Native American Native American LifeLife

Larissa Cowan

Georgia Performance Georgia Performance StandardsStandards

Grade Four Social StudiesGrade Four Social Studies SS4H1- The student will describe how early Native American cultures

developed in North America. a. Locate where the American Indians settled with emphasis on Arctic (Inuit), Northwest (Kwakiutl), Plateau (Nez Perce), Southwest (Hopi), Plains (Pawnee), and Southeastern (Seminole). b. Describe how the American Indians used their environment to obtain food, clothing, and shelter.

SS4G2 The student will describe how physical systems affect human systems. a. Explain why each of the native American groups (SS4H1a) occupied the areas they did, with emphasis on why some developed permanent villages and others did not.

MAP OF NATIVE AMERICAN LOCATIONS

Inuits(in-oo-it)

Nez Perce

(nĕz' pûrs‘)

Hopi(hoh-pee)

Seminole(sĕm'ə-nōl')

Kwakiutl

Kwah-kee-oo-tel

The InuitsThe Inuits

ArticArtic The Inuit people The Inuit people

live on the coast of live on the coast of Alaska and northern Alaska and northern Canada. Canada.

It is believed that It is believed that the Inuit peoples the Inuit peoples migrated from migrated from northern Asia or northern Asia or Russia over the Russia over the Bering land bridge. Bering land bridge.

LOCATION

The Inuit are hunters.The Inuit are hunters. They use what they catch for food, heat, They use what they catch for food, heat,

transportation, clothing, tools, and shelter. transportation, clothing, tools, and shelter. Because the Inuit live so close to the ocean they fish, Because the Inuit live so close to the ocean they fish,

and hunt both sea mammals and land mammals.and hunt both sea mammals and land mammals. Commonly hunted are whales, seals, caribou, Commonly hunted are whales, seals, caribou,

walruses, and musk oxen. walruses, and musk oxen. They also add seaweed to their diets as it is some of They also add seaweed to their diets as it is some of

the only vegetation available.the only vegetation available.WALRUS

RING SEALMUST OXEN

FOOD

HOUSINGHOUSING The word “igloo” in The word “igloo” in

the inuit language the inuit language means house, not just means house, not just the snow block the snow block house that we think house that we think of.of.

Alaskan Inuits did Alaskan Inuits did not use snow block not use snow block houses, but lived in houses, but lived in driftwood cabins driftwood cabins covered with dirt.covered with dirt.

TransportationTransportation

The Inuit used The Inuit used qajaitqajait or kayaks made of animal skins, and or kayaks made of animal skins, and wood or bones. They used these small one person boats wood or bones. They used these small one person boats mostly for hunting. mostly for hunting.

For transporting large amounts of food, people, or dogs they For transporting large amounts of food, people, or dogs they used boats called used boats called umiaksumiaks. These were also covered with . These were also covered with skins and were 35 to 40 feet long.skins and were 35 to 40 feet long.

For travel on land they used For travel on land they used komatikskomatiks or dogsleds. Pulled by or dogsleds. Pulled by about 6 huskies these sleds were lightweight and quick.about 6 huskies these sleds were lightweight and quick.

KAYAK

DOGSLED

UMIAK

Kwakiutl Kwakiutl

NorthwestNorthwest The Kwakiutl Indians are The Kwakiutl Indians are

original people of the original people of the Pacific Northwest Coast. Pacific Northwest Coast. They live in present day They live in present day British Columbia, Canada. British Columbia, Canada.

They would travel through They would travel through the territory in the summer the territory in the summer and had more permanent and had more permanent housing in the winter.housing in the winter.

Location

Living close to the coast, the Kwakiutl were a fishing Living close to the coast, the Kwakiutl were a fishing community. Salmon was the staple food. community. Salmon was the staple food.

They also ate a variety of fish and other sea foods, They also ate a variety of fish and other sea foods, (porposes, seals, sea lions, sea otters, whales, and sea (porposes, seals, sea lions, sea otters, whales, and sea fowl). fowl).

The men did short range hunting on land with bow The men did short range hunting on land with bow and arrow. They brought in bear, wolves, deer, and and arrow. They brought in bear, wolves, deer, and smaller game. smaller game.

Women collected clams, muscles, oysters, crabs, sea Women collected clams, muscles, oysters, crabs, sea urchins, and even eggs from sea gulls.urchins, and even eggs from sea gulls.

Food Pacific Salmon

Summer villages were built near prime fishing spots. Summer villages were built near prime fishing spots. This was both along the coast and up river. It was This was both along the coast and up river. It was composed of small wooden cabins for temporary use. composed of small wooden cabins for temporary use. They were rectangular with long, sloping, or flat roof. They were rectangular with long, sloping, or flat roof.

