NATIONALISM IN EUROPE

Revolution Part II

France 1830

Radicals revolted against the absolutism of Charles X

Established Louis Philippe as the “citizen king” 1848

Corruption and a bad economy led to riots Louis Philippe was replaced by the Second Republic Middle class resisted socialist radicals President Louis Napoleon named himself Emperor

Napoleon III of the Second Empire

Revolution Part II

Austrian Empire – Revolution achieved a written constitution and rights, but the Habsburgs regained control and suppressed the reforms

Italy – Italian states established independent republics, but the former powers prevailed

Germany – German states offered Prussia’s king the crown of a united Germany but he refused because it came from the people, not the nobles

Germany

Decentralized German states; Prussia was the most important

Otto von Bismarck, Prussian chancellor, united Germany through military and politics

War with Denmark, Austria, and France

William I of Prussia became kaiser (emperor) of the German Empire

Germany

Bismarck’s foreign policy Keep France weak Ally with Russia and Austria

Bismarck’s domestic policy Aggression against the Catholic Church Policies to draw workers away from the

socialists Kaiser William II

Forced Bismarck to resign, claiming divine right and absolute power

Developed Germany’s army and navy

Italy

Victor Emmanuel II of Sardinia appointed Count Camillo Cavour as his prime minister

Cavour gained territory on mainland Italy

Sicily joined forces with Cavour to unify Italy under the rule of Victor Emmanuel II

Anarchists, socialists, and emigration

Austria-Hungary

The Hapsburg Empire resisted industrialization and liberalism

Multinational population undermined unity

Francis Joseph granted limited reforms

The Austria-Hungary dual monarchy formed

Other nationalities remained resentful

Russia

Largest, most populous country in Europe

Economic underdevelopment Nobles were the landowners Serfs were peasants, servants, or

soldiers The tsar had absolute power

Pre-Revolution

Alexander II Crimean War revealed Russian weaknesses Emancipation of the serfs Local government control Radicals pushed for more reforms,

assassinated the tsar Alexander III

Crackdown on reforms Pogroms (violent mob attacks) against Jews Drive for industrialization

Revolution

Nicholas II was defeated in war with Japan in 1904

Bloody Sunday—massacre of protestors Revolution of 1905—chaos led to mild

reforms A national legislature, the Duma Prime Minister Peter Stolypin granted

limited reforms Autocracy remained

The Great War (World War I)

European alliances led to conflict Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary,

Italy) Triple Entente (Britain, France, Russia)

Industrialized warfare led to stalemate Total war: conscription, economic war,

propaganda Eventually the Central Powers (Triple

Alliance) exhausted their resources; the United States arrived to help tip the balance

Russian Revolution

World War I weakened Russia, allowing dissenters in the government to pressure the tsar to resign

Vladimir Lenin led the Bolsheviks who sought to establish a society founded on Marxist ideals

“Dictatorship of the proletariat” Russian Civil War— “Reds” vs. “Whites” Peace with Germany; focus on civil war

The Soviet Union

Lenin’s Communist government established the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) or Soviet Union

Communist party reigned supreme despite claims of equal power from the various republics

New Economic Policy (NEP) allowed some capitalism to get the economy jump-started

Joseph Stalin took over following Lenin’s death in 1924 and transformed the USSR into a brutal totalitarian regime

Marxism vs. Communism

Marxism Capitalism leads to socialism leads Communism Communism is a classless society where

everything is shared by all Communism

Dictatorship of the proletariat must ensure development in order to transition to Communism

Totalitarianism and oppression Growth does not happen, and the dictator never

steps down

IMPERIALISM IN AFRICA

Some Definitions

Nationalism A strong feeling of pride in and devotion to

one’s country Drives unification of similar groups of

people and sometimes the breaking apart of countries

Imperialism The domination by one country of the

political, economic, or cultural life of another country or region

Motives for New Imperialism Economic

Mineral exploitation Industrial Revolution drove the need for new

resources Rubber, petroleum, iron, gold, coal, etc.

Agricultural production – coffee, tobacco, tea, cocoa, cotton, beef

Need for new markets

Motives for New Imperialism Political

Military bases National rivalries

Social Darwinism The West as a superior civilization and race Colonization will bring Christianity and

civilization to the Africans

The Scramble for Africa

Initial contact with Europe The slave trade Exploration

King Leopold II of Belgium – Congo River basin Berlin Conference – 1884

European nations set standards for peaceful colonization

Within 25 years (1910), all of Africa was colonized France in North Africa Britain in South Africa and Egypt Italy, Portugal, Germany, and others

Social Impact of Imperialism

Movement of people Dislocation of families

Men worked mines and plantations; women stayed in villages

Urbanization Limited infrastructure Limited education