nation N nation al ADJ nation al ize V nation al iz ation Ninter national iz ation N

Adjective

un Adjective

Noun atic

system

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 53.

NEW words / different words

RELATED Meaning, BUT NOT THE SAME (happy vs. unhappy)

Maybe different grammatical category—maybe not

Same word (different tense, number, person/agreement, case) [ usually used in the syntax of the language]

Same basic meaning

No change in grammatical category

To COMPREHEND unknown words when you encounter them

For GUESSING unknown words

To LEARN unknown / new words

To MEMORIZE OR REMEMBER them

-able V+able V ADJ -ness ADJ+ness ADJ N -er V+er V N un- un+ADJ ADJ ADJ -ity ADJ+ity ADJ N -th ADJ+th ADJ N -en ADJ+en ADJ V

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning.

1. Some sound sequences OK, but not used in English

(e.g., blick, slarm, krobe)

2. Some derived forms do not exist no unpossible (only impossible)

3. Some gaps / missing word in English lexicon

no generic common word for BOVINE (only COW and BULL)

permit commit transmit-sion permission commission transmission-ive permissive commissive transmissive-ible permissible commissible transmissiblein- impermissible (incommissible)

intransmissible-al (permittal) committal transmittal-er (permissioner) commissioner (transmissioner)

-er permitter committor transmitter

Miller, George A. 1996. The Science of Words. New York: Scientific American Library, p. 109.

Adjective Meaningugly very unattractiveuglier more uglyugliest most ugly

pretty nice lookingprettier more nice lookingprettiest most nice looking

tall large in heighttaller more talltallest most tall

Fromkin, Victoria, Robert Rodman & Nina Hyams. 2011. An Introduction to Language, 9th edition. Wadsworth, Cengage Learning, p. 65.

PREFIX NUMBER ROOT GLOSS SUFFIX CLASSum- SINGULARaba- PLURAL

-i NOUN -a VERB

faz married woman -i fan boy -i zal parent -i fundis teacher / teach -i / a

baz carver / carve -i / a lim farmer / farm -i / a

dlal player / play -i / a fund reader / read -i / a

a. Root morphemes1. chaaha to be tall 2. hopoba to be hungry

b. Morphemes1. -tok past tense 2. sa- I 3. chi- you 4. — he/she

c. ispokni “to be old1. chisipokni you are old 2. sipoknitok he was old 3. hoosipokni they are old

a.(1) they weave lalaga(2) they travel savavali (3) he sings pese

b. Morphological rule for making third person plural from third person singular verb forms in Samoan: Reduplicate the second syllable from the end.