Winter villages were built in sheltered locations that Winter villages were built in sheltered locations that offered protection from high winter tides and fierce offered protection from high winter tides and fierce storms from the Pacific Ocean. storms from the Pacific Ocean.

These villages consisted of large houses, sometimes These villages consisted of large houses, sometimes elevated on stilts to escape tides. But all homes had elevated on stilts to escape tides. But all homes had doorways facing the beach and ocean. Most houses doorways facing the beach and ocean. Most houses were decorated with brightly colored murals.were decorated with brightly colored murals.

Housing

Plank House Mural

The Kwakiutl made jewelry from The Kwakiutl made jewelry from fount objects, furs, and shells. Nearly fount objects, furs, and shells. Nearly everyone wore ear pendants, or ear everyone wore ear pendants, or ear ring and nose rings made of sea ring and nose rings made of sea shells. Some married women wore a shells. Some married women wore a lip plug, called a labret. lip plug, called a labret.

They are know for their elaborate They are know for their elaborate cedar dance masks. The most cedar dance masks. The most impressive of these could be opened impressive of these could be opened at a pivotal point in the story to reveal at a pivotal point in the story to reveal a second face carved within the first a second face carved within the first one.one.

The totem pole is a record of family The totem pole is a record of family history and was displayed in front of history and was displayed in front of homes. homes.

Art

Dance Mask

Totem Pole

Nez PerceNez Perce PlateauPlateau The Nez Perce Indians lived in The Nez Perce Indians lived in

villages mostly in Idaho but villages mostly in Idaho but spanned to Oregon and Washington. spanned to Oregon and Washington.

They migrated with the seasons, to They migrated with the seasons, to follow different food supplies. follow different food supplies.

They moved about four times per They moved about four times per year, but they are not considered year, but they are not considered nomadic because they had specific nomadic because they had specific places that they moved to each time. places that they moved to each time.

Location

FoodFood Spring: the women went to lower lands to gather Spring: the women went to lower lands to gather

roots like wild carrots and potatoes, and the men roots like wild carrots and potatoes, and the men moved to the river and fished for salmonmoved to the river and fished for salmon

Summer: the whole tribe would move to higher Summer: the whole tribe would move to higher mountainous areas for more root gathering and mountainous areas for more root gathering and salmon fishing, along with berry picking, and hunting salmon fishing, along with berry picking, and hunting big game such as elkbig game such as elk

Fall: the tribes moved back to their traditional Fall: the tribes moved back to their traditional villages and began saving foods and preparing for villages and began saving foods and preparing for winter. They continued to hunt fish and gatherwinter. They continued to hunt fish and gather

Winter: they ate what they had stored away and Winter: they ate what they had stored away and would send small groups of hunters for deer and elkwould send small groups of hunters for deer and elk

HousingHousing Since the Nez Perce moved several times in a year they Since the Nez Perce moved several times in a year they

lived in houses they could be easily moved such as tipis lived in houses they could be easily moved such as tipis and other structures covered in mats that could serve as and other structures covered in mats that could serve as meeting halls. meeting halls.

TIPI

ELONGATED TIPI

ClothingClothing The Nez Perce’s The Nez Perce’s

clothing was made clothing was made of animal skins.of animal skins.

Clothing items Clothing items included moccasins, included moccasins, leggings, and leggings, and buckskin shirts. All buckskin shirts. All of these were of these were decorated with decorated with beads, shells, and beads, shells, and embroidery.embroidery.

Chief Joseph

Two Nez Perce Men

HopiHopi SouthwestSouthwest The Hopi Indians live The Hopi Indians live

in Arizona in complex in Arizona in complex villages built on top villages built on top of mesas (flat topped of mesas (flat topped elevations)elevations)

Location

Mesa village

FoodFood The Hopi people hunted buffalo, using the skins for The Hopi people hunted buffalo, using the skins for

clothing and shelter, the bones for tools and structures, clothing and shelter, the bones for tools and structures, and the meat for nourishment.and the meat for nourishment.

They were also farmers. The primary crop was maize. They were also farmers. The primary crop was maize. It was used in almost every part of daily life. They also It was used in almost every part of daily life. They also grew beans, pumpkin, and fruits.grew beans, pumpkin, and fruits.

Buffalo Maize

HousingHousing

Pueblos

The Hopi lived in houses The Hopi lived in houses called pueblos, built on called pueblos, built on mesas.mesas.

The homes were made of The homes were made of stone, dirt, and wood.stone, dirt, and wood.

