of Italian UnificationUnification

Led by Kingdom of Piedmont-Led by Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia under leadership of Sardinia under leadership of Victor Emmanuel II (1849-Victor Emmanuel II (1849-1878) and his conservative 1878) and his conservative Prime Minister Prime Minister Count Count Camillo di CavourCamillo di Cavour (1810- (1810-1861)1861)

Unification as Means to Unification as Means to Strengthen Kingdom and Strengthen Kingdom and Expand PowerExpand Power

1859—War with Austria1859—War with Austria Help of Democratic Republic Help of Democratic Republic

Giuseppe GaribaldiGiuseppe Garibaldi (1807- (1807-1882)1882)– Allured by unification and Allured by unification and

seeming parliamentary seeming parliamentary reforms in Piedmont reforms in Piedmont Sardinia (1848 brings Sardinia (1848 brings “constitutional” “constitutional” government)government)

– Rallying Cry of “Italy and Rallying Cry of “Italy and Victor Emmanuel!” VERDIVictor Emmanuel!” VERDI

March 1861: Victor Emmanuel March 1861: Victor Emmanuel declared himself King of Italydeclared himself King of Italy

Piedmont-SardiniaCongress of ViennaSettlement (1815)

Piedmont-SardiniaBy 1860

Garibaldi leading his “Red Shirts” to Victory over Neapolitan Army, May 1860

Italy by 1870

•Unification of Italy by 1861 but not the Democratization of Italy•1848 Constitution of Piedmont Sardinia now Constitution of Italy•Resentment of Garibaldi and Republicans •Conservative Monarchical Regime with weak framework of constitutional government•Problem of Regional Divisions (language in particular)

Italian UnificationItalian Unification

Germany in 1860Germany in 1860

Otto von BismarckOtto von Bismarck

Minister-President of Prussia 1859

Directs Prussian drive to control German states

Instigates war with Denmark (1864), Austria (1866), and France (1870)

Works closely with military leadership: Helmut von Moltke

Policy of realpolitik

German Unification 1871

Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the Louis Napoleon, Emperor of the French, 1852-1870French, 1852-1870

February 1848: Attempt to set up Second Republic

Influence of Louis Blanc’s ideas

April elections brought more conservative elements into gov’t

Gen. Cavignac puts down government

Louis-Napoleon runs as “Bonaparte”

Early career as dreamer and schemer

Dec. 1848 elected President

1852 declared Emperor Use of referendum

1870: Franco-Prussian War A war over words: The Ems Telegram 19 July 1871: French declare War Battle of Sedan (French defeated by 1 Sept)

– 348,000 Prussians vs. 270,000 Frenchmen Napoleon III

– Prisoner of war in September– Abdicates and goes into exile in England

Final capitulation on 28 January 1871 May 1871: Treaty of Frankfurt

– Germany gains Alsace and Lorraine– French pay war debt of 5 billion francs

France: Establishment of Third Republic

Wars Leading to Wars Leading to UnificationUnification

•18 January 1871: Declaration of German 18 January 1871: Declaration of German Empire at Palace of VersaillesEmpire at Palace of Versailles•Wilhelm I becomes German emperorWilhelm I becomes German emperor•Germany now an imperial federation of Germany now an imperial federation of statesstates•Similar limits to representational government as earlier Northern Confedertion•Real power in hands of emperor•Chancellor responsible to emperor not legislature•Federal Bundesrat and Reichstag elected by universal malehood suffrage

German UnificationGerman Unification

Hall of Mirrors, Palace of Versailles

Nationalism and the Nation-Nationalism and the Nation-StateState

•Central feature of Central feature of modernitymodernity•Connections Connections between economy, between economy, and military powerand military power•Nation-state as Nation-state as most efficient form most efficient form of governmentof government

•North German North German Confederation in Confederation in 1867 mirrors 1867 mirrors economic alliance economic alliance of of ZollvereinZollverein

•Continuing Continuing problem of Klein problem of Klein Deutschland vs. Deutschland vs. Gross DeutschlandGross Deutschland