These pueblos were These pueblos were usually two stories, with usually two stories, with a fire pit in the middle of a fire pit in the middle of the first story floor, and the first story floor, and a ladder to serve as a ladder to serve as stairs.stairs.

Pottery and TextilesPottery and Textiles The Hopi Indians are very well The Hopi Indians are very well

known for their ceramic and woven known for their ceramic and woven art including textiles and basketsart including textiles and baskets

All of the materials they use are All of the materials they use are found in naturefound in nature

They would find and dig up They would find and dig up different colors of dirt to make clay different colors of dirt to make clay for pots for pots

The fibers used to make tapestries The fibers used to make tapestries and baskets were colored with dyes and baskets were colored with dyes made from plants, minerals, and made from plants, minerals, and insects. insects.

SeminoleSeminole SoutheasternSoutheastern The Seminole Indians live in FloridaThe Seminole Indians live in Florida The tribe began when two groups of Indians banded The tribe began when two groups of Indians banded

together in the 1700’stogether in the 1700’s

Location

HousingHousing The Seminal Indians lived in wooden structures called Chickees.

A Chickee consists of a thatched roof sitting on wooden posts.

More elaborate Chickees would have a raised floor to sleep on.

FoodFood The Seminoles were farmers. Each family tended their own garden. Primary foods grown were corn, squash, sweet potatoes, and melons.

They were also hunters and gatherers. The males hunted birds, fish, and deer. The women gathered berries, nuts, seeds, and fruits including bananas and coconuts.

The palmetto palm tree was very useful to the tribe. The Seminoles used every part of the palm for food, including leaves, berries, and roots.

ClothingClothing Seminole clothing was made from animal Seminole clothing was made from animal

skins and hand woven fabrics.skins and hand woven fabrics. It was decorated with bright colored pieces of It was decorated with bright colored pieces of

cloth as an imitation of the clothing worn by cloth as an imitation of the clothing worn by the Spanish settlers. the Spanish settlers.

REFERENCESREFERENCES(2002). Kwakiutl. Retrieved from http://www.angelfire. (2002). Kwakiutl. Retrieved from http://www.angelfire.

com/hi4/Magik8Ball/Kwak.htmlcom/hi4/Magik8Ball/Kwak.html

(2009). Kwakiutl Indian Fact Sheet. (2009). Kwakiutl Indian Fact Sheet. Native Languages of the AmericasNative Languages of the Americas    Website , ,    Website , , . Retrieved from http://www.bigorrin.org/kwakiutl_k . Retrieved from http://www.bigorrin.org/kwakiutl_k    ids.htm     ids.htm

Comer, D (2002, November, 26). Nez Perce Indian History. Comer, D (2002, November, 26). Nez Perce Indian History. RootswebRootsweb, , Retrieved October 3, 2008, from Retrieved October 3, 2008, from http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~idreserv/nphist.html http://www.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~idreserv/nphist.html

Cox, K (2006). Grade Four. Cox, K (2006). Grade Four. Georgia Department of EducationGeorgia Department of Education, , Retrieved October 10, 2008, from Retrieved October 10, 2008, from http://www.georgiastandards.org/socialstudies.aspx http://www.georgiastandards.org/socialstudies.aspx

More ReferencesMore ReferencesEck, P (1998, April, 22). Hopi Indians. Eck, P (1998, April, 22). Hopi Indians. The study of native americansThe study of native americans, ,

Retrieved October 15, 2008, from Retrieved October 15, 2008, from http://inkido.indiana.edu/w310work/romac/native.htmhttp://inkido.indiana.edu/w310work/romac/native.htm

Gardiner, L (2007, June, 5). Inuit culture, traditions, and history. Gardiner, L (2007, June, 5). Inuit culture, traditions, and history. Windows to the universeWindows to the universe, Retrieved October 7, 2008, from , Retrieved October 7, 2008, from http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/polar/inuit_culture.html http://www.windows.ucar.edu/tour/link=/earth/polar/inuit_culture.html

Lorentz, M (2009). Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ). Lorentz, M (2009). Kwakwaka'wakw ( Kwakiutl ). Minnesota StateMinnesota State    University.    University. Retrieved from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cult Retrieved from http://www.mnsu.edu/emuseum/cult    ural/northamerica/kwakiutl.html     ural/northamerica/kwakiutl.html

Wilkinson, J History of the Seminoles. Wilkinson, J History of the Seminoles. Keys historiumKeys historium, Retrieved October , Retrieved October 4, 2008, from http://www.keyshistory.org/seminolespage1.html 4, 2008, from http://www.keyshistory.org/seminolespage1.html